Pathfinder Wiki - User contributions [en]

AY Honors/Masters

2024-10-02T18:34:48Z

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==Master Awards== 
By completing seven eligible honors to demonstrate mastery of a category, a Master Award patch can be obtained. The patches are larger than regular honor patches and reflect the subject matter. The Master Awards requirements are listed on the Master Award pages linked:


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File:Aquatic Master Award.png|[[AY Honors/Aquatic Master Award|Aquatic Master Award]]|link=[[AY Honors/Aquatic Master Award]]
File:Artisan Master Award.png|[[AY Honors/Artisan Master Award|Artisan Master Award]]|link=[[AY Honors/Artisan Master Award]]
File:Conservation Master Award.png|[[AY Honors/Conservation Master Award|Conservation Master Award]]|link=[[AY Honors/Conservation Master Award]]
File:Family,_Origins_and_Heritage_Master_Award.png|[[AY Honors/Family, Origins and Heritage Master Award|Family, Origins, and Heritage Master Award]]|link=[[AY Honors/Family, Origins and Heritage Master Award]]
File:Farming Master Award.png|[[AY Honors/Farming Master Award|Farming Master Award]]|link=[[AY Honors/Farming Master Award]]
File:Health Master Award.png|[[AY Honors/Health Master Award|Health Master Award]]|link=[[AY Honors/Health Master Award]]
File:Homemaking Master Award.png|[[AY Honors/Homemaking Master Award|Homemaking Master Award]]|link=[[AY Honors/Homemaking Master Award]]
File:Modern Technology Master Award.png|[[AY Honors/Modern Technology Master Award|Modern Technology Master Award]]|link=[[AY Honors/Modern Technology Master Award]]
File:Naturalist Master Award.png|[[AY Honors/Naturalist Master Award|Naturalist Master Award]]|link=[[AY Honors/Naturalist Master Award]]
File:Recreation Master Award.png|[[AY Honors/Recreation Master Award|Recreation Master Award]]|link=[[AY Honors/Recreation Master Award]]
File:Spiritual Growth and Ministries Master Award.png|[[AY Honors/Spiritual Growth and Ministries Master Award|Spiritual Growth and Ministries Master Award]]|link=[[AY Honors/Spiritual Growth and Ministries Master Award]]
File:Sportsman Master Award.png|[[AY Honors/Sportsman Master Award|Sportsman Master Award]]|link=[[AY Honors/Sportsman Master Award]]
File:Technician Master Award.png|[[AY Honors/Technician Master Award|Technician Master Award]]|link=[[AY Honors/Technician Master Award]]
File:Wilderness Master Award.png|[[AY Honors/Wilderness Master Award|Wilderness Master Award]]|link=[[AY Honors/Wilderness Master Award]]
File:Zoology Master Award.png|[[AY Honors/Zoology Master Award|Zoology Master Award]]|link=[[AY Honors/Zoology Master Award]]
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<nowiki>*</nowiki>*'''NOT AVAILABLE IN THE NORTH AMERICAN DIVISION'''**
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:ADRA Master Award.png|[[AY Honors/ADRA Master Award|ADRA Master Award]]|link=[[AY Honors/ADRA Master Award]]
File:Botany Master Award.png|[[AY Honors/Botany Master Award|Botany Master Award]]|link=[[AY Honors/Botany Master Award]]
File:Environment Master Award.png|[[AY Honors/Environment Master Award|Environment Master Award]]|link=[[AY Honors/Environment Master Award]]
File:The Hunter Chronicles Master Award.png|[[AY_Honors/The_Hunter_Chronicles_Master_Award|The Hunter Chronicles Master Award]]|link=[[AY_Honors/The_Hunter_Chronicles_Master_Award]]
File:Science and Technology Master Award.png|[[AY_Honors/Science_and_Technology_Master_Award|Science and Technology Master Award]]|link=[[AY_Honors/Science_and_Technology_Master_Award]]
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'''Note:''' The [[AY Honors/Witnessing Master Award|Witnessing Master Award]] ([[File:Witnessing Master Award.png|50px|AY Honors/Witnessing Master Award]]) has been retired and replaced by the [[AY Honors/Spiritual Growth and Ministries Master Award|Spiritual Growth and Ministries Master Award]] and the [[AY Honors/Family, Origins and Heritage Master Award|Family, Origins, and Heritage Master Award]].


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AY Honors/Birds - Advanced/Answer Key

2024-10-01T02:04:54Z

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===United States=== 
In the United States, birds are protected by a fairly large number of international treaties and domestic laws. These can be categorized as primary and secondary authorities. Primary authorities are international conventions and major domestic laws that focus primarily on migratory birds and their habitats. Secondary authorities are broad-based domestic environmental laws that provide ancillary but significant benefits to migratory birds and their habitats.

====United States Federal laws that protect bird populations ==== 
;The Lacey Act: (passed on May 25, 1900) prohibited game taken illegally in one state to be shipped across state boundaries contrary to the laws of the state where taken.
;Weeks-McLean Law: (which became effective on March 4, 1913) was designed to stop commercial market hunting and the illegal shipment of migratory birds from one state to another. The Act boldly proclaimed that:
:''All wild geese, wild swans, brant, wild ducks, snipe, plover, woodcock, rail, wild pigeons, and all other migratory game and insectivorous birds which in their northern and southern migrations pass through or do not remain permanently the entire year within the borders of any State or Territory, shall hereafter be deemed to be within the custody and protection of the Government of the United States, and shall not be destroyed or taken contrary to regulations hereinafter provided therefor.''


;Migratory Bird Treaty Act: The Migratory Bird Treaty Act is the domestic law that affirms, or implements, the United States' commitment to four international conventions (with Canada, Japan, Mexico, and Russia) for the protection of a shared migratory bird resource. Each of the conventions protect selected species of birds that are common to both countries (i.e., they occur in both countries at some point during their annual life cycle).


;Endangered Species Act: The Endangered Species Act is also the domestic law that confirms, or implements, the United States' commitment to two international treaties that contain important provisions for the protection of migratory birds:
:*CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)
:*Pan American Convention (the Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere).


;Other International Treaties: In additional to the conventions implemented by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the Endangered Species Act, the United States is party to two other international treaties that afford special protection to migratory birds.


:* Ramsar Convention (The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitats)
:* Antarctic Treaty (designed to protect the native birds, mammals, and plants of the Antarctic)


;Other Domestic Laws: Other domestic laws protecting birds in the United States include:
:* Bald Eagle Protection Act
:* Waterfowl Depredations Prevention Act
:* Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act
:* Wild Bird Conservation Act

====United States Federal Laws protecting bird habitats==== 
;Duck Stamp Act: The Duck Stamp Act provides a mechanism for generating money for the acquisition and protection of important migratory bird habitats.
;Wetlands Loan Act: The Wetlands Loan Act, approved October 4, 1961, authorized an advance of funds against future revenues from sale of "duck stamps" as a means of accelerating the acquisition of migratory waterfowl habitat.
;Emergency Wetlands Resources Act: The Emergency Wetlands Resources Act, approved November 10, 1986, authorized the purchase of wetlands from Land and Water Conservation Fund monies, removing a prior prohibition on such acquisitions.
;Migratory Bird Conservation Act: The Migratory Bird Conservation Commission was established on February 18, 1929 by the passage of the Migratory Bird Conservation Act. It was created and authorized to consider and approve any areas of land and/or water recommended by the Secretary of the Interior for purchase or rental by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under the Act, and to fix the price or prices at which such areas may be purchased or rented. In addition to approving purchase and rental prices, the Commission considers the establishment of new waterfowl refuges.
;North American Wetlands Conservation Act: The North American Wetlands Conservation Act does several things:


:*It encourages partnerships to conserve North American wetland ecosystems for waterfowl, other migratory birds, fish, and wildlife.
:*It encourages the formation of public-private partnerships to develop and implement wetland conservation projects consistent with the North American Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP), a blueprint for continental waterfowl and wetlands conservation, and other North American migratory bird conservation agreements.
:*It creates the North American Wetlands Conservation Fund to help support projects through grants.
:*It establishes a nine-member North American Wetlands Conservation Council (Council) to review and recommend grant proposals to the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission for funding.

===Canada=== 


Most species of birds in Canada are protected under the Migratory Birds Convention Act, 1994 (MBCA). The MBCA was passed in 1917, and updated in 1994 and 2005, to implement the Migratory Birds Convention, a treaty signed with the United States in 1916. As a result, the Canadian federal government has the authority to pass and enforce regulations [Migratory Birds Regulations (C.R.C., c. 1035)] to protect those species of birds that are included in the Convention. Similar legislation in the United States [Birds Protected By The Migratory Bird Treaty Act] protects birds species found in that country, though the list of bird species protected by each country can be different.<ref>https://ec.gc.ca/nature/default.asp?lang=En&n=496E2702-1</ref>


Each Province and Territory protects a list of bird species through legislation usually called the ''Wildlife Act'' (or similar)


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[[Image:Bird.parts.jpg|left|thumb|450px|Parts of a bird's body]]


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[[Image:BirdBeaksA.svg|thumb|180px|Gallery of beaks showing various adaptations.]]
[[Image:Female Mallard at Ohio River.jpg|left|thumb|A mallard duck showing her webbed feet.]]
Bird feet have many specializations. For example, perching birds have a tendon locking mechanism in their feet that helps them hold on to the perch when they are asleep. Aquatic birds have webbed feet used for efficient propulsion through the water. Birds of prey have sharp talons on the ends of their feet which they use for capturing and killing their prey. The male emperor penguin's feet are specially shaped so that he can hold an egg on top of them as he covers it with his body to keep it warm. The ostrich has just two toes on each foot (most birds have four), with the nail of the larger, inner one resembling a hoof. The outer toe lacks a nail. This is an adaptation unique to Ostriches that appears to aid in running.


[[Image:Lesser-flamingos.jpg|thumb|left|Flamingos, a wading bird with long legs]]
Their legs are also specialized. Wading birds have long legs to allow them to venture into deeper water in search of fish. The ostrich has large, powerful legs for running (they can reach speeds of 65 km/h (40 mph), the top land speed of any bird. Furthermore, their legs are featherless, which allows them to control their temperature. When it's cold, they can cover their thighs with their wings. When it's hot, they uncover them, allowing them to cool off.


Their beaks are highly specialized as well, adapted for eating insects, grain, coniferous-seeds, nectar, or fruit. They are also adapted to various forms of hunting, including dip netting, surface skimming, mud probing, filter feeding, fishing, or scavenging.
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Hummingbirds are attracted to many flowering plants. They feed on the nectar of these plants and are important pollinators, especially of deep-throated flowers.


They also typically consume more than their own weight in nectar each day, and to do so they must visit hundreds of flowers daily. At any given moment, they are only hours away from starving.


Hummingbirds feed in many small meals, consuming up to their own body weight in nectar and insects per day. They spend an average 10%-15% of their time feeding and 75%-80% sitting, digesting and watching. Obtaining this much food requires a lot of work. Scientists have recorded a Costa's Hummingbirds making 42 feeding flights in 6-5 hours, during which time it visited 1,311 flowers.


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Hummingbirds are such skillful fliers that they have no fear of predators. They can usually elude them with ease.
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Most birds move their wings up and down when they fly, but a hummingbird moves its wings front-to-back in a figure-eight pattern. This allows them to generate lift on both the forward and backward strokes, as well as endowing them with the ability to hover and fly backwards.


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Ruby-throated Hummingbirds migrate across the Gulf of Mexico, averaging 40 km/h (25 mph).


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Hummingbirds are known for their ability to hover in mid-air by rapidly flapping their wings 15–80 times per second (depending on the species). Their heart rate can reach as high as 1,260 beats per minute, a rate once measured in a Blue-throated Hummingbird. However, they are capable of slowing down their metabolism at night, or any other time food is not readily available, entering a hibernation-like state known as torpor. During torpor, the heart rate and rate of breathing are both slowed dramatically (the heart rate to roughly 50–180 beats per minute), reducing their need for food.
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Hummingbirds' tongues are ''bifurcated'' - a fancy way of saying that like a snake, the hummingbird has a forked tongue.


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[[Image:Underwing.svg|thumb|400px|1 Axillaries<br>
2 Margin (Marginal underwing coverts)<br>
3 Lesser underwing coverts<br>
4 Median underwing coverts (Secondary coverts)<br>
5 Greater underwing coverts (Secondary coverts)<br>
6 Carpal joint<br>
7 Lesser underwing primary coverts<br>
8 Greater undering primary coverts<br>
9 Secondaries<br>
10 Primaries]]
;Primaries:
;Secondaries:
;Coverts:
;Axillars:
;Alulae: The alulea (singular is ''alula'') are small projections on the leading edge of the wing near the carpal joint (6). They are actually one of the bird's digits, and are typically covered with three to five small feathers, with the exact number depending on the species. Like the larger flight feathers found on the wing's trailing edge, these alula feathers are asymmetrical, with the shaft running closer to leading edge.
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'''Bird banding''' (also known as '''bird ringing''') is an aid to studying wild birds, by attaching a small individually numbered metal or plastic ring to their legs or wings, so that various aspects of the bird's life can be studied by the ability to re-find the same individual later. This can include migration, longevity, mortality, population studies, feeding behavior, and many other aspects.

===Terminology and techniques=== 
[[Image:Mist net kinglet.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A ringed Ruby-crowned Kinglet recaptured in a mist net]]
Those who ring birds are called "bird ringers". Organized banding efforts are called "ringing schemes" and the organizations that run them, "ringing authorities". Birds are "ringed" (rather than "rung"). When a ringed bird is found, and the ring number read and reported back to the ringer or ringing authority, this is termed a "ringing recovery" or "control".


Birds are either ringed at the nest, or after being trapped in fine mist nets, Heligoland traps, drag nets, cannon nets, duck decoys or similar.


A ring of suitable size is attached, and has on it a unique number, plus a contact address. The bird is often weighed and measured, and examined for parasites (which may then be removed) before release. The rings are very light-weight, and have no adverse effect on the birds. The individual birds can then be identified when they are re-trapped, or found dead.


The finder can contact the address on the ring, give the unique number, and be told the known history of the bird's movements.


The organizing body, by collating many such reports, can then determine patterns of bird movements for large populations.


The first organized schemes for bird ringing were started (in 1909) by Arthur Landsborough Thomson in Aberdeen and Harry Witherby in England, though smaller individual marking tests had began some years earlier in Denmark and Germany.

===Similar schemes=== 
====Wing tags====
[[Image:Wing tag Great Frigatebird.JPG|thumb|300px|left|This female Great Frigatebird has been tagged with wing tags as part of a breeding study]]
In some surveys, involving larger birds such as eagles, brightly-colored plastic tags are attached to birds' wing feathers. Each has a letter or letters, and the combination of color and letters uniquely identifies the bird. These can then be read in the field, through binoculars, meaning that there is no need to re-trap the birds. Because the tags are attached to feathers, they drop off when the bird moults. '''Imping''' is the practice of replacing a bird's normal feather with a brightly-colored false feather. A '''patagial tag''' is a permanent tag held onto the wing by a rivet punched through the [[W:Patagium|patagium]].

===Radio transmitters and satellite-tracking=== 
Where detailed information is needed on an individuals' movements, scientists can fit tiny radio transmitters to birds. For small species the transmitter is carried as a 'backpack' fitted over the wing bases, and for larger species it may be attached to a tail feather or temporary leg band. Both types usually have a tiny (10cm) flexible aerial to improve signal reception. Two field receivers (reading distance and direction) are needed to establish the bird's position using triangulation. Transmitters may be recovered by recapturing the bird or designed to drop off. The technique is useful for tracing individuals during landscape-level movements particularly in dense vegetation (such as tropical forests) and for shy or difficult-to-spot species, because birds can be located from a distance without visual confirmation.
The use of satellite transmitters for bird movements is currently restricted by transmitter size - to species larger than about 400g. They may be attached to migratory birds (geese and swans are popular subjects) or other species undergoing longer-distance flights. Individuals may be tracked by satellites for immense distances, for the lifetime of the transmitter battery. As with wing tags, the transmitters may be designed to drop off when the bird moults; or they may be recovered by recapturing the bird.

====Field-readable rings==== 
A field-readable is a ring or rings, usually made from plastic and brightly colored, which may also have conspicuous markings in the form of letters and/or numbers. They are used by biologists working in the field to identify individual birds without recapture and with a minimum of disturbance to their behavior.
Rings large enough to carry numbers are usually restricted to larger birds, although if necessary small extensions to the rings (leg flags) bearing the identification code allow their use on slightly smaller species. For small species (e.g. most passerines), individuals can be identified by using a combination of small rings of different colors, which are read in a specific order. Most color-marks of this type are considered temporary (the rings degrade, fade and may be lost or removed by the birds) and individuals are usually also fitted with a permanent metal ring.

====Other markers==== 
Head and neck markers are very visible, and may be used in species where the legs are not normally visible (such as ducks and geese). '''Nasal discs''' and '''nasal saddles''' can be attached to the culmen with a pin looped through the nostrils in birds with perforate nostrils. They should not be used if they obstruct breathing. They should not be used on birds that live in icy climates, as accumulation of ice on a nasal saddle can plug the nostrils. '''Neck collars''' made of expandable, non-heat-conducting plastic are very useful for larger birds such as geese.

===Some results=== 
[[Image:LarusRidibundusFlight-01.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Ringed Larus ridibundus in flight]]
An Arctic Tern ringed as a chick not yet able to fly, on the Farne Islands off the Northumberland coast in eastern Britain in summer 1982, reached Melbourne, Australia in October 1982, a sea journey of '''over 22,000 km''' (14,000 miles) in just three months from fledging (developing the ability to fly).


A Manx Shearwater ringed as an adult (at least 5 years old), breeding on Copeland Island, Northern Ireland, is currently (2003/2004) the oldest known wild bird in the world: ringed in July 1953, it was retrapped in July 2003, at least '''55 years''' old. Other ringing recoveries have shown that Manx Shearwaters migrate over 10,000 km to waters off southern Brazil and Argentina in winter, so this bird has covered a ''minimum'' of 1,000,000 km on migration alone (not counting day-to-day fishing trips). Another bird nearly as old, breeding on Bardsey Island off Wales was calculated by ornithologist Chris Mead to have flown over 8 million km (5 million miles) during its life (and this bird was still alive in 2003, having outlived Chris Mead).
[[File:Manx_Shearwater.JPG|thumb|250px|left|Manx Shearwater]]


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[[Image:Waterfowlflywaysmap.png|right]]
The main migration routes in North America are known as the '''Atlantic''', '''Mississippi''', '''Central''', and '''Pacific'''.
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Both the routes and the terminal destinations can be found on the maps below.


<gallery widths="300px" heights="400px" perrow="2" Caption="Migration Routes of eight bird species" align=center>
Image:Migration route western tanager.gif‎|Western Tanager
Image:Migration route scarlet tanager.gif |Scarlet Tanager
Image:Migration route ross goose.gif‎|Ross's Goose
Image:Migration route rose breasted grosbeak.gif‎|Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Image:Migration route harris sparrow.gif‎|Harris' Sparrow
Image:Migration route canvasback.gif‎|Canvasback
Image:Migration route bobolink.gif‎|Bobolink
Image:Migration route american redstart.gif‎|American Redstart
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[[Image:Migrationroutes.svg|thumb|500px|center|Migration routes of six bird species]]
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Navigation is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a '''sun compass'''. Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time. Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect '''magnetic fields''', use '''visual landmarks''' as well as '''olfactory cues'''.


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Birders equip themselves with a [http://amzn.to/1H68m1G good field guide] and a checklist of birds found in the the local area they are birding. While the field guide may cover the whole continent or country and include helpful pictures and data that help you fill in the info you need for this requirement, a local checklist will narrow down the birds you can expect to actually see. You can easily find bird checklists online - look for a birding club in your area or check out /http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/avibase.jsp?lang=EN which is based in Canada but covers the world with various degrees of completeness.


The most active times of the year for birding in temperate zones are during the spring or fall migrations when the greatest variety of birds may be seen. On these occasions, large numbers of birds travel north or south to wintering or nesting locations.


Early morning is typically the best time of the day for birding since many birds are searching for food which makes them easier to find and observe.


Birders who are keen rarity-seekers will travel long distances to locate new and rare species, intending to add these to their list of personally observed birds. These lists often take the form of a life list, national list, state list, county list, or year list.


Seawatching is a type of birdwatching where observers based at a coastal watch point, such as a headland, watch birds flying over the sea. This is one form of pelagic birding, by which pelagic bird species are viewed. Another way birders view pelagic species is from seagoing vessels.


Many birders take part in censuses of bird populations and migratory patterns which are sometimes specific to individual species. These birders may also count all birds in a given area, as in the Christmas Bird Count. This citizen science can assist in identifying environmental threats to the well-being of birds or, conversely, in assessing outcomes of environmental management initiatives intended to ensure the survival of at-risk species or encourage the breeding of species for aesthetic or ecological reasons. This more scientific side of the hobby is an aspect of ornithology, coordinated in the UK by the British Trust for Ornithology.


Increasing seasonal bird populations can be a good indication of biodiversity or the quality of different habitats. Some species are persecuted as vermin, often illegally, as with the case of the Hen Harrier in Britain.


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As you observe birds and record the data called for in requirement 10, you can go through the data at a later time to collect this information. You can also log your observations online at places such as http://www.birdingcentral.com/ Using the Internet for logging your data will connect you to an international community of bird watchers. You will be better able to know when and where to look for various species of birds, and you may make some lifelong friends in the process.


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Birding often involves a significant auditory component, as many bird species are more readily detected and identified by ear than by eye. Listen to the bird calls found in the [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Field_Guide/Birds|Wikibooks Field Guide]. Then listen for them in the wild. You can also check out [http://amzn.to/1H65vG6 Birding by Ear] guides.


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You will learn where the best places to see birds are as you go out birding yourself. If possible, take a group to one of those places. You can combine this trip with one of another purpose (such as a hike).


Bible stories that feature a bird as a significant part include:
* Noah sending out the dove
* Children of Israel sent quail in wilderness (twice)
* Elijah being fed by ravens
* In the Sermon on the Mount Jesus asks us to consider the birds of the air (they neither sow nor reap).
* The baptism of Jesus features a dove
* Pentecost also feature doves

When telling a story try to include some research and interpretation, not just a bare recitation of the story from the Bible, as this will make it more interesting for your listeners.


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==References== 
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AY Honors/Birds - Advanced/Answer Key

2024-10-01T01:59:41Z

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===United States=== 
In the United States, birds are protected by a fairly large number of international treaties and domestic laws. These can be categorized as primary and secondary authorities. Primary authorities are international conventions and major domestic laws that focus primarily on migratory birds and their habitats. Secondary authorities are broad-based domestic environmental laws that provide ancillary but significant benefits to migratory birds and their habitats.

====United States Federal laws that protect bird populations ==== 
;The Lacey Act: (passed on May 25, 1900) prohibited game taken illegally in one state to be shipped across state boundaries contrary to the laws of the state where taken.
;Weeks-McLean Law: (which became effective on March 4, 1913) was designed to stop commercial market hunting and the illegal shipment of migratory birds from one state to another. The Act boldly proclaimed that:
:''All wild geese, wild swans, brant, wild ducks, snipe, plover, woodcock, rail, wild pigeons, and all other migratory game and insectivorous birds which in their northern and southern migrations pass through or do not remain permanently the entire year within the borders of any State or Territory, shall hereafter be deemed to be within the custody and protection of the Government of the United States, and shall not be destroyed or taken contrary to regulations hereinafter provided therefor.''


;Migratory Bird Treaty Act: The Migratory Bird Treaty Act is the domestic law that affirms, or implements, the United States' commitment to four international conventions (with Canada, Japan, Mexico, and Russia) for the protection of a shared migratory bird resource. Each of the conventions protect selected species of birds that are common to both countries (i.e., they occur in both countries at some point during their annual life cycle).


;Endangered Species Act: The Endangered Species Act is also the domestic law that confirms, or implements, the United States' commitment to two international treaties that contain important provisions for the protection of migratory birds:
:*CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)
:*Pan American Convention (the Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere).


;Other International Treaties: In additional to the conventions implemented by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the Endangered Species Act, the United States is party to two other international treaties that afford special protection to migratory birds.


:* Ramsar Convention (The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitats)
:* Antarctic Treaty (designed to protect the native birds, mammals, and plants of the Antarctic)


;Other Domestic Laws: Other domestic laws protecting birds in the United States include:
:* Bald Eagle Protection Act
:* Waterfowl Depredations Prevention Act
:* Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act
:* Wild Bird Conservation Act

====United States Federal Laws protecting bird habitats==== 
;Duck Stamp Act: The Duck Stamp Act provides a mechanism for generating money for the acquisition and protection of important migratory bird habitats.
;Wetlands Loan Act: The Wetlands Loan Act, approved October 4, 1961, authorized an advance of funds against future revenues from sale of "duck stamps" as a means of accelerating the acquisition of migratory waterfowl habitat.
;Emergency Wetlands Resources Act: The Emergency Wetlands Resources Act, approved November 10, 1986, authorized the purchase of wetlands from Land and Water Conservation Fund monies, removing a prior prohibition on such acquisitions.
;Migratory Bird Conservation Act: The Migratory Bird Conservation Commission was established on February 18, 1929 by the passage of the Migratory Bird Conservation Act. It was created and authorized to consider and approve any areas of land and/or water recommended by the Secretary of the Interior for purchase or rental by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under the Act, and to fix the price or prices at which such areas may be purchased or rented. In addition to approving purchase and rental prices, the Commission considers the establishment of new waterfowl refuges.
;North American Wetlands Conservation Act: The North American Wetlands Conservation Act does several things:


:*It encourages partnerships to conserve North American wetland ecosystems for waterfowl, other migratory birds, fish, and wildlife.
:*It encourages the formation of public-private partnerships to develop and implement wetland conservation projects consistent with the North American Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP), a blueprint for continental waterfowl and wetlands conservation, and other North American migratory bird conservation agreements.
:*It creates the North American Wetlands Conservation Fund to help support projects through grants.
:*It establishes a nine-member North American Wetlands Conservation Council (Council) to review and recommend grant proposals to the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission for funding.

===Canada=== 


Most species of birds in Canada are protected under the Migratory Birds Convention Act, 1994 (MBCA). The MBCA was passed in 1917, and updated in 1994 and 2005, to implement the Migratory Birds Convention, a treaty signed with the United States in 1916. As a result, the Canadian federal government has the authority to pass and enforce regulations [Migratory Birds Regulations (C.R.C., c. 1035)] to protect those species of birds that are included in the Convention. Similar legislation in the United States [Birds Protected By The Migratory Bird Treaty Act] protects birds species found in that country, though the list of bird species protected by each country can be different.<ref>https://ec.gc.ca/nature/default.asp?lang=En&n=496E2702-1</ref>


Each Province and Territory protects a list of bird species through legislation usually called the ''Wildlife Act'' (or similar)


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[[Image:Bird.parts.jpg|left|thumb|450px|Parts of a bird's body]]


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[[Image:BirdBeaksA.svg|thumb|180px|Gallery of beaks showing various adaptations.]]
[[Image:Female Mallard at Ohio River.jpg|left|thumb|A mallard duck showing her webbed feet.]]
Bird feet have many specializations. For example, perching birds have a tendon locking mechanism in their feet that helps them hold on to the perch when they are asleep. Aquatic birds have webbed feet used for efficient propulsion through the water. Birds of prey have sharp talons on the ends of their feet which they use for capturing and killing their prey. The male emperor penguin's feet are specially shaped so that he can hold an egg on top of them as he covers it with his body to keep it warm. The ostrich has just two toes on each foot (most birds have four), with the nail of the larger, inner one resembling a hoof. The outer toe lacks a nail. This is an adaptation unique to Ostriches that appears to aid in running.


[[Image:Lesser-flamingos.jpg|thumb|left|Flamingos, a wading bird with long legs]]
Their legs are also specialized. Wading birds have long legs to allow them to venture into deeper water in search of fish. The ostrich has large, powerful legs for running (they can reach speeds of 65 km/h (40 mph), the top land speed of any bird. Furthermore, their legs are featherless, which allows them to control their temperature. When it's cold, they can cover their thighs with their wings. When it's hot, they uncover them, allowing them to cool off.


Their beaks are highly specialized as well, adapted for eating insects, grain, coniferous-seeds, nectar, or fruit. They are also adapted to various forms of hunting, including dip netting, surface skimming, mud probing, filter feeding, fishing, or scavenging.
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Hummingbirds are attracted to many flowering plants. They feed on the nectar of these plants and are important pollinators, especially of deep-throated flowers.


They also typically consume more than their own weight in nectar each day, and to do so they must visit hundreds of flowers daily. At any given moment, they are only hours away from starving.


Hummingbirds feed in many small meals, consuming up to their own body weight in nectar and insects per day. They spend an average 10%-15% of their time feeding and 75%-80% sitting, digesting and watching. Obtaining this much food requires a lot of work. Scientists have recorded a Costa's Hummingbirds making 42 feeding flights in 6-5 hours, during which time it visited 1,311 flowers.


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Hummingbirds are such skillful fliers that they have no fear of predators. They can usually elude them with ease.
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Most birds move their wings up and down when they fly, but a hummingbird moves its wings front-to-back in a figure-eight pattern. This allows them to generate lift on both the forward and backward strokes, as well as endowing them with the ability to hover and fly backwards.


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Ruby-throated Hummingbirds migrate across the Gulf of Mexico, averaging 40 km/h (25 mph).


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Hummingbirds are known for their ability to hover in mid-air by rapidly flapping their wings 15–80 times per second (depending on the species). Their heart rate can reach as high as 1,260 beats per minute, a rate once measured in a Blue-throated Hummingbird. However, they are capable of slowing down their metabolism at night, or any other time food is not readily available, entering a hibernation-like state known as torpor. During torpor, the heart rate and rate of breathing are both slowed dramatically (the heart rate to roughly 50–180 beats per minute), reducing their need for food.
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Hummingbirds' tongues are ''bifurcated'' - a fancy way of saying that like a snake, the hummingbird has a forked tongue.


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[[Image:Underwing.svg|thumb|400px|1 Axillaries<br>
2 Margin (Marginal underwing coverts)<br>
3 Lesser underwing coverts<br>
4 Median underwing coverts (Secondary coverts)<br>
5 Greater underwing coverts (Secondary coverts)<br>
6 Carpal joint<br>
7 Lesser underwing primary coverts<br>
8 Greater undering primary coverts<br>
9 Secondaries<br>
10 Primaries]]
;Primaries:
;Secondaries:
;Coverts:
;Axillars:
;Alulae: The alulea (singular is ''alula'') are small projections on the leading edge of the wing near the carpal joint (6). They are actually one of the bird's digits, and are typically covered with three to five small feathers, with the exact number depending on the species. Like the larger flight feathers found on the wing's trailing edge, these alula feathers are asymmetrical, with the shaft running closer to leading edge.
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'''Bird banding''' (also known as '''bird ringing''') is an aid to studying wild birds, by attaching a small individually numbered metal or plastic ring to their legs or wings, so that various aspects of the bird's life can be studied by the ability to re-find the same individual later. This can include migration, longevity, mortality, population studies, feeding behavior, and many other aspects.

===Terminology and techniques=== 
[[Image:Mist net kinglet.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A ringed Ruby-crowned Kinglet recaptured in a mist net]]
Those who ring birds are called "bird ringers". Organized banding efforts are called "ringing schemes" and the organizations that run them, "ringing authorities". Birds are "ringed" (rather than "rung"). When a ringed bird is found, and the ring number read and reported back to the ringer or ringing authority, this is termed a "ringing recovery" or "control".


Birds are either ringed at the nest, or after being trapped in fine mist nets, Heligoland traps, drag nets, cannon nets, duck decoys or similar.


A ring of suitable size is attached, and has on it a unique number, plus a contact address. The bird is often weighed and measured, and examined for parasites (which may then be removed) before release. The rings are very light-weight, and have no adverse effect on the birds. The individual birds can then be identified when they are re-trapped, or found dead.


The finder can contact the address on the ring, give the unique number, and be told the known history of the bird's movements.


The organizing body, by collating many such reports, can then determine patterns of bird movements for large populations.


The first organized schemes for bird ringing were started (in 1909) by Arthur Landsborough Thomson in Aberdeen and Harry Witherby in England, though smaller individual marking tests had began some years earlier in Denmark and Germany.

===Similar schemes=== 
====Wing tags====
[[Image:Wing tag Great Frigatebird.JPG|thumb|300px|left|This female Great Frigatebird has been tagged with wing tags as part of a breeding study]]
In some surveys, involving larger birds such as eagles, brightly-colored plastic tags are attached to birds' wing feathers. Each has a letter or letters, and the combination of color and letters uniquely identifies the bird. These can then be read in the field, through binoculars, meaning that there is no need to re-trap the birds. Because the tags are attached to feathers, they drop off when the bird moults. '''Imping''' is the practice of replacing a bird's normal feather with a brightly-colored false feather. A '''patagial tag''' is a permanent tag held onto the wing by a rivet punched through the [[W:Patagium|patagium]].

===Radio transmitters and satellite-tracking=== 
Where detailed information is needed on an individuals' movements, scientists can fit tiny radio transmitters to birds. For small species the transmitter is carried as a 'backpack' fitted over the wing bases, and for larger species it may be attached to a tail feather or temporary leg band. Both types usually have a tiny (10cm) flexible aerial to improve signal reception. Two field receivers (reading distance and direction) are needed to establish the bird's position using triangulation. Transmitters may be recovered by recapturing the bird or designed to drop off. The technique is useful for tracing individuals during landscape-level movements particularly in dense vegetation (such as tropical forests) and for shy or difficult-to-spot species, because birds can be located from a distance without visual confirmation.
The use of satellite transmitters for bird movements is currently restricted by transmitter size - to species larger than about 400g. They may be attached to migratory birds (geese and swans are popular subjects) or other species undergoing longer-distance flights. Individuals may be tracked by satellites for immense distances, for the lifetime of the transmitter battery. As with wing tags, the transmitters may be designed to drop off when the bird moults; or they may be recovered by recapturing the bird.

====Field-readable rings==== 
A field-readable is a ring or rings, usually made from plastic and brightly colored, which may also have conspicuous markings in the form of letters and/or numbers. They are used by biologists working in the field to identify individual birds without recapture and with a minimum of disturbance to their behavior.
Rings large enough to carry numbers are usually restricted to larger birds, although if necessary small extensions to the rings (leg flags) bearing the identification code allow their use on slightly smaller species. For small species (e.g. most passerines), individuals can be identified by using a combination of small rings of different colors, which are read in a specific order. Most color-marks of this type are considered temporary (the rings degrade, fade and may be lost or removed by the birds) and individuals are usually also fitted with a permanent metal ring.

====Other markers==== 
Head and neck markers are very visible, and may be used in species where the legs are not normally visible (such as ducks and geese). '''Nasal discs''' and '''nasal saddles''' can be attached to the culmen with a pin looped through the nostrils in birds with perforate nostrils. They should not be used if they obstruct breathing. They should not be used on birds that live in icy climates, as accumulation of ice on a nasal saddle can plug the nostrils. '''Neck collars''' made of expandable, non-heat-conducting plastic are very useful for larger birds such as geese.

===Some results=== 
[[Image:LarusRidibundusFlight-01.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Ringed Larus ridibundus in flight]]
An Arctic Tern ringed as a chick not yet able to fly, on the Farne Islands off the Northumberland coast in eastern Britain in summer 1982, reached Melbourne, Australia in October 1982, a sea journey of '''over 22,000 km''' (14,000 miles) in just three months from fledging (developing the ability to fly).


A Manx Shearwater ringed as an adult (at least 5 years old), breeding on Copeland Island, Northern Ireland, is currently (2003/2004) the oldest known wild bird in the world: ringed in July 1953, it was retrapped in July 2003, at least '''55 years''' old. Other ringing recoveries have shown that Manx Shearwaters migrate over 10,000 km to waters off southern Brazil and Argentina in winter, so this bird has covered a ''minimum'' of 1,000,000 km on migration alone (not counting day-to-day fishing trips). Another bird nearly as old, breeding on Bardsey Island off Wales was calculated by ornithologist Chris Mead to have flown over 8 million km (5 million miles) during its life (and this bird was still alive in 2003, having outlived Chris Mead).
[[File:Manx_Shearwater.JPG|thumb|250px|left|Manx Shearwater]]


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[[Image:Waterfowlflywaysmap.png|right]]
The main migration routes in North America are known as the '''Atlantic''', '''Mississippi''', '''Central''', and '''Pacific'''.
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Both the routes and the terminal destinations can be found on the maps below.


<gallery widths="300px" heights="400px" perrow="2" Caption="Migration Routes of eight bird species" align=center>
Image:Migration route western tanager.gif‎|Western Tanager
Image:Migration route scarlet tanager.gif |Scarlet Tanager
Image:Migration route ross goose.gif‎|Ross's Goose
Image:Migration route rose breasted grosbeak.gif‎|Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Image:Migration route harris sparrow.gif‎|Harris' Sparrow
Image:Migration route canvasback.gif‎|Canvasback
Image:Migration route bobolink.gif‎|Bobolink
Image:Migration route american redstart.gif‎|American Redstart
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[[Image:Migrationroutes.svg|thumb|500px|center|Migration routes of six bird species]]
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Navigation is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a '''sun compass'''. Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time. Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect '''magnetic fields''', use '''visual landmarks''' as well as '''olfactory cues'''.


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Birders equip themselves with a [http://amzn.to/1H68m1G good field guide] and a checklist of birds found in the the local area they are birding. While the field guide may cover the whole continent or country and include helpful pictures and data that help you fill in the info you need for this requirement, a local checklist will narrow down the birds you can expect to actually see. You can easily find bird checklists online - look for a birding club in your area or check out /http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/avibase.jsp?lang=EN which is based in Canada but covers the world with various degrees of completeness.


The most active times of the year for birding in temperate zones are during the spring or fall migrations when the greatest variety of birds may be seen. On these occasions, large numbers of birds travel north or south to wintering or nesting locations.


Early morning is typically the best time of the day for birding since many birds are searching for food which makes them easier to find and observe.


Birders who are keen rarity-seekers will travel long distances to locate new and rare species, intending to add these to their list of personally observed birds. These lists often take the form of a life list, national list, state list, county list, or year list.


Seawatching is a type of birdwatching where observers based at a coastal watch point, such as a headland, watch birds flying over the sea. This is one form of pelagic birding, by which pelagic bird species are viewed. Another way birders view pelagic species is from seagoing vessels.


Many birders take part in censuses of bird populations and migratory patterns which are sometimes specific to individual species. These birders may also count all birds in a given area, as in the Christmas Bird Count. This citizen science can assist in identifying environmental threats to the well-being of birds or, conversely, in assessing outcomes of environmental management initiatives intended to ensure the survival of at-risk species or encourage the breeding of species for aesthetic or ecological reasons. This more scientific side of the hobby is an aspect of ornithology, coordinated in the UK by the British Trust for Ornithology.


Increasing seasonal bird populations can be a good indication of biodiversity or the quality of different habitats. Some species are persecuted as vermin, often illegally, as with the case of the Hen Harrier in Britain.


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As you observe birds and record the data called for in requirement 10, you can go through the data at a later time to collect this information. You can also log your observations online at places such as http://www.birdingcentral.com/ Using the Internet for logging your data will connect you to an international community of bird watchers. You will be better able to know when and where to look for various species of birds, and you may make some lifelong friends in the process.


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Birding often involves a significant auditory component, as many bird species are more readily detected and identified by ear than by eye. Listen to the bird calls found in the [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Field_Guide/Birds|Wikibooks Field Guide]. Then listen for them in the wild. You can also check out [http://amzn.to/1H65vG6 Birding by Ear] guides.


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You will learn where the best places to see birds are as you go out birding yourself. If possible, take a group to one of those places. You can combine this trip with one of another purpose (such as a hike).


Bible stories that feature a bird as a significant part include, Noah sending out the dove, and Elijah being fed by ravens. In the Sermon on the Mount Jesus asks us to consider the birds of the air (they neither sow nor reap). The baptism of Jesus and Pentecost also feature doves.


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==References== 
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AY Honors/Birds - Advanced/Answer Key

2024-10-01T01:59:10Z

JadeDragon: expand story part

AY Honors/Birds - Advanced/Answer Key

2024-10-01T01:48:36Z

JadeDragon: species. missed word

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===United States=== 
In the United States, birds are protected by a fairly large number of international treaties and domestic laws. These can be categorized as primary and secondary authorities. Primary authorities are international conventions and major domestic laws that focus primarily on migratory birds and their habitats. Secondary authorities are broad-based domestic environmental laws that provide ancillary but significant benefits to migratory birds and their habitats.

====United States Federal laws that protect bird populations ==== 
;The Lacey Act: (passed on May 25, 1900) prohibited game taken illegally in one state to be shipped across state boundaries contrary to the laws of the state where taken.
;Weeks-McLean Law: (which became effective on March 4, 1913) was designed to stop commercial market hunting and the illegal shipment of migratory birds from one state to another. The Act boldly proclaimed that:
:''All wild geese, wild swans, brant, wild ducks, snipe, plover, woodcock, rail, wild pigeons, and all other migratory game and insectivorous birds which in their northern and southern migrations pass through or do not remain permanently the entire year within the borders of any State or Territory, shall hereafter be deemed to be within the custody and protection of the Government of the United States, and shall not be destroyed or taken contrary to regulations hereinafter provided therefor.''


;Migratory Bird Treaty Act: The Migratory Bird Treaty Act is the domestic law that affirms, or implements, the United States' commitment to four international conventions (with Canada, Japan, Mexico, and Russia) for the protection of a shared migratory bird resource. Each of the conventions protect selected species of birds that are common to both countries (i.e., they occur in both countries at some point during their annual life cycle).


;Endangered Species Act: The Endangered Species Act is also the domestic law that confirms, or implements, the United States' commitment to two international treaties that contain important provisions for the protection of migratory birds:
:*CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)
:*Pan American Convention (the Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere).


;Other International Treaties: In additional to the conventions implemented by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the Endangered Species Act, the United States is party to two other international treaties that afford special protection to migratory birds.


:* Ramsar Convention (The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitats)
:* Antarctic Treaty (designed to protect the native birds, mammals, and plants of the Antarctic)


;Other Domestic Laws: Other domestic laws protecting birds in the United States include:
:* Bald Eagle Protection Act
:* Waterfowl Depredations Prevention Act
:* Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act
:* Wild Bird Conservation Act

====United States Federal Laws protecting bird habitats==== 
;Duck Stamp Act: The Duck Stamp Act provides a mechanism for generating money for the acquisition and protection of important migratory bird habitats.
;Wetlands Loan Act: The Wetlands Loan Act, approved October 4, 1961, authorized an advance of funds against future revenues from sale of "duck stamps" as a means of accelerating the acquisition of migratory waterfowl habitat.
;Emergency Wetlands Resources Act: The Emergency Wetlands Resources Act, approved November 10, 1986, authorized the purchase of wetlands from Land and Water Conservation Fund monies, removing a prior prohibition on such acquisitions.
;Migratory Bird Conservation Act: The Migratory Bird Conservation Commission was established on February 18, 1929 by the passage of the Migratory Bird Conservation Act. It was created and authorized to consider and approve any areas of land and/or water recommended by the Secretary of the Interior for purchase or rental by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under the Act, and to fix the price or prices at which such areas may be purchased or rented. In addition to approving purchase and rental prices, the Commission considers the establishment of new waterfowl refuges.
;North American Wetlands Conservation Act: The North American Wetlands Conservation Act does several things:


:*It encourages partnerships to conserve North American wetland ecosystems for waterfowl, other migratory birds, fish, and wildlife.
:*It encourages the formation of public-private partnerships to develop and implement wetland conservation projects consistent with the North American Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP), a blueprint for continental waterfowl and wetlands conservation, and other North American migratory bird conservation agreements.
:*It creates the North American Wetlands Conservation Fund to help support projects through grants.
:*It establishes a nine-member North American Wetlands Conservation Council (Council) to review and recommend grant proposals to the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission for funding.

===Canada=== 


Most species of birds in Canada are protected under the Migratory Birds Convention Act, 1994 (MBCA). The MBCA was passed in 1917, and updated in 1994 and 2005, to implement the Migratory Birds Convention, a treaty signed with the United States in 1916. As a result, the Canadian federal government has the authority to pass and enforce regulations [Migratory Birds Regulations (C.R.C., c. 1035)] to protect those species of birds that are included in the Convention. Similar legislation in the United States [Birds Protected By The Migratory Bird Treaty Act] protects birds species found in that country, though the list of bird species protected by each country can be different.<ref>https://ec.gc.ca/nature/default.asp?lang=En&n=496E2702-1</ref>


Each Province and Territory protects a list of bird species through legislation usually called the ''Wildlife Act'' (or similar)


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[[Image:BirdBeaksA.svg|thumb|180px|Gallery of beaks showing various adaptations.]]
[[Image:Female Mallard at Ohio River.jpg|left|thumb|A mallard duck showing her webbed feet.]]
Bird feet have many specializations. For example, perching birds have a tendon locking mechanism in their feet that helps them hold on to the perch when they are asleep. Aquatic birds have webbed feet used for efficient propulsion through the water. Birds of prey have sharp talons on the ends of their feet which they use for capturing and killing their prey. The male emperor penguin's feet are specially shaped so that he can hold an egg on top of them as he covers it with his body to keep it warm. The ostrich has just two toes on each foot (most birds have four), with the nail of the larger, inner one resembling a hoof. The outer toe lacks a nail. This is an adaptation unique to Ostriches that appears to aid in running.


[[Image:Lesser-flamingos.jpg|thumb|left|Flamingos, a wading bird with long legs]]
Their legs are also specialized. Wading birds have long legs to allow them to venture into deeper water in search of fish. The ostrich has large, powerful legs for running (they can reach speeds of 65 km/h (40 mph), the top land speed of any bird. Furthermore, their legs are featherless, which allows them to control their temperature. When it's cold, they can cover their thighs with their wings. When it's hot, they uncover them, allowing them to cool off.


Their beaks are highly specialized as well, adapted for eating insects, grain, coniferous-seeds, nectar, or fruit. They are also adapted to various forms of hunting, including dip netting, surface skimming, mud probing, filter feeding, fishing, or scavenging.
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Hummingbirds are attracted to many flowering plants. They feed on the nectar of these plants and are important pollinators, especially of deep-throated flowers.


They also typically consume more than their own weight in nectar each day, and to do so they must visit hundreds of flowers daily. At any given moment, they are only hours away from starving.


Hummingbirds feed in many small meals, consuming up to their own body weight in nectar and insects per day. They spend an average 10%-15% of their time feeding and 75%-80% sitting, digesting and watching. Obtaining this much food requires a lot of work. Scientists have recorded a Costa's Hummingbirds making 42 feeding flights in 6-5 hours, during which time it visited 1,311 flowers.


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Hummingbirds are such skillful fliers that they have no fear of predators. They can usually elude them with ease.
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Most birds move their wings up and down when they fly, but a hummingbird moves its wings front-to-back in a figure-eight pattern. This allows them to generate lift on both the forward and backward strokes, as well as endowing them with the ability to hover and fly backwards.


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Ruby-throated Hummingbirds migrate across the Gulf of Mexico, averaging 40 km/h (25 mph).


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Hummingbirds are known for their ability to hover in mid-air by rapidly flapping their wings 15–80 times per second (depending on the species). Their heart rate can reach as high as 1,260 beats per minute, a rate once measured in a Blue-throated Hummingbird. However, they are capable of slowing down their metabolism at night, or any other time food is not readily available, entering a hibernation-like state known as torpor. During torpor, the heart rate and rate of breathing are both slowed dramatically (the heart rate to roughly 50–180 beats per minute), reducing their need for food.
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Hummingbirds' tongues are ''bifurcated'' - a fancy way of saying that like a snake, the hummingbird has a forked tongue.


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[[Image:Underwing.svg|thumb|400px|1 Axillaries<br>
2 Margin (Marginal underwing coverts)<br>
3 Lesser underwing coverts<br>
4 Median underwing coverts (Secondary coverts)<br>
5 Greater underwing coverts (Secondary coverts)<br>
6 Carpal joint<br>
7 Lesser underwing primary coverts<br>
8 Greater undering primary coverts<br>
9 Secondaries<br>
10 Primaries]]
;Primaries:
;Secondaries:
;Coverts:
;Axillars:
;Alulae: The alulea (singular is ''alula'') are small projections on the leading edge of the wing near the carpal joint (6). They are actually one of the bird's digits, and are typically covered with three to five small feathers, with the exact number depending on the species. Like the larger flight feathers found on the wing's trailing edge, these alula feathers are asymmetrical, with the shaft running closer to leading edge.
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'''Bird banding''' (also known as '''bird ringing''') is an aid to studying wild birds, by attaching a small individually numbered metal or plastic ring to their legs or wings, so that various aspects of the bird's life can be studied by the ability to re-find the same individual later. This can include migration, longevity, mortality, population studies, feeding behavior, and many other aspects.

===Terminology and techniques=== 
[[Image:Mist net kinglet.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A ringed Ruby-crowned Kinglet recaptured in a mist net]]
Those who ring birds are called "bird ringers". Organized banding efforts are called "ringing schemes" and the organizations that run them, "ringing authorities". Birds are "ringed" (rather than "rung"). When a ringed bird is found, and the ring number read and reported back to the ringer or ringing authority, this is termed a "ringing recovery" or "control".


Birds are either ringed at the nest, or after being trapped in fine mist nets, Heligoland traps, drag nets, cannon nets, duck decoys or similar.


A ring of suitable size is attached, and has on it a unique number, plus a contact address. The bird is often weighed and measured, and examined for parasites (which may then be removed) before release. The rings are very light-weight, and have no adverse effect on the birds. The individual birds can then be identified when they are re-trapped, or found dead.


The finder can contact the address on the ring, give the unique number, and be told the known history of the bird's movements.


The organizing body, by collating many such reports, can then determine patterns of bird movements for large populations.


The first organized schemes for bird ringing were started (in 1909) by Arthur Landsborough Thomson in Aberdeen and Harry Witherby in England, though smaller individual marking tests had began some years earlier in Denmark and Germany.

===Similar schemes=== 
====Wing tags====
[[Image:Wing tag Great Frigatebird.JPG|thumb|300px|left|This female Great Frigatebird has been tagged with wing tags as part of a breeding study]]
In some surveys, involving larger birds such as eagles, brightly-colored plastic tags are attached to birds' wing feathers. Each has a letter or letters, and the combination of color and letters uniquely identifies the bird. These can then be read in the field, through binoculars, meaning that there is no need to re-trap the birds. Because the tags are attached to feathers, they drop off when the bird moults. '''Imping''' is the practice of replacing a bird's normal feather with a brightly-colored false feather. A '''patagial tag''' is a permanent tag held onto the wing by a rivet punched through the [[W:Patagium|patagium]].

===Radio transmitters and satellite-tracking=== 
Where detailed information is needed on an individuals' movements, scientists can fit tiny radio transmitters to birds. For small species the transmitter is carried as a 'backpack' fitted over the wing bases, and for larger species it may be attached to a tail feather or temporary leg band. Both types usually have a tiny (10cm) flexible aerial to improve signal reception. Two field receivers (reading distance and direction) are needed to establish the bird's position using triangulation. Transmitters may be recovered by recapturing the bird or designed to drop off. The technique is useful for tracing individuals during landscape-level movements particularly in dense vegetation (such as tropical forests) and for shy or difficult-to-spot species, because birds can be located from a distance without visual confirmation.
The use of satellite transmitters for bird movements is currently restricted by transmitter size - to species larger than about 400g. They may be attached to migratory birds (geese and swans are popular subjects) or other species undergoing longer-distance flights. Individuals may be tracked by satellites for immense distances, for the lifetime of the transmitter battery. As with wing tags, the transmitters may be designed to drop off when the bird moults; or they may be recovered by recapturing the bird.

====Field-readable rings==== 
A field-readable is a ring or rings, usually made from plastic and brightly colored, which may also have conspicuous markings in the form of letters and/or numbers. They are used by biologists working in the field to identify individual birds without recapture and with a minimum of disturbance to their behavior.
Rings large enough to carry numbers are usually restricted to larger birds, although if necessary small extensions to the rings (leg flags) bearing the identification code allow their use on slightly smaller species. For small species (e.g. most passerines), individuals can be identified by using a combination of small rings of different colors, which are read in a specific order. Most color-marks of this type are considered temporary (the rings degrade, fade and may be lost or removed by the birds) and individuals are usually also fitted with a permanent metal ring.

====Other markers==== 
Head and neck markers are very visible, and may be used in species where the legs are not normally visible (such as ducks and geese). '''Nasal discs''' and '''nasal saddles''' can be attached to the culmen with a pin looped through the nostrils in birds with perforate nostrils. They should not be used if they obstruct breathing. They should not be used on birds that live in icy climates, as accumulation of ice on a nasal saddle can plug the nostrils. '''Neck collars''' made of expandable, non-heat-conducting plastic are very useful for larger birds such as geese.

===Some results=== 
[[Image:LarusRidibundusFlight-01.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Ringed Larus ridibundus in flight]]
An Arctic Tern ringed as a chick not yet able to fly, on the Farne Islands off the Northumberland coast in eastern Britain in summer 1982, reached Melbourne, Australia in October 1982, a sea journey of '''over 22,000 km''' (14,000 miles) in just three months from fledging (developing the ability to fly).


A Manx Shearwater ringed as an adult (at least 5 years old), breeding on Copeland Island, Northern Ireland, is currently (2003/2004) the oldest known wild bird in the world: ringed in July 1953, it was retrapped in July 2003, at least '''55 years''' old. Other ringing recoveries have shown that Manx Shearwaters migrate over 10,000 km to waters off southern Brazil and Argentina in winter, so this bird has covered a ''minimum'' of 1,000,000 km on migration alone (not counting day-to-day fishing trips). Another bird nearly as old, breeding on Bardsey Island off Wales was calculated by ornithologist Chris Mead to have flown over 8 million km (5 million miles) during its life (and this bird was still alive in 2003, having outlived Chris Mead).
[[File:Manx_Shearwater.JPG|thumb|250px|left|Manx Shearwater]]


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[[Image:Waterfowlflywaysmap.png|right]]
The main migration routes in North America are known as the '''Atlantic''', '''Mississippi''', '''Central''', and '''Pacific'''.
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Both the routes and the terminal destinations can be found on the maps below.


<gallery widths="300px" heights="400px" perrow="2" Caption="Migration Routes of eight bird species" align=center>
Image:Migration route western tanager.gif‎|Western Tanager
Image:Migration route scarlet tanager.gif |Scarlet Tanager
Image:Migration route ross goose.gif‎|Ross's Goose
Image:Migration route rose breasted grosbeak.gif‎|Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Image:Migration route harris sparrow.gif‎|Harris' Sparrow
Image:Migration route canvasback.gif‎|Canvasback
Image:Migration route bobolink.gif‎|Bobolink
Image:Migration route american redstart.gif‎|American Redstart
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[[Image:Migrationroutes.svg|thumb|500px|center|Migration routes of six bird species]]
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Navigation is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a '''sun compass'''. Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time. Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect '''magnetic fields''', use '''visual landmarks''' as well as '''olfactory cues'''.


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Birders equip themselves with a [http://amzn.to/1H68m1G good field guide] and a checklist of birds found in the the local area they are birding. While the field guide may cover the whole continent or country and include helpful pictures and data that help you fill in the info you need for this requirement, a local checklist will narrow down the birds you can expect to actually see. You can easily find bird checklists online - look for a birding club in your area or check out /http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/avibase.jsp?lang=EN which is based in Canada but covers the world with various degrees of completeness.


The most active times of the year for birding in temperate zones are during the spring or fall migrations when the greatest variety of birds may be seen. On these occasions, large numbers of birds travel north or south to wintering or nesting locations.


Early morning is typically the best time of the day for birding since many birds are searching for food which makes them easier to find and observe.


Birders who are keen rarity-seekers will travel long distances to locate new and rare species, intending to add these to their list of personally observed birds. These lists often take the form of a life list, national list, state list, county list, or year list.


Seawatching is a type of birdwatching where observers based at a coastal watch point, such as a headland, watch birds flying over the sea. This is one form of pelagic birding, by which pelagic bird species are viewed. Another way birders view pelagic species is from seagoing vessels.


Many birders take part in censuses of bird populations and migratory patterns which are sometimes specific to individual species. These birders may also count all birds in a given area, as in the Christmas Bird Count. This citizen science can assist in identifying environmental threats to the well-being of birds or, conversely, in assessing outcomes of environmental management initiatives intended to ensure the survival of at-risk species or encourage the breeding of species for aesthetic or ecological reasons. This more scientific side of the hobby is an aspect of ornithology, coordinated in the UK by the British Trust for Ornithology.


Increasing seasonal bird populations can be a good indication of biodiversity or the quality of different habitats. Some species are persecuted as vermin, often illegally, as with the case of the Hen Harrier in Britain.


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As you observe birds and record the data called for in requirement 10, you can go through the data at a later time to collect this information. You can also log your observations online at places such as http://www.birdingcentral.com/ Using the Internet for logging your data will connect you to an international community of bird watchers. You will be better able to know when and where to look for various species of birds, and you may make some lifelong friends in the process.


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Birding often involves a significant auditory component, as many bird species are more readily detected and identified by ear than by eye. Listen to the bird calls found in the [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Field_Guide/Birds|Wikibooks Field Guide]. Then listen for them in the wild. You can also check out [http://amzn.to/1H65vG6 Birding by Ear] guides.


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You will learn where the best places to see birds are as you go out birding yourself. If possible, take a group to one of those places. You can combine this trip with one of another purpose (such as a hike).


Bible stories that feature a bird as a significant part include, Noah sending out the dove, and Elijah being fed by ravens. In the Sermon on the Mount Jesus asks us to consider the birds of the air (they neither sow nor reap). The baptism of Jesus and Pentecost also feature doves.


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AY Honors/Block Printing/Answer Key

2024-10-01T01:46:41Z

JadeDragon: suggest flooring store

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[[Image:Intaglio-rollers.JPG|thumb|200px|A variety of brayers]]
;Block: The ''block'' is a piece of material into which the design to be printed is carved. Linoleum is a common block material, but people also use wood, or even potatoes. Linoleum is inexpensive (ask a flooring store for some scrap), easy to carve, and makes good prints. Wood is more difficult to work with, and potatoes do not make the greatest prints. Also, you can't really save a potato, as it will begin to decompose as soon as it is cut. Linoleum can be put away for several years and then reused. A [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQhntptX_dE new technique] uses hobby foam sheets glued to Styrofoam or some other base, which allows you to carve the image without reversing it. Another easy to work with block material is lightweight foam (perhaps from recycled fast food take out containers) as used in [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VeRZ5UAwFo this video].
;Sandpaper: If you are using linoleum or wood, you will need to sand the surface first to eliminate the texturing. Texturing will come through in your print, which may or may not be desired.
;Ink or Paint: Many people prefer to use oil-based ink, but beware - oil-based inks will permanently stain clothing. If you are teaching this honor to a group of children, you would be well advised to stick with water soluble ink. For different effects you can use water soluable paints.
;Brayer: A brayer is a hand roller used in printmaking techniques to spread ink or to offset an image from a plate to paper. They can be made of rubber, sponge, acrylic, or leather. Rubber brayers come in varieties of hardness and are primarily used for relief printing. Leather rollers are only used in lithography. Sponge rollers are used only for scrapbooking and other craft applications. A spoon can stand in for the brayer.
;Piece of Glass: Ink is poured onto a piece of glass, and then the brayer is rolled over it. This transfers the ink to the brayer. An old picture frame can work well for this.
;Paper or fabric: Your design must be printed on ''something'', right?
;Baren: The baren is a disk like device with a flat bottom and on the reverse side, a knotted handle. The baren is used to burnish (firmly rub) the paper to pick up ink that has been rolled onto a wood. linoleum, or hobby foam cut. You can also use a wooden spoon, soup spoon or even a rolling pin for this.
;Carbon paper: Optional item for transferring traced images to the linoleum
;Paper towels: For cleaning up!


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The most confusing aspect of block printing letters is that the letters must be carved into the block as a mirror-image. When the block is pressed to the paper, the image will be reversed, and the letter will look proper. The saying ''"watch your p's and q's"'' comes from the fact that a ''p'' looks like a ''q'', and a ''q'' looks like a ''p'' when viewing the type (whether movable type, or letters carved into a block).


The design to be printed must be carved into the block, or more specifically, the ''negative'' part of the design must be carved out. In other words, every part of the design that you wish to appear in the final product must be left intact in the block. Everything that you wish to ''not'' appear in the final product must be carved out of the block.


For multi-color prints, you will need a block for each color. All the red parts of the design are left intact, and the non-red parts are carved away. Repeat for other colors. When printing, pay close attention to the block's ''registration'' - that is, that each color block is correctly lined up. Once an inked block touches the paper, it's too late to make an adjustment.


For your initial prints, it is best to avoid highly detailed designs. Start with one color, and use large shapes. As your skills improve, you may include greater and greater detail and incorporate multiple colors.


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Remember to reverse the letters and to put your first initial on the ''right'' side of the potato, and your last initial on the ''left''.


First cut the potato in half. The cut must be straight, so use a large knife for this, and cut it with one smooth motion. Your initials will be carved into the freshly cut surface, so it needs to be as flat as possible.


Using a sharp knife (a paring knife, pocket knife, X-acto knife, etc...) mark out the letters. Make vertical incisions into the potato to mark out the boundaries of the letters. Once this is done, you can move in from the side and carve off the negative spaces. For spaces inside the letters (such as the middle portion of an ''A'' or an ''O'' you will need to angle the knife down and pop out a portion of the hole. Then try it again from the other side.


Once you have all of the negative space removed, roll some ink onto your potato and press it firmly to a sheet of paper. Do not move the potato once it touches the paper, except to press it more firmly into the paper, or to lift it straight off. Any side-to-side motion will smear the print.


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For this, we highly recommend that you use linoleum for the printing block. As you should well know from your experience with the previous requirement, potato printing leaves a lot to be desired.


Avoid the heavy use of lettering. Letters are ''hard'', and you can write a note onto your greeting card once you have printed it. Images of trees, flowers, and animals on the other hand do not suffer from accidental image reversal as letters do. Long strings of text are also difficult to keep aligned.


Once you have chosen a design, follow these steps:
# Sand your piece of linoleum until it is smooth. Start with coarse grade sand paper (80 grit), follow that with finer grade (100 grit), and finally, use an even finer grade paper (120 grit).
# Draw your design on a piece of paper, and then transfer it to the piece of linoleum. If you draw the design in pencil, you may be able to transfer it by placing it face-down on the linoleum, and then tracing over the back, being sure to use plenty of pressure and covering every line, stroke, and dot. You can also draw your design directly onto the linoleum, but you must remember to draw it in reverse!
# Now you are ready to begin carving. Use a set of carving gouges for this, and always cut ''away'' from your hands and fingers. Do not cut too deeply. Remove all the negative space from the design, and be careful to leave the positive space intact. Once you cut it - it is gone.
# Once the linoleum has been carved, pour a small amount of ink onto the piece of glass. Then roll the brayer over the ink. Be sure to roll it in only one direction, not back and forth. If you roll it back and forth, you will not move the ink around. Instead, roll it forward, pick it up, pull it back towards yourself, and roll it forward again.
# Coat the linoleum with a thin layer of ink. Then coat it again. Several thin coats are better than one thick, gloppy coat.
# Place your blank greeting card (don't fold it until after it has been printed!) face up on your work surface. Then carefully place the inked surface of the block on it without moving it from side-to-side. Apply even pressure using the brayer, rolling pin, or the back of a wooden spoon. Be careful not to move the linoleum with respect to the paper at this point!
# Carefully lift the block from the paper and admire your results (or try again).


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Follow the procedure outlined in the previous requirement. A bookplate is a small piece of paper that is glued to the inside cover of a book to identify the owner. This obviously will require you to print some text, as that's the only way most of us write our names. A book cover should have the book's title as well as the author's name. It should be large enough to cover the outside of the book.


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This could be a poster, another greeting card, another bookplate, another book cover, or whatever you would like to make. Repeating a carved pattern, while rotating it and/or changing the color can can create art work worth framing.


This requirement should be saved for last - it's your masterpiece!


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==References== 
* Wikipedia articles
** [[w:Brayer|Brayer]]
** [[w:Baren|Baren]]
* How to resources
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kE3Uuhylur0 Good How to Video on block printing]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQhntptX_dE Much easier way to block print] with hobby foam.
** [http://lizzyhouse.typepad.com/lizzyhouse/2008/08/block-print-tutorial.html Block print tutorial]
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AY Honors/Currency/Answer Key 2

2024-09-30T19:56:06Z

JadeDragon: fix wikipedia links

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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


Please review the [[w:History_of_money|History of money]] article.


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money
File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>

For more modern examples look at articles on [[w:Company_scrip|Company Scrip]] and [[w:Truck wages|Truck wages]].


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==Coins==

===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s Winnipeg facility mints all Canadian circulation coins as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers. They report minting over 1 billion coins a year.

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===Coin Composition=== 

debased


debased

debased
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===More Detailed History of the Royal Canadian Mint===
A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article. The RCM itself is very history focused so Pathfinders should check out [http://Mint.ca Mint.ca]

====Want a Field Trip?====
Both Ottawa and Winnipeg Mints are open for paid public and group tours. Both facilities also have free interesting exhibits and you can browse the a gift stores showcasing RCM coins.

==Paper Currency/Banknotes==
===Bank Issued Currency===

===Bank of Canada=== 
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.


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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins. Canadian coins have never been clad.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage. Some commemorative coins are released for general circulation while others are only sold into the collector market.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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<gallery>
Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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[[Category:AY Honors/noindex{{GetLangSuffix}}|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:AY Honors/Secondary{{GetLangSuffix}}]]

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AY Honors/Currency/Answer Key

2024-09-30T19:54:06Z

JadeDragon: correct links

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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


Review the [[w:History_of_money|History of Money]] article.


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>

For more modern examples look at articles on [[w:Company_scrip|Company Scrip]] and [[w:Truck wages|Truck wages]].

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[[Image:US Mint seal.png|thumb|right|Seal of the United States Mint]]
*[http://www.bep.treas.gov/newmoney/main.cfm/resources/history History of US Currency]
*[http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41FF-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body History of US Coins]

===United States Mint=== 
The '''[[W:US_Mint|United States Mint]]''' primarily produces circulating coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce. The main Mint facility is located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and branch facilities are located in Denver, Colorado, San Francisco, California, and West Point, New York.


'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in United States coinage include:
* P for the Philadelphia Mint,
* D for the Denver Mint,
* S for the San Francisco Mint,
* W for the West Point Mint,
* CC for the Carson City Mint,
* C for the Charlotte Mint, and
* O for the New Orleans Mint.
Most coins of the Philadelphia Mint earlier than 1980 are unmarked.

====Current Facilities==== 
The Mint's largest facility is the Philadelphia Mint, one of four active coin-producing mints. The current facility at Philadelphia, which opened in 1969, is the fourth Philadelphia Mint. The first was built in 1792, when Philadelphia was still the U.S. capital, and began operation in 1793. Until 1980, coins minted at Philadelphia bore no mint mark, with the exceptions of the Susan B. Anthony dollar and the wartime Jefferson nickel. In 1980, the P mint mark was added to all U.S. coinage except the penny. Until 1968, the Philadelphia Mint was responsible for nearly all official proof coinage. Philadelphia is also the site of master die production for U.S. coinage, and the engraving and design departments of the Mint are located there.


The Denver branch began life in 1863 as the local assay office, just five years after gold was discovered in the area. By the turn of the century, the office was bringing in over $5 million in annual gold and silver deposits, and in 1906, the Mint opened its new Denver branch. Denver uses a D mint mark, and strikes coinage only for circulation. It also produces its own working dies ,as well as working dies for the other Mints.


The San Francisco branch, opened in 1854 to serve the goldfields of the California Gold Rush, uses an S mint mark. It quickly outgrew its first building and moved into a new facility in 1874. This building, one of the few that survived the great earthquake of 1906, served until 1937, when the present facility was opened. It was closed in 1955, then reopened a decade later during the coin shortage of the mid-60s. In 1968, it took over most proof-coinage production from Philadelphia, and since 1975, it has been used solely for proof coinage, with the exception of the Anthony dollar and a portion of the mintage of cents in the early 1980s. (These cents are indistinguishable from those minted at Philadelphia.)


The West Point branch is the newest branch mint. Its predecessor, the West Point Bullion Depository, was opened in 1937, and cents were produced there from 1973 to 1986. The West Point Mint gained official status as a branch mint on March 31, 1988. Along with the cents already mentioned, which were identical to those produced at Philadelphia, West Point has struck a great deal of commemorative and proof coinage bearing the W mint mark. In 1996, West Point produced clad dimes, but for collectors, not for circulation. The West Point facility is still used for storage of part of the United States' gold bullion reserves, and West Point is now the United States' only production facility for gold, silver and platinum American Eagle coins.


The Mint is not responsible for the production of paper money; that is the responsibility of the '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]'''.

===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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<gallery>
Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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2024-09-30T19:52:03Z

JadeDragon: For more modern examples look at articles on [w:Company_scrip|Company Scrip] and [w:Truck wages|Truck wages].

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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>

For more modern examples look at articles on [w:Company_scrip|Company Scrip] and [w:Truck wages|Truck wages].

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[[Image:US Mint seal.png|thumb|right|Seal of the United States Mint]]
*[http://www.bep.treas.gov/newmoney/main.cfm/resources/history History of US Currency]
*[http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41FF-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body History of US Coins]

===United States Mint=== 
The '''[[W:US_Mint|United States Mint]]''' primarily produces circulating coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce. The main Mint facility is located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and branch facilities are located in Denver, Colorado, San Francisco, California, and West Point, New York.


'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in United States coinage include:
* P for the Philadelphia Mint,
* D for the Denver Mint,
* S for the San Francisco Mint,
* W for the West Point Mint,
* CC for the Carson City Mint,
* C for the Charlotte Mint, and
* O for the New Orleans Mint.
Most coins of the Philadelphia Mint earlier than 1980 are unmarked.

====Current Facilities==== 
The Mint's largest facility is the Philadelphia Mint, one of four active coin-producing mints. The current facility at Philadelphia, which opened in 1969, is the fourth Philadelphia Mint. The first was built in 1792, when Philadelphia was still the U.S. capital, and began operation in 1793. Until 1980, coins minted at Philadelphia bore no mint mark, with the exceptions of the Susan B. Anthony dollar and the wartime Jefferson nickel. In 1980, the P mint mark was added to all U.S. coinage except the penny. Until 1968, the Philadelphia Mint was responsible for nearly all official proof coinage. Philadelphia is also the site of master die production for U.S. coinage, and the engraving and design departments of the Mint are located there.


The Denver branch began life in 1863 as the local assay office, just five years after gold was discovered in the area. By the turn of the century, the office was bringing in over $5 million in annual gold and silver deposits, and in 1906, the Mint opened its new Denver branch. Denver uses a D mint mark, and strikes coinage only for circulation. It also produces its own working dies ,as well as working dies for the other Mints.


The San Francisco branch, opened in 1854 to serve the goldfields of the California Gold Rush, uses an S mint mark. It quickly outgrew its first building and moved into a new facility in 1874. This building, one of the few that survived the great earthquake of 1906, served until 1937, when the present facility was opened. It was closed in 1955, then reopened a decade later during the coin shortage of the mid-60s. In 1968, it took over most proof-coinage production from Philadelphia, and since 1975, it has been used solely for proof coinage, with the exception of the Anthony dollar and a portion of the mintage of cents in the early 1980s. (These cents are indistinguishable from those minted at Philadelphia.)


The West Point branch is the newest branch mint. Its predecessor, the West Point Bullion Depository, was opened in 1937, and cents were produced there from 1973 to 1986. The West Point Mint gained official status as a branch mint on March 31, 1988. Along with the cents already mentioned, which were identical to those produced at Philadelphia, West Point has struck a great deal of commemorative and proof coinage bearing the W mint mark. In 1996, West Point produced clad dimes, but for collectors, not for circulation. The West Point facility is still used for storage of part of the United States' gold bullion reserves, and West Point is now the United States' only production facility for gold, silver and platinum American Eagle coins.


The Mint is not responsible for the production of paper money; that is the responsibility of the '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]'''.

===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
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The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money
File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>

For more modern examples look at articles on [w:Company_scrip|Company Scrip] and [w:Truck wages|Truck wages].


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==Coins==

===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s Winnipeg facility mints all Canadian circulation coins as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers. They report minting over 1 billion coins a year.

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===Coin Composition=== 

debased


debased

debased
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===More Detailed History of the Royal Canadian Mint===
A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article. The RCM itself is very history focused so Pathfinders should check out [http://Mint.ca Mint.ca]

====Want a Field Trip?====
Both Ottawa and Winnipeg Mints are open for paid public and group tours. Both facilities also have free interesting exhibits and you can browse the a gift stores showcasing RCM coins.

==Paper Currency/Banknotes==
===Bank Issued Currency===

===Bank of Canada=== 
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.


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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins. Canadian coins have never been clad.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage. Some commemorative coins are released for general circulation while others are only sold into the collector market.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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<gallery>
Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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JadeDragon: headings and links to company scrip

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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money
File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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==Coins==

===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s Winnipeg facility mints all Canadian circulation coins as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers. They report minting over 1 billion coins a year.

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===Coin Composition=== 

debased


debased

debased
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===More Detailed History of the Royal Canadian Mint===
A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article. The RCM itself is very history focused so Pathfinders should check out [http://Mint.ca Mint.ca]

====Want a Field Trip?====
Both Ottawa and Winnipeg Mints are open for paid public and group tours. Both facilities also have free interesting exhibits and you can browse the a gift stores showcasing RCM coins.

==Paper Currency/Banknotes==
===Bank Issued Currency===

===Bank of Canada=== 
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.


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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins. Canadian coins have never been clad.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage. Some commemorative coins are released for general circulation while others are only sold into the collector market.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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<gallery>
Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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JadeDragon: /* Mint Marks */ clear US info

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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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==Coins==

===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s Winnipeg facility mints all Canadian circulation coins as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers. They report minting over 1 billion coins a year.

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===Coin Composition=== 

debased


debased

debased
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===More Detailed History of the Royal Canadian Mint===
A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article. The RCM itself is very history focused so Pathfinders should check out [http://Mint.ca Mint.ca]

===Want a Field Trip?===
Both Ottawa and Winnipeg Mints are open for paid public and group tours. You can also visit interesting exhibits and a gift store showcasing RCM coins for free.

==Paper Currency/ Notes==
===Bank of Canada=== 
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.


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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins. Canadian coins have never been clad.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage. Some commemorative coins are released for general circulation while others are only sold into the collector market.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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<gallery>
Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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==Coins==

===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s Winnipeg facility mints all Canadian circulation coins as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers. They report minting over 1 billion coins a year.

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===More Detailed History of the Royal Canadian Mint===
A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article. The RCM itself is very history focused so Pathfinders should check out [http://Mint.ca Mint.ca]

===Want a Field Trip?===
Both Ottawa and Winnipeg Mints are open for paid public and group tours. You can also visit interesting exhibits and a gift store showcasing RCM coins for free.

==Paper Currency/ Notes==
===Bank of Canada=== 
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.


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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
<br style="clear:both">


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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins. Canadian coins have never been clad.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage. Some commemorative coins are released for general circulation while others are only sold into the collector market.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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<gallery>
Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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==Coins==

===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s Winnipeg facility mints all Canadian circulation coins as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers. They report minting over 1 billion coins a year.

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===More Detailed History of the Royal Canadian Mint===
A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article. The RCM itself is very history focused so Pathfinders should check out [http://Mint.ca Mint.ca]

===Want a Field Trip?===
Both Ottawa and Winnipeg Mints are open for paid public and group tours. You can also visit interesting exhibits and a gift store showcasing RCM coins for free.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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==Paper Currency/ Notes==
===Bank of Canada=== 
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.


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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins. Canadian coins have never been clad.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage. Some commemorative coins are released for general circulation while others are only sold into the collector market.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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AY Honors/Currency/Answer Key 2

2024-09-30T19:22:05Z

JadeDragon: /* More Detailed History of the Royal Canadian Mint */

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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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==Coins==

===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s Winnipeg facility mints all Canadian circulation coins as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers. They report minting over 1 billion coins a year.

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===More Detailed History of the Royal Canadian Mint===
A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article. The RCM itself is very history focused so Pathfinders should check out [http://Mint.ca Mint.ca]

===Want a Field Trip?===
Both Ottawa and Winnipeg Mints are open for paid public and group tours. You can also visit interesting exhibits and a gift store showcasing RCM coins for free.

==Notes==
===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins. Canadian coins have never been clad.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage. Some commemorative coins are released for general circulation while others are only sold into the collector market.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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AY Honors/Currency/Answer Key 2

2024-09-30T19:20:17Z

JadeDragon: /* Coins */

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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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==Coins==

===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s Winnipeg facility mints all Canadian circulation coins as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers. They report minting over 1 billion coins a year.

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===More Detailed History of the Royal Canadian Mint===
A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article. The RCM itself is very history focused so Pathfinders should check out [[http://Mint.ca Mint.ca]]

===Want a Field Trip?===
Both Ottawa and Winnipeg Mints are open for paid public and group tours. You can also visit interesting exhibits and a gift store showcasing RCM coins for free.

==Notes==
===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins. Canadian coins have never been clad.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage. Some commemorative coins are released for general circulation while others are only sold into the collector market.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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<gallery>
Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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[[Category:AY Honors/Secondary{{GetLangSuffix}}]]

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AY Honors/Currency/Answer Key 2

2024-09-30T19:15:31Z

JadeDragon: /* Royal Mint */ add heading for coins

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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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==Coins==

<big>Big text</big>===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s Winnipeg facility mints all Canadian circulation coins as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers. They report minting over 1 billion coins a year.

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===More Detailed History of the Royal Canadian Mint===
A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article. The RCM itself is very history focused so Pathfinders should check out [[http://Mint.ca Mint.ca]]

===Want a Field Trip?===
Both Ottawa and Winnipeg Mints are open for paid public and group tours. You can also visit interesting exhibits and a gift store showcasing RCM coins for free.

===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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<gallery>
Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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[[Category:AY Honors/Secondary{{GetLangSuffix}}]]

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JadeDragon: reorder

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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s Winnipeg facility mints all Canadian circulation coins as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers. They report minting over 1 billion coins a year.

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===More Detailed History of the Royal Canadian Mint===
A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article. The RCM itself is very history focused so Pathfinders should check out [[http://Mint.ca Mint.ca]]

===Want a Field Trip?===
Both Ottawa and Winnipeg Mints are open for paid public and group tours. You can also visit interesting exhibits and a gift store showcasing RCM coins for free.

===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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<gallery>
Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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AY Honors/Currency/Answer Key 2

2024-09-30T19:13:09Z

JadeDragon: /* Winnipeg Facility */

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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s Winnipeg facility mints all Canadian circulation coins as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers. They report minting over 1 billion coins a year.

===Want a Field Trip?===
Both Ottawa and Winnipeg Mints are open for paid public and group tours. You can also visit interesting exhibits and a gift store showcasing RCM coins for free.

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===More Detailed History of the Royal Canadian Mint===
A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article. The RCM itself is very history focused so Pathfinders should check out [[http://Mint.ca Mint.ca]]

===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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2024-09-30T18:59:40Z

JadeDragon: /* Winnipeg Facility */ improve wording

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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s Winnipeg facility mints all Canadian circulation coins, as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers. It is open for free public tours with interesting exhibits and a gift store showcasing RCM coins.

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===More Detailed History of the Royal Canadian Mint===
A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article. The RCM itself is very history focused so Pathfinders should check out [[http://Mint.ca Mint.ca]]

===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
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The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
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Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
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[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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AY Honors/Currency/Answer Key 2

2024-09-30T18:58:50Z

JadeDragon: /* Winnipeg Facility */ free tours

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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s Winnipeg facility mints all Canadian circulation coins, as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers. It is open for free public tours and has interesting exhibits and a gift store showcasing RCM coins.

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===More Detailed History of the Royal Canadian Mint===
A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article. The RCM itself is very history focused so Pathfinders should check out [[http://Mint.ca Mint.ca]]

===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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<gallery>
Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
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The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
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[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s much larger Winnipeg facility mints all Canadian circulation coins, as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers.

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===More Detailed History of the Royal Canadian Mint===
A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article. The RCM itself is very history focused so Pathfinders should check out [[http://Mint.ca Mint.ca]]

===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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<gallery>
Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
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The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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AY Honors/Currency/Answer Key 2

2024-09-30T18:55:24Z

JadeDragon: /* Establishment of Winnipeg Facility */

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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s much larger Winnipeg facility mints all Canadian circulation coins, as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers.

===More Detailed History of the Royal Canadian Mint===
A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article. The RCM itself is very history focused so Pathfinders should check out [[http://Mint.ca Mint.ca]]

===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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<gallery>
Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Establishment of Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s much larger Winnipeg facility mints all Canadian circulation coins, as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers.

===More Detailed History of the Royal Canadian Mint===
A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article. The RCM itself is very history focused so Pathfinders should check out [[http://Mint.ca Mint.ca]]

===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Establishment of Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s much larger Winnipeg facility mints all Canadian circulation coins, as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers.

===More Detailed History of the Royal Canadian Mint===
A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article. The RCM itself is very history focused so Pathfinders should check out [[http://Mint.ca Mint.ca]]

===Bank Notes=== 

The [[w:Bank_of_Canada|Bank of Canada]] is responsible for bank notes in Canada.

This page gives a good overview of how the Bank of Canada designs and manages circulating currency https://www.bankofcanada.ca/core-functions/currency/

Bank note printing is contracted to [[w:Canadian Bank Note Company|Canadian Bank Note Company]], a private-sector security printer. Notes are printed 45 to a sheet, cut and inspected, and then delivered to the Bank of Canada.

===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Establishment of Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s much larger Winnipeg facility mints all Canadian circulation coins, as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers.

===More Detailed History of the Royal Canadian Mint===
A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article. The RCM itself is very history focused so Pathfinders should check out [[http://Mint.ca Mint.ca]]

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===Bank Notes=== 

The [[w:Bank_of_Canada|Bank of Canada]] is responsible for bank notes in Canada.

This page gives a good overview of how the Bank of Canada designs and manages circulating currency https://www.bankofcanada.ca/core-functions/currency/

Bank note printing is contracted to [[w:Canadian Bank Note Company|Canadian Bank Note Company]], a private-sector security printer. Notes are printed 45 to a sheet, cut and inspected, and then delivered to the Bank of Canada.

===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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2024-09-30T18:51:32Z

JadeDragon: /* Establishment of Winnipeg Facility */ add subheading

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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Establishment of Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s much larger Winnipeg facility mints all Canadian circulation coins, as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers.

===More Detail===
A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article. The RCM itself is very history focused so Pathfinders should check out [[http://Mint.ca Mint.ca]]

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===Bank Notes=== 

The [[w:Bank_of_Canada|Bank of Canada]] is responsible for bank notes in Canada.

This page gives a good overview of how the Bank of Canada designs and manages circulating currency https://www.bankofcanada.ca/core-functions/currency/

Bank note printing is contracted to [[w:Canadian Bank Note Company|Canadian Bank Note Company]], a private-sector security printer. Notes are printed 45 to a sheet, cut and inspected, and then delivered to the Bank of Canada.

===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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<gallery>
Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
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[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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[[Category:AY Honors/Secondary{{GetLangSuffix}}]]

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AY Honors/Currency/Answer Key 2

2024-09-30T18:50:37Z

JadeDragon: /* Establishment of Winnipeg Facility */ adjust wording to remove redundant section

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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Establishment of Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s much larger Winnipeg facility mints all Canadian circulation coins, as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers.

A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article. The RCM itself is very history focused so Pathfinders should check out [[http://Mint.ca Mint.ca]]

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===Bank Notes=== 

The [[w:Bank_of_Canada|Bank of Canada]] is responsible for bank notes in Canada.

This page gives a good overview of how the Bank of Canada designs and manages circulating currency https://www.bankofcanada.ca/core-functions/currency/

Bank note printing is contracted to [[w:Canadian Bank Note Company|Canadian Bank Note Company]], a private-sector security printer. Notes are printed 45 to a sheet, cut and inspected, and then delivered to the Bank of Canada.

===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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<gallery>
Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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AY Honors/Currency/Answer Key 2

2024-09-30T18:45:50Z

JadeDragon: /* Bank Notes */

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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Establishment of Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s much larger facility in Winnipeg mints all Canadian circulation coins, as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers.

A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article and on [http://Mint.ca Mint.ca] In particular you can learn about the various mint and privy marks that RCM has used.

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===Bank Notes=== 

The [[w:Bank_of_Canada|Bank of Canada]] is responsible for bank notes in Canada.

This page gives a good overview of how the Bank of Canada designs and manages circulating currency https://www.bankofcanada.ca/core-functions/currency/

Bank note printing is contracted to [[w:Canadian Bank Note Company|Canadian Bank Note Company]], a private-sector security printer. Notes are printed 45 to a sheet, cut and inspected, and then delivered to the Bank of Canada.

===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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<gallery>
Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
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The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint|Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Establishment of Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s much larger facility in Winnipeg mints all Canadian circulation coins, as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers.

A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article and on [http://Mint.ca Mint.ca] In particular you can learn about the various mint and privy marks that RCM has used.

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===Bank Notes===

The [[w:Bank_of_Canada Bank of Canada]] is responsible for bank notes in Canada.

https://www.bankofcanada.ca/core-functions/currency/

====Current Facilities==== 

===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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JadeDragon: /* Royal Mint */

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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint Royal Mimt]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Establishment of Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s much larger facility in Winnipeg mints all Canadian circulation coins, as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers.

A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article and on [http://Mint.ca Mint.ca] In particular you can learn about the various mint and privy marks that RCM has used.

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===Bank Notes===

The [[w:Bank_of_Canada Bank of Canada]] is responsible for bank notes in Canada.

https://www.bankofcanada.ca/core-functions/currency/

====Current Facilities==== 

===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
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[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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AY Honors/Currency/Answer Key 2

2024-09-30T04:10:30Z

JadeDragon: round 1 of creating Canadian content

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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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===Royal Mint===
Before 1908 the [[w:Royal Mint]] produced coins for Canada, mainly from London, UK.

===Royal Canadian Mint=== 
The '''[[W:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]''' (often abbreviated RCM) is a Crown Corporation owned by the Government of Canada that produces all circulating coinage for Canadian trade and commerce. The RCM is also a world leading producer of precious metal coins and bars and collectable and commemorative coins. The RCM has long carried on a business of producing coins for many other countries. RCM is designed to operate for profit without any Government subsidy.

===Ottawa Facility===
The Royal Canadian Mint has two facilities. The older facility was built on Sussex Drive in Ottawa opening in 1908 as a branch of the UK’s Royal Mint. The building is now a [[w:National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada|National Historic Site]] and continues to mint all precious metal and commemorative coins for Canada.

In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Ottawa branch of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Royal Canadian Mint was created as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In the 1960’s the Mint identified a need to expand, received money to expand, but could not secure an Ottawa location.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act and gained a new board and increased autonomy.

===Establishment of Winnipeg Facility===

In February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

Today RCM’s much larger facility in Winnipeg mints all Canadian circulation coins, as well as foreign coins for RCMs many international customers.

A lot more detail on the RCM and its facilities can be found on Wikipedia’s [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]] article and on [http://Mint.ca Mint.ca] In particular you can learn about the various mint and privy marks that RCM has used.

===Mint Marks===

'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in Canada are different from those found in the United States because all circulation coins are made in Winnipeg. The RCM does use mint marks for various reasons including test coins, and for promotional reasons. Wikipedia has a good run down of these marks at [[w:Royal_Canadian_Mint|Royal Canadian Mint]]

===Bank Notes===

The [[w:Bank_of_Canada Bank of Canada]] is responsible for bank notes in Canada.

https://www.bankofcanada.ca/core-functions/currency/

====Current Facilities==== 

===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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<gallery>
Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
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The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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JadeDragon: insert all USA version text preparing to replace with Canada answers

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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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[[Image:US Mint seal.png|thumb|right|Seal of the United States Mint]]
*[http://www.bep.treas.gov/newmoney/main.cfm/resources/history History of US Currency]
*[http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41FF-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body History of US Coins]

===United States Mint=== 
The '''[[W:US_Mint|United States Mint]]''' primarily produces circulating coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce. The main Mint facility is located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and branch facilities are located in Denver, Colorado, San Francisco, California, and West Point, New York.


'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in United States coinage include:
* P for the Philadelphia Mint,
* D for the Denver Mint,
* S for the San Francisco Mint,
* W for the West Point Mint,
* CC for the Carson City Mint,
* C for the Charlotte Mint, and
* O for the New Orleans Mint.
Most coins of the Philadelphia Mint earlier than 1980 are unmarked.

====Current Facilities==== 
The Mint's largest facility is the Philadelphia Mint, one of four active coin-producing mints. The current facility at Philadelphia, which opened in 1969, is the fourth Philadelphia Mint. The first was built in 1792, when Philadelphia was still the U.S. capital, and began operation in 1793. Until 1980, coins minted at Philadelphia bore no mint mark, with the exceptions of the Susan B. Anthony dollar and the wartime Jefferson nickel. In 1980, the P mint mark was added to all U.S. coinage except the penny. Until 1968, the Philadelphia Mint was responsible for nearly all official proof coinage. Philadelphia is also the site of master die production for U.S. coinage, and the engraving and design departments of the Mint are located there.


The Denver branch began life in 1863 as the local assay office, just five years after gold was discovered in the area. By the turn of the century, the office was bringing in over $5 million in annual gold and silver deposits, and in 1906, the Mint opened its new Denver branch. Denver uses a D mint mark, and strikes coinage only for circulation. It also produces its own working dies ,as well as working dies for the other Mints.


The San Francisco branch, opened in 1854 to serve the goldfields of the California Gold Rush, uses an S mint mark. It quickly outgrew its first building and moved into a new facility in 1874. This building, one of the few that survived the great earthquake of 1906, served until 1937, when the present facility was opened. It was closed in 1955, then reopened a decade later during the coin shortage of the mid-60s. In 1968, it took over most proof-coinage production from Philadelphia, and since 1975, it has been used solely for proof coinage, with the exception of the Anthony dollar and a portion of the mintage of cents in the early 1980s. (These cents are indistinguishable from those minted at Philadelphia.)


The West Point branch is the newest branch mint. Its predecessor, the West Point Bullion Depository, was opened in 1937, and cents were produced there from 1973 to 1986. The West Point Mint gained official status as a branch mint on March 31, 1988. Along with the cents already mentioned, which were identical to those produced at Philadelphia, West Point has struck a great deal of commemorative and proof coinage bearing the W mint mark. In 1996, West Point produced clad dimes, but for collectors, not for circulation. The West Point facility is still used for storage of part of the United States' gold bullion reserves, and West Point is now the United States' only production facility for gold, silver and platinum American Eagle coins.


The Mint is not responsible for the production of paper money; that is the responsibility of the '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]'''.

===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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<gallery>
Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
</gallery>
I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


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Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


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==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
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AY Honors/Currency - Advanced/Answer Key 4

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JadeDragon: add spiritual lesson on counterfeits

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Suggestions:
* [[W:Commemorative_coins_of_France|Commemorative Coins of France]]
* [[W:Commemorative_coins_of_Ireland|Commemorative Coins of Ireland]]
* [[W:Commemorative_coins_of_Germany|Commemorative Coins of Germany]]


Too many countries - [[W:List_of_world_commemorative_coins|look here]]


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=== European Union === 
In preparation for the arrival of the Euro on the continent on 1 January 2002, all Member States, bear an obligation to co-operate fully in the fight against currency counterfeiting. To reflect this, the EC has passed two Regulations – 1338/2001 and 1339/2001 (both passed on 28 June 2001) – each of which is intended to prevent counterfeiting of the new Euro notes and coins.


Regulation 1338 places obligations on those Member States which have adopted the Euro as their single currency; Regulation 1339 then extends these obligations to the other Member States. Article 6 of the former requires the Member States to implement “effective, proportionate and deterrent sanctions” on institutions which fail to withdraw and hand over counterfeit Euros to the country’s ‘Competent National Authorities’.


Individuals who fail to withdraw counterfeit Euros from circulation will be liable to up to two years in prison and those who fail to hand them in to the proper authorities could be fined.


* [http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33136.htm EU Fight Against Counterfeiting]
* [http://www.interpol.int/Public/FinancialCrime/CounterfeitCurrency/faq.asp Interpol on what to do about counterfeits]

=== Anti-counterfeiting measures === 

====Banknotes==== 
Many security features have been incorporated into the euro banknotes. They will help you to recognise a genuine banknote at a glance.


* The notes have raised print – a special printing processes give banknotes a unique feel.


* Look at the banknote against the light for a watermark, a security thread and the see-through number. All three features should be seen from the front and back of genuine banknotes.


* Tilt the banknote and on the front, you should see the shifting image on the hologram. On the back, you should see the glossy stripe (on the €5, €10 and €20 banknotes) or the colour-changing number (on the €50, €100, €200 and €500 banknotes).


Also see [http://www.ecb.int/bc/euro/banknotes/security/html/index.en.html Security Features on Euro banknotes]

====Coins==== 
Euro coins have machine-readable characteristics. They can be used in vending machines throughout the euro area - no matter where they were issued.


* A sophisticated bi-metal and sandwich technology have been incorporated into the €1 and €2 coins.
* The material of the 10, 20 and 50 cent coins is a unique alloy (Nordic gold), which is difficult to melt and used exclusively for coins.


Additionally there is lettering around the edge of the €2 coin and a unique metal composition is used for the 10, 20 and 50 cent coins to protect against counterfeiting.


Also see [http://www.ecb.int/bc/euro/coins/security/html/index.en.html Security Features for Euro coins]

Counterfeiting experts empathize studying genuine currency rather than spending too much time looking at counterfeit currency. When you really understand what the genuine looks like the fake stands out immediately.

The same principle holds true for spiritual topics. Study God’s word carefully and you will quickly be able to spot error when you read it in other writings or see it in presentations.


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''Search Suggestions''
* [http://coincollecting.meetup.com/ Coin Collecting at Meetup.com]
* [http://dir.groups.yahoo.com/dir/1600062367 Coin Collecting groups on Yahoo! Groups]


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''Requirements 7 & 8 reproduced below for simplicity''


Requirement 7. Collect and mount a type set of coins from your country of any date
currently being minted or in circulation. Proof, commemorative, rare,
silver, or expensive coins are not needed. In your collection:
a. Possess at least one coin from each mint in the type set.
b. Locate and identify the mint mark (if any) on each coin.
c. Locate and identify the initials (if any) of each coin's designer(s).


Requirement 8. Do two of the following:
a. Make enlarged drawings of both sides of ten different denominations or
forms of coins for your country no longer in circulation.
b. Collect, identify, and mount 25 different foreign coins. No two coins alike.
c. Collect and mount a type set of coins from your country minted during the 20th Century.
d. Collect and mount a date set of series of coins for your country beginning
with your birth year. (Commemorative, gold, proof, expensive, or rare coins need not be included.)


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''Requirement 1 reproduced below for simplicity''


Requirement 1. Relate briefly the story of barter, showing three reasons why money came into
being and naming at least ten strange forms of money used in place of coins or currency.


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==References== 
* [http://www.ecb.int European Central Bank]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_coins Euro coins]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_banknotes Euro banknotes]
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JadeDragon: add spiritual lesson on counterfeits

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Suggestions:
* [[W:Sacagawea|Golden Dollar]]
* [[W:Kennedy_half_dollar|John F. Kennedy]]
* [[W:Washington_Quarter_%28U.S.%29|Washington Quarter]]
* [[W:Roosevelt_dime|Roosevelt dime]]
* [[W:Lincoln_cent|Lincoln cent]]
* [[W:Susan_B._Anthony_dollar|Susan B. Anthony dollar]]
* [[W:United_States_bicentennial_coinage|US Bicentennial Coins]]
* [[W:Presidential_%241_Coin_Act|Presidential Coin Act]] and [[W:First_Spouse_Program#First_Spouse_Program|First Spouse Program]]


* [[W:Modern_United_States_commemorative_coins|Modern US Commemorative Coins]]


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=== United States of America (Law) === 
* Manufacturing counterfeit United States currency or altering genuine currency to increase its value is a violation of Title 18, Section 471 of the United States Code and is punishable by a fine or imprisonment for up to 15 years, or both.


* Possession of counterfeit United States obligations with fraudulent intent is a violation of Title 18, Section 472 of the United States Code and is punishable by a fine or imprisonment for up to 15 years, or both.


* Anyone who manufactures a counterfeit U.S. coin in any denomination above five cents is subject to the same penalties as all other counterfeiters. Anyone who alters a genuine coin to increase its numismatic value is in violation of Title 18, Section 331 of the United States Code, which is punishable by a fine or imprisonment for up to five years, or both.


* Forging, altering, or trafficking in United States Government checks, bonds or other obligations is a violation of Title 18, Section 510 of the United States Code and is punishable by a fine or imprisonment for up to 10 years, or both.


* Printed reproductions, including photographs of paper currency, checks, bonds, postage stamps, revenue stamps, and securities of the United States and foreign governments (except under the conditions previously listed) are violations of Title 18, Section 474 of the United States Code. Violations are punishable by a fine or imprisonment for up to 15 years, or both.

=== Anti-counterfeiting measures === 


''Selection from'' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit#Anti-counterfeiting_measures Wikipedia]


[[Image:Dollarsecurity.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Anti-counterfeiting features on an old [[W:American twenty dollar bill|U.S. $20 bill]]]]
Traditionally, anti-counterfeiting measures involved including fine detail with raised [[W:intaglio (printmaking)|intaglio]] printing on bills which would allow non-experts to easily spot forgeries. On coins, ''milled'' or ''reeded'' (marked with parallel grooves) edges are used to show that none of the valuable metal has been scraped off. This detects the ''shaving'' or ''[[W:Coin clipping|clipping]]'' (paring off) of the rim of the coin. However, it does not detect ''sweating'', or shaking coins in a bag and collecting the resulting dust. Since this technique removes a smaller amount, it is primarily used on the most valuable coins, such as gold. In early paper money in [[W:Colonial North America|Colonial North America]], one creative means of deterring counterfeiters was to print the impression of a leaf in the bill. Since the patterns found in a leaf were unique and complex, they were nearly impossible to reproduce.[http://www.librarycompany.org/BFWriter/images/large/3.7.jpg]


In the late twentieth century advances in computer and photocopy technology made it possible for people without sophisticated training to easily copy currency. In response, national engraving bureaus began to include new more sophisticated anti-counterfeiting systems such as holograms, multi-colored bills, embedded devices such as strips, microprinting and inks whose colors changed depending on the angle of the light, and the use of design features such as the "[[W:EURion constellation|EURion constellation]]" which disables modern photocopiers. Software programs such as Adobe Photoshop have been modified by their manufacturers to obstruct manipulation of scanned images of banknotes.<ref>[http://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop/cds.html Photoshop and CDS]</ref> There also exist patches to counteract these measures.


For [[W:United States dollar|U.S. currency]], anti-counterfeiting milestones are as follows:


*1996 [[W:American hundred dollar bill|$100 bill]] gets a new design with a larger portrait
*1997 [[W:American fifty dollar bill|$50 bill]] copies the design used above
*1998 [[W:American twenty dollar bill|$20 bill]] copies the design used above
*2000 [[W:American ten dollar bill|$10 bill]] and [[W:American five dollar bill|$5 bill]] copies the design used above
*2003 [[W:American twenty dollar bill|$20 bill]] gets a new design with no oval around [[W:Andrew Jackson|Andrew Jackson's]] portrait and more colors
*2004 [[W:American fifty dollar bill|$50 bill]] copies the design used above
*2006 [[W:American ten dollar bill|$10 bill]] copies the design used above


The Treasury had made no plans to redesign the [[W:American five dollar bill|$5 bill]] using colors, but recently reversed its decision, after learning some counterfeiters were bleaching the ink off the bills and printing them as $100 bills. It is not known when the [[W:American hundred dollar bill|$100 bill]] will be redesigned in this format, but the new [[W:American ten dollar bill|$10 bill]] (the design of which was revealed in late 2005) entered circulation on March 2, 2006. The [[W:Federal Reserve note|$1 bill]] and [[W:United States Two dollar bill|$2 bill]] are seen by most counterfeiters as having too low of a value to counterfeit, and so they have not been redesigned as frequently as higher denominations.

Counterfeiting experts empathize studying genuine currency rather than spending too much time looking at counterfeit currency. When you really understand what the genuine looks like the fake stands out immediately.

The same principle holds true for spiritual topics. Study God’s word carefully and you will quickly be able to spot error when you read it in other writings or see it in presentations.


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''Search Suggestions''
* [http://coincollecting.meetup.com/ Coin Collecting at Meetup.com]
* [http://dir.groups.yahoo.com/dir/1600062367 Coin Collecting groups on Yahoo! Groups]


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''Requirements 7 & 8 reproduced below for simplicity''


:<b>{{reqreq|page=AY Honors/Currency|num=7}}</b>


:<b>{{reqreq|page=AY Honors/Currency|num=8}}</b>


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''Requirement 1 reproduced below for simplicity''


Requirement 1. Relate briefly the story of barter, showing three reasons why money
came into being and naming at least ten strange forms of money used
in place of coins or currency.


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==References== 
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[[Category:AY Honors/noindex{{GetLangSuffix}}|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:AY Honors/Secondary{{GetLangSuffix}}]]

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AY Honors/Currency - Advanced/Answer Key 2

2024-09-30T02:55:17Z

JadeDragon: add in text from Canada Q & A minus Canada specific answers

AY Honors/Currency/Answer Key

2024-09-29T02:56:27Z

JadeDragon: a few minor improvements

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'''Barter:''' as a dictionary puts it, ''barter'' is the exchange of something you own for something else that someone else owned. For example, if I raised chickens, and you grew apples, and I wanted some apples and you wanted a chicken, we would come to an agreement to exchange my chicken(s) for your apple(s).


After a while, I had enough of apples, and wanted something else. My other neighbor was vegetarian, and grew corn, but he did not want chickens. I found out that he also liked apples, so I ''bartered'' my chickens for your apples, and then traded the apples I got for my neighbor's corn. In a clumsy way, the apples were a '''[[W:Medium_of_exchange|medium of exchange]]''', because they allowed me to trade for what I wanted. Unfortunately, you did not always want chickens, and apples were not always in season, so there were times in the year that I could not trade.


Simply put, a ''medium of exchange'' is a substitute used in trade to avoid the inconvenience of the barter system. This allowed the value of your apples, the corn, and my chickens to be valued differently. For example, I did not believe that I should only get one apple for one chicken. The chicken is bigger than an apple. Perhaps the first ''medium of exchange'' were stones. I would trade my chicken for four stones, and you would trade your apples for one stone, and the corn would be traded for two stones.


Very soon, we decided stones would not be a good ''medium of exchange'', because:
# it was not very portable
# it could not be easily divided
# it was heavier than it was worth
# sometimes we could not recognize it
# and the neighbor's kid found a rockpile on the other side of the stream


Fast forward a few years, and '''[[W:Currency|currency]]''' has now been developed. ''Currency'' is a unit of exchange, which allows goods and services to be exchanged. It is one form of money (where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value).


'''Unique forms of money'''


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money


<gallery>
File:Chinese shell money 16th 8th century BCE.jpg|Shells
File:RealSalt.jpeg|Salt
File:Morocco, Spices.JPG|Spices
File:Dried Peppercorns.jpg|Pepper
File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg|Tobacco
File:Erythroxylum coca.jpg|Coca paste
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|Stone money


File:Chevronbeads.jpg|Trade beads
</gallery>


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[[Image:US Mint seal.png|thumb|right|Seal of the United States Mint]]
*[http://www.bep.treas.gov/newmoney/main.cfm/resources/history History of US Currency]
*[http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41FF-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body History of US Coins]

===United States Mint=== 
The '''[[W:US_Mint|United States Mint]]''' primarily produces circulating coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce. The main Mint facility is located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and branch facilities are located in Denver, Colorado, San Francisco, California, and West Point, New York.


'''[[W:Mint_mark|Mint marks]]''' in United States coinage include:
* P for the Philadelphia Mint,
* D for the Denver Mint,
* S for the San Francisco Mint,
* W for the West Point Mint,
* CC for the Carson City Mint,
* C for the Charlotte Mint, and
* O for the New Orleans Mint.
Most coins of the Philadelphia Mint earlier than 1980 are unmarked.

====Current Facilities==== 
The Mint's largest facility is the Philadelphia Mint, one of four active coin-producing mints. The current facility at Philadelphia, which opened in 1969, is the fourth Philadelphia Mint. The first was built in 1792, when Philadelphia was still the U.S. capital, and began operation in 1793. Until 1980, coins minted at Philadelphia bore no mint mark, with the exceptions of the Susan B. Anthony dollar and the wartime Jefferson nickel. In 1980, the P mint mark was added to all U.S. coinage except the penny. Until 1968, the Philadelphia Mint was responsible for nearly all official proof coinage. Philadelphia is also the site of master die production for U.S. coinage, and the engraving and design departments of the Mint are located there.


The Denver branch began life in 1863 as the local assay office, just five years after gold was discovered in the area. By the turn of the century, the office was bringing in over $5 million in annual gold and silver deposits, and in 1906, the Mint opened its new Denver branch. Denver uses a D mint mark, and strikes coinage only for circulation. It also produces its own working dies ,as well as working dies for the other Mints.


The San Francisco branch, opened in 1854 to serve the goldfields of the California Gold Rush, uses an S mint mark. It quickly outgrew its first building and moved into a new facility in 1874. This building, one of the few that survived the great earthquake of 1906, served until 1937, when the present facility was opened. It was closed in 1955, then reopened a decade later during the coin shortage of the mid-60s. In 1968, it took over most proof-coinage production from Philadelphia, and since 1975, it has been used solely for proof coinage, with the exception of the Anthony dollar and a portion of the mintage of cents in the early 1980s. (These cents are indistinguishable from those minted at Philadelphia.)


The West Point branch is the newest branch mint. Its predecessor, the West Point Bullion Depository, was opened in 1937, and cents were produced there from 1973 to 1986. The West Point Mint gained official status as a branch mint on March 31, 1988. Along with the cents already mentioned, which were identical to those produced at Philadelphia, West Point has struck a great deal of commemorative and proof coinage bearing the W mint mark. In 1996, West Point produced clad dimes, but for collectors, not for circulation. The West Point facility is still used for storage of part of the United States' gold bullion reserves, and West Point is now the United States' only production facility for gold, silver and platinum American Eagle coins.


The Mint is not responsible for the production of paper money; that is the responsibility of the '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]'''.

===Bureau of Engraving and Printing=== 
[[image:BureauEngravingPrintingSeal.jpeg|right|Seal of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]
The '''[[W:Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing|Bureau of Engraving and Printing]]''' ('''BEP''') is an government agency in the United States Department of the Treasury that primarily prints Federal Reserve notes for the Federal Reserve, but also produces a variety of other government security documents.


The Federal Reserve notes are printed at the bureau's facilities in Washington, D.C. and Fort Worth, Texas. The BEP produces other government products such as postage stamps for the United States Postal Service, hand engraved invitations on behalf of the White House, Treasury securities, identification cards, and naturalization certificates. The BEP does not produce any U.S. coins; that is the responsibility of the United States Mint. The Fort Worth facility was opened officially on April 26, 1991.


The BEP had its foundations in 1861 with workers signing, separating, and trimming sheets of Demand Notes in the Treasury building. In 1877, the Bureau became the sole producer of all United States bills and notes.

===Coin Composition=== 
In 1792, law was enacted which said that American money was to be made of gold, silver, and copper for the $10, $5, and $2.50 coins. The $1, half-dollar, quarter, dime, and half-dime were made of silver. The 1-cent and half-cent were made of copper.


During the Great Depression, the mint stopped producing gold coins (1933). In 1964 a silver crisis caused the replacement of silver in the quarter and dime, but the half-dollar's silver content was reduced from 90 per cent to 40 per cent silver from 1965 to 1970. Today, these coins are composed of cupro-nickel clad, with a pure copper core, and an outer layer of a 75 per cent copper, 25 per cent nickel alloy.


Nickels are also made from the 75-25 alloy, and the cent which was a copper coin, is now composed of copper plated zinc. The cents are less expensive to manufacture, and weighs 2.5 grams and is about 20 percent less than cent coins previously minted with 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc, which weighed 3.11 grams. The composition of the cent was changed in 1982, and cents, and both copper and copper-plated zinc cents were produced in that year.
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[[Image:Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Federal Reserve headquarters]]


* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqcur.htm Currency Notes & Coins]
* [http://www.frbatlanta.org/invoke_brochure.cfm?objectid=83FD41E6-9AF0-11D5-898400508BB89A83&method=display_body Circulation of Money]


Coin and currency are put into circulation by ''your'' banks (depository institution). These banks obtain the coins and currency from the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP), and the U.S. Mint do not release coins and currency direct to the public.
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An alloy is a combination of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance usually has different properties (sometimes significantly different) from those of its components. Nearly all coins are made of alloys. As an example the US Nickel is made from [[w: Cupronickel|Cupronickel]] an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel which retains a silvery color even with so much copper content.

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A coin that has had its date altered in an attempt to deceive someone into thinking it is more valuable than it really is.
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A buffed coin is one that's been polished to make it look like an uncirculated or proof coin. Buffing a coin wears down its original surface and adds tiny scratches, reducing its value to collectors.
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Coins which are made by pouring a molten alloy into a mold.
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Coins made of layers, like a metal sandwich. US dimes and quarters since the elimination of silver content in 1965 are good examples of clad coins.
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Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention to some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage.
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An engraved tool used for stamping a design onto a coin.
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The field is the background—the part of the coin that shows no picture or words.
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An inscription is any letter, word, or phrase pressed into the surface of a coin.
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A coin having letters written on its edge.
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The mint mark is a small letter that tells which mint branch struck the coin.
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The front side of currency or a coin (often called "heads" on a coin).
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A blank disc of metal from which a coin is made.
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Proof coins use a special process that gives them a shiny, mirror-like background and a "frosted" relief. Proof sets are made every year for all of our circulating coins. Like uncirculated coins, proof coins are not meant to be spent.
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The reeded edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. These show up as ridges along the edge of the coin.
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The back side of currency or a coin (often called "tails" on a coin).
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A particular design or motif used over a period of time. This can used for a single denomination, or in some cases, used for several denominations. The Liberty Seated series encompasses five denominations, the Barber series three, etc.
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A representative coin, usually a common date, from a particular issue of a specific design, size, or metallic content of U.S.coinage. For example: the "Mercury Head" dime is a "type" coin, as is the "Lincoln" penny.
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A whizzed coin has been wire brushed or burnished, often on a wheel, for the same reason. Whizzing a coin wears down its original surface, reducing its value.
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When a coin is made, the blank is placed inside a collar and the coin is struck with a die. Sometimes a very thin piece of metal from the blank will flow out between the collar and the die. This is called the wire edge.
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{{Paper money
| name = One Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $1 obverse.jpg
| reverse = United States one dollar bill, reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = George Washington, 1st U.S. President, Revolutionary War general
| reverse_description = The Great Seal of the United States
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Two Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $2 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $2 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Thomas Jefferson, 3rd U.S. President and primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
| reverse_description = the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Five Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $5 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $5 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President, Ended slavery
| reverse_description = the Lincoln Memorial
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Ten Dollar Bill
| obverse = US $10 Series 2003 obverse.jpg
| reverse = US $10 Series 2003 reverse.jpg
| obverse_description = Alexander Hamilton, 1st Secretary of the Treasury.
| reverse_description = the U.S. Treasury
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Twenty Dollar Bill
| obverse = US20-front.jpg
| reverse = US20-back.jpg
| obverse_description = Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
| reverse_description = the White House
}}


{{Paper money
| name = Fifty Dollar Bill
| obverse = Series2004NoteFront_50.jpg
| reverse = Series2004NoteBack 50.jpg
| obverse_description = Ulysses S. Grant, 18th U.S. President, Civil War hero
| reverse_description = the U.S. Capitol
}}


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Grading coins is an art that requires some skill. Anyone with some practice can get a fairly good idea as to the neighborhood of the grade of a coin. It's important to know the grade of a coin because, in general, the higher the grade of a coin, the higher its value.


United States coins are usually graded on a 70 point scale that was devised by Dr. William Shelby. 0 means that you can probably tell that it was once a coin, while 70 means that it is perfect. Some people, such as unscrupulous coin sellers, may overgrade coins so that they can sell them for more money than they are actually worth.


If you don't know how to grade coins, you should not buy coins without help. If you do not know how to grade coins for yourself, you will eventually learn, but the process could be expensive. Selling coins does not present as much of a problem. Just take the coins you want to sell to several different dealers to get their opinions as to the grade. Always ask for the grade opinion before asking for a price, as it can help in negotiating a fair price.


If you are interested in learning to grade coins yourself, you may want to start with the book titled "Official A.N.A. Grading Standards for United States Coins" published by the ANA.


'''Grade and Description'''


'''Cull''' (Mutilated coin) These coins are not just worn out, but may be bent, broken, stuck together, or incomplete.


'''PO-1''' (Poor) Identifiable date and type


'''FR-2''' (Fair) Mostly worn, though some detail is visible


'''AG-3''' (About Good) Worn rims but most lettering is readable though worn


'''G-4''' (Good) Slightly worn rims, flat detail, peripheral lettering nearly full


'''G-6''' (Good) Rims complete with flat detail, peripheral lettering full

'''VG-8''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail


'''VG-10''' (Very Good) Design worn with slight detail, slightly clearer


'''F-12''' (Fine) Some deeply recessed areas with detail, all lettering sharp

'''F-15''' (Fine) Slightly more detail in the recessed areas, all lettering sharp


'''VF-20''' (Very Fine) Some definition of detail, all lettering full and sharp


'''VF-25''' (Very Fine) Slightly more definition in the detail and lettering

'''VF-30''' (Very Finde) Almost complete detail with flat areas


'''VF-35''' (Very Fine) Detail is complete but worn with high points flat


'''EF-40''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with most high points slightly flat


'''EF-45''' (Extremely Fine) Detail is complete with some high points flat


'''AU-50''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over most of the surface, slight flatness on high points

'''AU-53''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction over 1/2 or more of surface, very slight flatness on high points


'''AU-55''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with friction on less than 1/2 surface, mainly on high points


'''AU-58''' (About Uncirculated) Full detail with only slight friction on the high points

'''MS/PR-60''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. May have many heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-61''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Multiple heavy marks/hairlines, strike may not be full

'''MS/PR-62''' (Mint State/Proof) No wear. Slightly less marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-63''' (Mint State/Proof) Moderate number/size marks/hairlines, strike may not be full


'''MS/PR-64''' (Mint State/Proof) Few marks/hairlines or a couple of severe ones, strike should be average or above


'''MS/PR-65''' (Mint State/Proof) Minor marks/hairlines though none in focal areas, above average strike


'''MS/PR-66''' (Mint State/Proof) Few minor marks/hairlines not in focal areas, good strike


'''MS/PR-67''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minor imperfections, very well struck


'''MS/PR-68''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with slight imperfections, slightest weakness of strike allowed


'''MS/PR-69''' (Mint State/Proof) Virtually as struck with minuscule imperfections, near full strike necessary

'''MS/PR-70''' (Mint State/Proof) As struck, with full strike


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:'''Remember:''' A ''type set'' is a coin design that does not change from year to year (except for the date and mint marks).


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<gallery>
Image:OMINTMARK.jpg|New Orleans 'O' Mint Mark
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I could not find a closeup picture of the CC mint mark, so, here is an external link: [http://www.austincoins.com/RCU-carson-city-gold.htm Historic Carson City coins]


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<gallery>
File:Gobrecht 1838 obverse.jpg|Obverse side
File:Gobrecht 1838 reverse.jpg|Reverse side
</gallery>
The '''[[W:Gobrecht_Dollar|Gobrecht Dollar]]''' was an American dollar coin that was minted in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht.


The obverse design of the Gobrecht dollar is virtually identical to that of the Seated Liberty coinage that was introduced starting in 1837. As on the other Seated Liberty coins, the main motif was a figure of the goddess Liberty clad in a flowing dress and seated upon a rock. The left hand bore a pole topped with a liberty cap, a symbol of freedom. The right hand held a shield inscribed with the word "LIBERTY". Early versions of the Gobrecht dollar contained a small banner reading "C. GOBRECHT F." below the figure. This credit, however, was considered to be too prominent, and does not appear in later revisions or in the other forms of Seated Liberty coinage. The coin's date is centered along the bottom edge.
<gallery>
Image:2006 American Buffalo Proof Obverse.jpg|[[W:American Buffalo (coin)|2006 Gold Buffalo ($50)]]
Image:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[W:Indian Head nickel|1935 Indian Head nickel]]
</gallery>
[[W:James Earle Fraser|James Earle Fraser]] designed both the [[W:American Buffalo (coin)|Gold Buffalo]] and the [[W:Indian Head nickel|Indian Head nickel]], both of which contains an 'F' for his 'initials'. ''(Click the picture above and look under the date)''.


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A type set is generally defined as a collection that contains one, and only one, of each design for a series or complete coinage series. This "type set" collection will need to show all the designs of U.S. coinage minted from 1901 to 2000, and will be very difficult and costly to assemble.


''Here is a mostly complete list of the "type" coins required, collect one of each type:''


'''Small Cents'''


*Lincoln 1909 V.D.B.
*Lincoln 1909-1958
*Lincoln 1943 steel
*Lincoln Memorial 1959-


'''5 Cent Nickels'''
*Liberty Head WC 1883-1912
*Buffalo Type 1 1913
*Buffalo Type 2 1913-1938
*Jefferson Wartime 1942-1945
*Jefferson 1938-


'''Dimes'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Mercury 1916-1945
*Roosevelt 1946-1964 Silver
*Roosevelt 1965- Clad


'''Quarters'''
*Barber 1892-1916
*Standing liberty type 1 1916-1917
*Standing liberty type 2 1917-1930
*Washington 1932-1964
*Washington Clad 1965-98
*Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*State quarters 1999 – clad
*State quarters 1999 – 90% silver


'''Half Dollars'''
*Barber 1892-1915
*Liberty Walking 1916-1947
*Franklin 1948-1963
*Kennedy 1964 Silver
*Kennedy 1965-70 40% silver
*Kennedy 1971-Clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Kennedy Bicentennial 1976 40% silver


'''Dollars'''
*Morgan 1878-1921
*Peace High Relief 1921
*Peace 1922-1935
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 clad
*Eisenhower 1971-1978 40% silver
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 clad
*Eisenhower Bicentennial 1976 40% silver
*Susan B. Anthony 1979-1999
*Sacagawea 2000 -
*Presidential dollars 2007 –


'''Quarter Eagles, $2.50 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1840-1907
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Half Eagles, $5.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet with Motto 1866-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1929


'''Eagles, $10.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1866-1907
*Indian Head No Motto 1907-1908
*Indian Head 1908-1933


'''Double Eagles, $20.00 Gold Pieces'''
*Liberty Coronet 1877-1907
*Saint Gaudens Roman Numerals High relief 1907
*Saint Gaudens No Motto 1907-1908
*Saint Gaudens with motto 1907-1932


'''Bullion Coins'''
*One ounce silver $1.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce gold $5.00 1986-
*Quarter ounce gold $10.00 1986-
*Half ounce gold $25.00 1986-
*One ounce gold $50.00 1986-
*Tenth ounce-one ounce platinum $10.00-$100.00 1997-


<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=8d}} 
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</noinclude>


Here's a suggestion for a series, "Washington" quarters:


<gallery>
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
Image:1999 CT Proof.png
Image:1999 DE Proof.png
Image:1999 GA Proof.png
Image:1999 NJ Proof.png
Image:1999 PA Proof.png
Image:2000 VA Proof.png
Image:2000 MA Proof.png
Image:2000 MD Proof.png
Image:2000 NH Proof.png
Image:2000 SC Proof.png
Image:2001 NY Proof.png
Image:2001 KY Proof.png
Image:2001 NC Proof.png
Image:2001 RI Proof.png
Image:2001 VT Proof.png
Image:2002 IN Proof.png
Image:2002 LA Proof.png
Image:2002 MS Proof.png
Image:2002 OH Proof.png
Image:2002 TN Proof.png
Image:2003 AL Proof.png
Image:2003 AR Proof.png
Image:2003 IL Proof.png
Image:2003 ME Proof.png
Image:2003 MO Proof.png
Image:2004 FL Proof.png
Image:2004 IA Proof.png
Image:2004 MI Proof.png
Image:2004 TX Proof.png
Image:2004 WI Proof.png
Image:2005 CA Proof.png
Image:2005 KS Proof.png
Image:2005 MN Proof.png
Image:2005 OR Proof.png
Image:2005 WV Proof.png
Image:2006 NV Proof.png
Image:2006 NE Proof.png
Image:2006 CO Proof.png
Image:2006 ND Proof.png
Image:2006 SD Proof.png
Image:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png
Image:2007 WA Proof.png
Image:2007 ID Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 WY Proof Rev.png
Image:2007 UT Proof Rev.png
Image:2008 OK Proof.png|Rel.Date: January 17, 2008
Image:2008 NM Proof.png|Rel.Date: March 30, 2008
Image:2008 AZ Proof.png|Rel.Date: June 11, 2008
Image:2008 AK Proof.png|Rel.Date: August 23, 2008
Image:2008 HI Proof.png|Rel.Date: November 4, 2008
Image:1999 Obverse Proof.png
</gallery>


'''Notes:'''
# Washington Quarters were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964. You are competing with 'silver collectors' who collect these coins for their 'raw metal' value, which can be up to ten times the face value of the coin - $2.50 for a 25-cent quarter. See http://coinflation.com
# Roosevelt dimes were made of 90% silver up to and including 1964.
# The 1964 Kennedy half-dollar is also 90% silver. The Franklin half-dollar(s) before that were also 90% silver.
# There is no Washington Quarter with a 1975 date. For 1975 and 1976, the US Mint stamped out the Bicentennial Quarter design which showed a date '1776 - 1976'. Unless you have a proof set that shows that it was released specifically in 1975 and 1976, you cannot tell the difference in the circulated coins.
# Nickels minted from 1942-1945 during World War II contain 1.75 g (0.05626 oz) silver. The silver content of these "war nickels" as of October, 2007 is worth $0.77.
# As of October 2007, the value of the metal in the nickel coin has reached 6.8 cents, a 36% premium over its face value, due to the rising costs of copper and nickel against a falling U.S. Dollar. In an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006 criminalizing the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both.


* The [[w:Coinage Act of 1965|Coinage Act of 1965]], Pub.L. 89-81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted 1965-07-23, eliminated silver from the circulating dimes and quarter dollars of the United States, and diminished the silver content of the half dollar from 90% to 40%. This act was in response to coin shortages caused by the rising price of silver.


<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseReq}} 
{{CloseReq}} 
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
==References== 


Note: Facts About United States Money (free), Office of the Secretary of the Treasury,
U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. 20025.
Facts about your country's currency may be obtained from the government treasury
department.


* [http://www.usmint.gov/kids/ US Mint - H.I.P.]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/ US Mint]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.federalreserve.gov/ Federal Reserve System]
* [http://www.money.org American Numismatic Association]

==References== 
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

[[Category:AY Honors/noindex{{GetLangSuffix}}|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:AY Honors/Secondary{{GetLangSuffix}}]]

<section end="Body" />
{{CloseHonorPage}}

AY Honors/Currency - Advanced/Answer Key 3

2024-09-29T02:25:43Z

JadeDragon: more improvements

{{HonorSubpage}}
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
<section begin="Body" />
{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=1}}

{{honor_prerequisite|honor=Currency}}
{{CloseReq}}

{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=2|dispreq=2 [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|25px]]}}


Countries usually present symbols and themes on their currency that have important historical, cultural or nationalist significance. There is no end to the possibilities in your coin and currency collection so pick something interesting to talk about. Canadian currency in particular has included many interesting images over the various series and designs, but you are not limited to only Canadian examples in this requirement. Wow your Pathfinder Club!

{{CloseReq}}
{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=3|dispreq=3 [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|25px]]}}


Counterfeiting money is of course illegal. Specifically in Canada, Part XII of the Criminal Code of Canada covers "Offences Relating to Currency” and are repeated below:

'''Making Counterfeit Money'''

''Section 449. Every one who makes or begins to make counterfeit money is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.''

'''Trafficking in Counterfeit Money'''

''Section 450. Every one who, without lawful justification or excuse, the proof of which lies on him,''

''(a) buys, receives or offers to buy or receive, ''

''(b) has in his custody or possession, or ''

''(c) introduces into Canada, ''

'' counterfeit money is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.''

'''Uttering counterfeit money'''

''Section 452. Every one who, without lawful justification or excuse, the proof of which lies on him, ''

''(a) utters or offers to utter counterfeit money or uses counterfeit money as if it were genuine, or ''

''(b) exports, sends or takes counterfeit money out of Canada, ''

'' is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.''. [https://policeguide.jibc.ca/statutory-offenses/section-449-450-452-counterfeit-money-makes-traffic-possess-utter/ Source]

Indictable offences are some of the most serious criminal offences. Penalties range from fines to a maximum of 14 years in Federal Prison.

[https://criminalnotebook.ca/index.php/Counterfeiting_(Offence) More details on Canadian Counterfeiting Law]

All Canadian Police are responsible for enforcing the Criminal Code. Unlike the [[w: United States Secret Service |United States Secret Service]], Canada does not have an agency with counterfeiting as a primary focus.

Canadian circulation coins have distinct metallic compositions that can be measured. Coin counters at banks, vending machines and coin handling equipment used by armoured car firms all rely on the metallic signature of Canadian coins to sift out fakes. These can also be programmed to sift out American coins, even though retailers, banks and many vending machines in Canada will usually accept American coins at par.

In 2012 RCM introduced new security features to the $1 and $2 coins:
* patented multi-ply plated steel technology
* laser mark micro-engraving
* the two-dollar coin was updated with a virtual image and edge lettering. [https://www.chrisd.ca/2012/04/11/royal-canadian-mint-new-loonie-toonie-multi-ply-plated/amp/]

The cost and effort to counterfeit low value Canadian coins is not worth the reward, but Silver, Gold, Platinum and Platinum Bullion coins and bars are a whole different problem. The Royal Canadian Mint (RCM) has a long history of introducing anti counterfeiting features into both physical bullion and packaging. Some recent examples include:

* Bullion Coin DNA Anti-Counterfeiting Technology, a proprietary security technology that facilitates the authentication of Gold Maple Leaf coins dated 2014 and later, and Silver Maple Leaf coins dated 2015 and later. The patented Signoptic® technology was jointly developed by the Royal Canadian Mint and Arjo Solutions to give investors greater peace of mind by allowing each bullion coin’s security mark to be matched to the Royal Canadian Mint database.

* Radial Lines, introduced in 2014, are precisely machined to within microns. The uniqueness of the line width and pitch create a light-diffracting pattern specific to each coin.

* Micro-Engraved Security Marks on Canadian silver and gold bullion coins feature a textured maple leaf micro-engraved with laser technology to be visible only under magnification. Etched within this maple leaf are two digits indicating the coin’s production year. For Silver coins this started in 2014.

* Gold bars have serial numbers and assay certificates as well as intricate designs and markings that serve as security features. These include the RCM logo, the maple leaf emblem, and text inscriptions indicating the bar's weight and purity.

* Coins and bars packaged in assay cards include additional security features on the packaging.

* The general very high quality manufacturing standards and quality control at RCM have long discouraged counterfeiting.

“Paper” money in Canada is no longer made of paper but instead a polymer material since 2012. These notes last 2.5 times longer than paper and contain a variety of security features.

For teaching we suggest printing this fact sheet [https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/bank_note_fact_sheets.pdf Bank of Canada Polymer Note Fact Sheet] and comparing physical bank notes with it.

Counterfeiting experts empathize studying genuine currency rather than spending too much time looking at counterfeit currency. When you really understand what the genuine looks like the fake stands out immediately.

The same principle holds true for spiritual topics. Study God’s word carefully and you will quickly be able to spot error when you read it in other writings or see it in presentations.

{{CloseReq}}
{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=4}}


Coin and currency collecting has declined in popularity over the decades but still attracts young people. This may be linked to the ever growing popularity of electronic currency (credit and debit cards, etransfer, etc). People are more interested in their smart phones than a hobby collecting physical objects related to history, geography, metallurgy, finance and art.

Since we know coin collectors are interested in history and money, would they be interested in presentations about Biblical Archaeology, Coins of the Bible, applying Biblical principles to personal finance and similar topics. These types of seminars can be used to bring people to Jesus.

Personal friendships are far more effective than media advertising for getting people in the doors of a church. How can you build friendships with the unreached through hobbies like coins?

{{CloseReq}}
{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=5}}


{{CloseReq}}
{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=6}}


''Requirement 1 reproduced below for simplicity''
:<b>{{reqreq|page=AY Honors/Currency|num=1}}</b>
{{CloseReq}}

Note you don’t have to write the paragraph (but you certainly can). Just go do a little research and be prepared to show your instructor what you found.

==References==
{{reflist}}

<section end="Body" />
[[Category:AY Honors/Secondary]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseHonorPage}}

AY Honors/Currency - Advanced/Answer Key 3

2024-09-29T02:18:37Z

JadeDragon: expand a little

{{HonorSubpage}}
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
<section begin="Body" />
{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=1}}

{{honor_prerequisite|honor=Currency}}
{{CloseReq}}

{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=2|dispreq=2 [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|25px]]}}


Countries usually present symbols and themes on their currency that have important historical, cultural or nationalist significance. There is no end to the possibilities in your coin and currency collection so pick something interesting to talk about. Canadian currency in particular has included many interesting images over the various series and designs, but you are not limited to only Canadian examples in this requirement. Wow your Pathfinder Club!

{{CloseReq}}
{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=3|dispreq=3 [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|25px]]}}


Counterfeiting money is of course illegal. Specifically in Canada, offences relating to counterfeiting are found in Part XII of the Criminal Code relating to "Offences Relating to Currency".

'''Making Counterfeit Money'''

''Section 449. Every one who makes or begins to make counterfeit money is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.''

'''Trafficking in Counterfeit Money'''

''Section 450. Every one who, without lawful justification or excuse, the proof of which lies on him,''

''(a) buys, receives or offers to buy or receive, ''

''(b) has in his custody or possession, or ''

''(c) introduces into Canada, ''

'' counterfeit money is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.''

'''Uttering counterfeit money'''

''Section 452. Every one who, without lawful justification or excuse, the proof of which lies on him, ''

''(a) utters or offers to utter counterfeit money or uses counterfeit money as if it were genuine, or ''

''(b) exports, sends or takes counterfeit money out of Canada, ''

'' is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.''. [https://policeguide.jibc.ca/statutory-offenses/section-449-450-452-counterfeit-money-makes-traffic-possess-utter/ Source]

Indictable offences are some of the most serious criminal offences. Penalties range from fines to a maximum of 14 years in Federal Prison.

[https://criminalnotebook.ca/index.php/Counterfeiting_(Offence) More details on Canadian Counterfeiting Law]

All Canadian Police are responsible for enforcing the Criminal Code. Unlike the US [[w: United States Secret Service |Secret Service]], Canada does not have an agency with counterfeiting as a primary focus.

Canadian circulation coins have distinct metallic compositions that can be measured. Coin counters at banks, vending machines and coin handling equipment used by armoured car firms all rely on the metallic signature of Canadian coins to sift out fakes. These can also be programmed to sift out American coins, even though retailers, banks and many vending machines in Canada will usually accept American coins at par.

In 2012 RCM introduced security features to the $1 and $2 coins:
* patented multi-ply plated steel technology
* laser mark micro-engraving
* the two-dollar coin was updated with a virtual image and edge lettering. [https://www.chrisd.ca/2012/04/11/royal-canadian-mint-new-loonie-toonie-multi-ply-plated/amp/]

The effort to counterfeit low value Canadian coins is not worth the reward, but Silver, Gold, Platinum and Platinum Bullion coins and bars are a whole different problem. The Royal Canadian Mint (RCM) has a long history of introducing anti counterfeiting features into both physical bullion and packaging. Some recent examples include:

* Bullion Coin DNA Anti-Counterfeiting Technology, a proprietary security technology that facilitates the authentication of Gold Maple Leaf coins dated 2014 and later, and Silver Maple Leaf coins dated 2015 and later. The patented Signoptic® technology was jointly developed by the Royal Canadian Mint and Arjo Solutions to give investors greater peace of mind by allowing each bullion coin’s security mark to be matched to the Royal Canadian Mint database.

* Radial Lines, introduced in 2014, are precisely machined to within microns. The uniqueness of the line width and pitch create a light-diffracting pattern specific to each coin.

* Micro-Engraved Security Marks on Canadian silver and gold bullion coins feature a textured maple leaf micro-engraved with laser technology to be visible only under magnification. Etched within this maple leaf are two digits indicating the coin’s production year. For Silver coins this started in 2014.

* Gold bars have serial numbers and assay certificates as well as intricate designs and markings that serve as security features. These include the RCM logo, the maple leaf emblem, and text inscriptions indicating the bar's weight and purity.

* Coins and bars packaged in assay cards include additional security features on the packaging.

* The general very high quality manufacturing standards and quality control at RCM also reduce counterfeiting.

“Paper” money in Canada is no longer made of paper but instead a polymer material since 2012. These note last 2.5 times longer than paper and contain a variety of security features.

For teaching we suggest printing this fact sheet [https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/bank_note_fact_sheets.pdf Bank of Canada Polymer Note Fact Sheet] and comparing physical bank notes with it.

Counterfeiting experts empathize studying genuine currency rather than spending too much time looking at counterfeit currency. When you really understand what the genuine looks like the fake stands out immediately.

The same principle holds true for spiritual topics. Study God’s word carefully and you will quickly be able to spot error when you read it in other writings or see it in presentations.

{{CloseReq}}
{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=4}}


Coin and currency collecting has declined in popularity over the decades but still attracts young people. This may be linked to the ever growing popularity of electronic currency (credit and debit cards, etransfer, etc). People are more interested in their smart phones than a hobby collecting physical objects related to history, geography, metallurgy, finance and art.

Since we know coin collectors are interested in history and money, would they be interested in presentations about Biblical Archaeology, Coins of the Bible, applying Biblical principles to personal finance and similar topics. These types of seminars can be used to bring people to Jesus.

Personal friendships are far more effective than media advertising for getting people in the doors of a church. How can you build friendships with the unreached through hobbies like coins?

{{CloseReq}}
{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=5}}


{{CloseReq}}
{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=6}}


''Requirement 1 reproduced below for simplicity''
:<b>{{reqreq|page=AY Honors/Currency|num=1}}</b>
{{CloseReq}}

Note you don’t have to write the paragraph (but you certainly can). Just go do a little research and be prepared to show your instructor what you found.

==References==
{{reflist}}

<section end="Body" />
[[Category:AY Honors/Secondary]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseHonorPage}}

AY Honors/Currency - Advanced/Answer Key 3

2024-09-29T02:08:34Z

JadeDragon: format

{{HonorSubpage}}
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
<section begin="Body" />
{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=1}}

{{honor_prerequisite|honor=Currency}}
{{CloseReq}}

{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=2|dispreq=2 [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|25px]]}}


Countries usually present symbols and themes on their currency that have important historical, cultural or nationalist significance. There is no end to the possibilities in your coin and currency collection so pick something interesting to talk about. Canadian currency in particular has included many interesting images over the various series and designs, but you are not limited to only Canadian examples in this requirement. Wow your Pathfinder Club!

{{CloseReq}}
{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=3|dispreq=3 [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|25px]]}}


Counterfeiting money is of course illegal. Specifically in Canada, offences relating to counterfeiting are found in Part XII of the Criminal Code relating to "Offences Relating to Currency".

'''Making Counterfeit Money'''

''Section 449. Every one who makes or begins to make counterfeit money is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.''

'''Trafficking in Counterfeit Money'''

''Section 450. Every one who, without lawful justification or excuse, the proof of which lies on him,''

''(a) buys, receives or offers to buy or receive, ''

''(b) has in his custody or possession, or ''

''(c) introduces into Canada, ''

'' counterfeit money is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.''

'''Uttering counterfeit money'''

''Section 452. Every one who, without lawful justification or excuse, the proof of which lies on him, ''

''(a) utters or offers to utter counterfeit money or uses counterfeit money as if it were genuine, or ''

''(b) exports, sends or takes counterfeit money out of Canada, ''

'' is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.''. [https://policeguide.jibc.ca/statutory-offenses/section-449-450-452-counterfeit-money-makes-traffic-possess-utter/ Source]

Indictable offences are some of the most serious criminal offences. Penalties range from fines to a maximum of 14 years in Federal Prison.

[https://criminalnotebook.ca/index.php/Counterfeiting_(Offence) More details on Canadian Counterfeiting Law]

All Canadian Police are responsible for enforcing the Criminal Code. Unlike the US [[w: United States Secret Service |Secret Service]], Canada does not have an agency with counterfeiting as a primary focus.

Canadian circulation coins have distinct metallic compositions that can be measured. Coin counters at banks, vending machines and coin handling equipment used by armoured car firms all rely on the metallic signature of Canadian coins to sift out fakes. These can also be programmed to sift out American coins, even though retailers, banks and many vending machines in Canada will usually accept American coins at par.

The effort to counterfeit low value Canadian coins is not worth the reward, but Silver, Gold, Platinum and Platinum Bullion coins and bars are a whole different problem. The Royal Canadian Mint (RCM) has a long history of introducing anti counterfeiting features into both physical bullion and packaging. Some. recent examples include:

* Bullion Coin DNA Anti-Counterfeiting Technology, a proprietary security technology that facilitates the authentication of Gold Maple Leaf coins dated 2014 and later, and Silver Maple Leaf coins dated 2015 and later. The patented Signoptic® technology was jointly developed by the Royal Canadian Mint and Arjo Solutions to give investors greater peace of mind by allowing each bullion coin’s security mark to be matched to the Royal Canadian Mint database.

* Radial Lines, introduced in 2014, are precisely machined to within microns. The uniqueness of the line width and pitch create a light-diffracting pattern specific to each coin.

* Micro-Engraved Security Marks on Canadian silver and gold bullion coins feature a textured maple leaf micro-engraved with laser technology to be visible only under magnification. Etched within this maple leaf are two digits indicating the coin’s production year. For Silver coins this started in 2014.

* Gold bars have serial numbers and assay certificates as well as intricate designs and markings that serve as security features. These include the RCM logo, the maple leaf emblem, and text inscriptions indicating the bar's weight and purity.

* Coins and bars packaged in assay cards include additional security features on the packaging.

“Paper” money in Canada is no longer made of paper but instead a polymer material since 2012. These note last 2.5 times longer than paper and contain a variety of security features.

For teaching we suggest printing this fact sheet [https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/bank_note_fact_sheets.pdf Bank of Canada Polymer Note Fact Sheet] and comparing physical bank notes with it.

Counterfeiting experts empathize studying genuine currency rather than spending too much time looking at counterfeit currency. When you really understand what the genuine looks like the fake stands out immediately.

The same principle holds true for spiritual topics. Study God’s word carefully and you will quickly be able to spot error when you read it in other writings or see it in presentations.

{{CloseReq}}
{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=4}}


Coin and currency collecting has declined in popularity over the decades but still attracts young people. This may be linked to the ever growing popularity of electronic currency (credit and debit cards, etransfer, etc). People are more interested in their smart phones than a hobby collecting physical objects related to history, geography, metallurgy, finance and art.

Since we know coin collectors are interested in history and money, would they be interested in presentations about Biblical Archaeology, Coins of the Bible, applying Biblical principles to personal finance and similar topics. These types of seminars can be used to bring people to Jesus.

Personal friendships are far more effective than media advertising for getting people in the doors of a church. How can you build friendships with the unreached through hobbies like coins?

{{CloseReq}}
{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=5}}


{{CloseReq}}
{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=6}}


''Requirement 1 reproduced below for simplicity''
:<b>{{reqreq|page=AY Honors/Currency|num=1}}</b>
{{CloseReq}}

Note you don’t have to write the paragraph (but you certainly can). Just go do a little research and be prepared to show your instructor what you found.

==References==
{{reflist}}

<section end="Body" />
[[Category:AY Honors/Secondary]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
{{CloseHonorPage}}

AY Honors/Currency - Advanced/Answer Key 3

2024-09-29T01:36:29Z

JadeDragon: format

{{HonorSubpage}}
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
<section begin="Body" />
{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=1}}

{{honor_prerequisite|honor=Currency}}
{{CloseReq}}

{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=2|dispreq=2 [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|25px]]}}


Countries usually present symbols and themes on their currency that have important historical, cultural or nationalist significance. There is no end to the possibilities in your coin and currency collection so pick something interesting to talk about. Canadian currency in particular has included many interesting images over the various series and designs, but you are not limited to only Canadian examples in this requirement. Wow your Pathfinder Club!

{{CloseReq}}
{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=3|dispreq=3 [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|25px]]}}


Counterfeiting money is of course illegal. Specifically in Canada, offences relating to counterfeiting are found in Part XII of the Criminal Code relating to "Offences Relating to Currency".

'''Making Counterfeit Money'''

''Section 449. Every one who makes or begins to make counterfeit money is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.''

'''Trafficking in Counterfeit Money'''

''Section 450. Every one who, without lawful justification or excuse, the proof of which lies on him,

(a) buys, receives or offers to buy or receive,

(b) has in his custody or possession, or

(c) introduces into Canada,

counterfeit money is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.''

'''Uttering counterfeit money'''

''Section 452. Every one who, without lawful justification or excuse, the proof of which lies on him,

(a) utters or offers to utter counterfeit money or uses counterfeit money as if it were genuine, or

(b) exports, sends or takes counterfeit money out of Canada,

is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.''. [https://policeguide.jibc.ca/statutory-offenses/section-449-450-452-counterfeit-money-makes-traffic-possess-utter/ Source]

Indictable offences are some of the most serious criminal offences. Penalties range from fines to a maximum of 14 years in Federal Prison.

[https://criminalnotebook.ca/index.php/Counterfeiting_(Offence) More details on Canadian Counterfeiting Law]

All Canadian Police are responsible for enforcing the Criminal Code. Unlike the US [[w: United States Secret Service |Secret Service]], Canada does not have an agency with counterfeiting as a primary focus.

Canadian circulation coins have distinct metallic compositions that can be measured. Coin counters at banks, vending machines and coin handling equipment used by armoured car firms all rely on the metallic signature of Canadian coins to sift out fakes. These can also be programmed to sift out American coins, even though retailers, banks and many vending machines in Canada will usually accept American coins at par.

The effort to counterfeit low value Canadian coins is not worth the reward, but Silver, Gold, Platinum and Platinum Bullion coins and bars are a whole different problem. The Royal Canadian Mint (RCM) has a long history of introducing anti counterfeiting features into both physical bullion and packaging. Some. recent examples include:

* Bullion Coin DNA Anti-Counterfeiting Technology, a proprietary security technology that facilitates the authentication of Gold Maple Leaf coins dated 2014 and later, and Silver Maple Leaf coins dated 2015 and later. The patented Signoptic® technology was jointly developed by the Royal Canadian Mint and Arjo Solutions to give investors greater peace of mind by allowing each bullion coin’s security mark to be matched to the Royal Canadian Mint database.

* Radial Lines, introduced in 2014, are precisely machined to within microns. The uniqueness of the line width and pitch create a light-diffracting pattern specific to each coin.

* Micro-Engraved Security Marks on Canadian silver and gold bullion coins feature a textured maple leaf micro-engraved with laser technology to be visible only under magnification. Etched within this maple leaf are two digits indicating the coin’s production year. For Silver coins this started in 2014.

* Gold bars have serial numbers and assay certificates as well as intricate designs and markings that serve as security features. These include the RCM logo, the maple leaf emblem, and text inscriptions indicating the bar's weight and purity.

* Coins and bars packaged in assay cards include additional security features on the packaging.

“Paper” money in Canada is no longer made of paper but instead a polymer material since 2012. These note last 2.5 times longer than paper and contain a variety of security features.

For teaching we suggest printing this fact sheet [https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/bank_note_fact_sheets.pdf Bank of Canada Polymer Note Fact Sheet] and comparing physical bank notes with it.

Counterfeiting experts empathize studying genuine currency rather than spending too much time looking at counterfeit currency. When you really understand what the genuine looks like the fake stands out immediately.

The same principle holds true for spiritual topics. Study God’s word carefully and you will quickly be able to spot error when you read it in other writings or see it in presentations.

{{CloseReq}}
{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=4}}


Coin and currency collecting has declined in popularity over the decades but still attracts young people. This may be linked to the ever growing popularity of electronic currency (credit and debit cards, etransfer, etc). People are more interested in their smart phones than a hobby collecting physical objects related to history, geography, metallurgy, finance and art.

Since we know coin collectors are interested in history and money, would they be interested in presentations about Biblical Archaeology, Coins of the Bible, applying Biblical principles to personal finance and similar topics. These types of seminars can be used to bring people to Jesus.

Personal friendships are far more effective than media advertising for getting people in the doors of a church. How can you build friendships with the unreached through hobbies like coins?

{{CloseReq}}
{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=5}}


{{CloseReq}}
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Note you don’t have to write the paragraph (but you certainly can). Just go do a little research and be prepared to show your instructor what you found.

==References==
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AY Honors/Currency - Advanced/Answer Key 3

2024-09-29T00:47:31Z

JadeDragon: additions to info on RCM security features mostly

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Countries usually present symbols and themes on their currency that have important historical, cultural or nationalist significance. There is no end to the possibilities in your coin and currency collection so pick something interesting to talk about. Canadian currency in particular has included many interesting images over the various series and designs, but you are not limited to only Canadian examples in this requirement. Wow your Pathfinder Club!

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Counterfeiting money is of course illegal. Specifically in Canada, offences relating to counterfeiting are found in Part XII of the Criminal Code relating to "Offences Relating to Currency".

'''Making Counterfeit Money'''

''Section 449. Every one who makes or begins to make counterfeit money is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.''

'''Trafficking in Counterfeit Money'''

''Section 450. Every one who, without lawful justification or excuse, the proof of which lies on him,

(a) buys, receives or offers to buy or receive,

(b) has in his custody or possession, or

(c) introduces into Canada,

counterfeit money is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.''

'''Uttering counterfeit money'''

Section 452. Every one who, without lawful ''justification or excuse, the proof of which lies on him,

(a) utters or offers to utter counterfeit money or uses counterfeit money as if it were genuine, or

(b) exports, sends or takes counterfeit money out of Canada,

is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.''[https://policeguide.jibc.ca/statutory-offenses/section-449-450-452-counterfeit-money-makes-traffic-possess-utter/ Source]

Indictable offences are some of the most serious criminal offences. Penalties range from fines to a maximum of 14 years in Federal Prison.

[https://criminalnotebook.ca/index.php/Counterfeiting_(Offence) More details on Canadian Counterfeiting Law]

All Canadian Police are responsible for enforcing the Criminal Code. Unlike the US [[w: United States Secret Service |Secret Service]], Canada does not have an agency with counterfeiting as a primary focus.

Canadian circulation coins have distinct metallic compositions that can be measured. Coin counters at banks, vending machines and coin handling equipment used by armoured car firms all rely on the metallic signature of Canadian coins to sift out fakes. These can also be programmed to sift out American coins, even though retailers, banks and many vending machines in Canada will usually accept American coins at par.

The effort to counterfeit low value Canadian coins is not worth the reward, but Silver, Gold, Platinum and Platinum Bullion coins and bars are a whole different problem. The Royal Canadian Mint (RCM) has a long history of introducing anti counterfeiting features into both physical bullion and packaging. Some. recent examples include:

* Bullion Coin DNA Anti-Counterfeiting Technology, a proprietary security technology that facilitates the authentication of Gold Maple Leaf coins dated 2014 and later, and Silver Maple Leaf coins dated 2015 and later. The patented Signoptic® technology was jointly developed by the Royal Canadian Mint and Arjo Solutions to give investors greater peace of mind by allowing each bullion coin’s security mark to be matched to the Royal Canadian Mint database.

* Radial Lines, introduced in 2014, are precisely machined to within microns. The uniqueness of the line width and pitch create a light-diffracting pattern specific to each coin.

* Micro-Engraved Security Marks on Canadian silver and gold bullion coins feature a textured maple leaf micro-engraved with laser technology to be visible only under magnification. Etched within this maple leaf are two digits indicating the coin’s production year. For Silver coins this started in 2014.

* Gold bars have serial numbers and assay certificates as well as intricate designs and markings that serve as security features. These include the RCM logo, the maple leaf emblem, and text inscriptions indicating the bar's weight and purity.

* Coins and bars packaged in assay cards include additional security features on the packaging.

“Paper” money in Canada is no longer made of paper but instead a polymer material since 2012. These note last 2.5 times longer than paper and contain a variety of security features.

For teaching we suggest printing this fact sheet [https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/bank_note_fact_sheets.pdf Bank of Canada Polymer Note Fact Sheet] and comparing physical bank notes with it.

Counterfeiting experts empathize studying genuine currency rather than spending too much time looking at counterfeit currency. When you really understand what the genuine looks like the fake stands out immediately.

The same principle holds true for spiritual topics. Study God’s word carefully and you will quickly be able to spot error when you read it in other writings or see it in presentations.

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Coin and currency collecting has declined in popularity over the decades but still attracts young people. This may be linked to the ever growing popularity of electronic currency (credit and debit cards, etransfer, etc). People are more interested in their smart phones than a hobby collecting physical objects related to history, geography, metallurgy, finance and art.

Since we know coin collectors are interested in history and money, would they be interested in presentations about Biblical Archaeology, Coins of the Bible, applying Biblical principles to personal finance and similar topics. These types of seminars can be used to bring people to Jesus.

Personal friendships are far more effective than media advertising for getting people in the doors of a church. How can you build friendships with the unreached through hobbies like coins?

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''Requirement 1 reproduced below for simplicity''
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Note you don’t have to write the paragraph (but you certainly can). Just go do a little research and be prepared to show your instructor what you found.

==References==
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[[Category:AY Honors/Secondary]]
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AY Honors/Currency - Advanced/Answer Key 3

2024-09-29T00:08:20Z

JadeDragon: fill out whole honor answers for Canada

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Countries usually present symbols and themes on their currency that have important historical, cultural or nationalist significance. There is no end to the possibilities in your coin and currency collection so pick something interesting to talk about. Canadian currency in particular has included many interesting images over the various series and designs, but you are not limited to only Canadian examples in this requirement. Wow your Pathfinder Club!

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{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=3|dispreq=3 [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|25px]]}}


Counterfeiting is of course illegal. Specifically in Canada, offences relating to counterfeiting are found in Part XII of the Criminal Code relating to "Offences Relating to Currency".

The following sections of the Criminal Code of Canada pertain to counterfeit money.

''Making Counterfeit Money

Section 449. Every one who makes or begins to make counterfeit money is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.

Trafficking in Counterfeit Money

Section 450. Every one who, without lawful justification or excuse, the proof of which lies on him,

(a) buys, receives or offers to buy or receive,

(b) has in his custody or possession, or

(c) introduces into Canada,

counterfeit money is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.

Uttering counterfeit money

Section 452. Every one who, without lawful justification or excuse, the proof of which lies on him,

(a) utters or offers to utter counterfeit money or uses counterfeit money as if it were genuine, or

(b) exports, sends or takes counterfeit money out of Canada,

is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.'' [https://policeguide.jibc.ca/statutory-offenses/section-449-450-452-counterfeit-money-makes-traffic-possess-utter/ Source]

Indictable offences are some of the most serious criminal offences. Penalties range from Fines to a maximum of 14 years in Federal Prison.

[https://criminalnotebook.ca/index.php/Counterfeiting_(Offence) More details on Canadian Counterfeiting Law]

All Canadian Police are responsible for enforcing the Criminal Code. Unlike the US [[w: United States Secret Service |Secret Service]], Canada does not have an agency with counterfeiting as a primary focus.

Canadian circulation coins have distinct metallic compositions that can be measured. Coin counters at banks, vending machines and coin handling equipment used by armoured car firms all rely on the metallic signature of Canadian coins to sift out fakes. These can also be programmed to sift out American coins, even though retailers, banks and many vending machines in Canada will usually accept American coins at par.

“Paper” money in Canada is no longer made of paper but instead a polymer material since 2012. These note last 2.5 times longer than paper and contain a variety of security features.

For teaching we suggest printing this fact sheet [https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/bank_note_fact_sheets.pdf Bank of Canada Polymer Note Fact Sheet] and comparing physical bank notes with it.

Counterfeiting experts empathize studying genuine currency rather than spending too much time looking at counterfeit currency. When you really understand what the genuine looks like the fake stands out immediately.

The same principle holds true for spiritual topics. Study God’s word carefully and you will quickly be able to spot error when you read it in other writings or see it in presentations.

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{{ansreq|page=AY Honors/Currency - Advanced|num=4}}


Coin and currency collecting has declined in popularity over the decades but still attracts young people. This may be linked to the ever growing popularity of electronic currency (credit and debit cards, etransfer, etc). People are more interested in their smart phones than a hobby collecting physical objects related to history, geography, metallurgy, finance and art.

Since we know coin collectors are interested in history and money, would they be interested in presentations about Biblical Archaeology, Coins of the Bible, applying Biblical principles to personal finance and similar topics. These types of seminars can be used to bring people to Jesus.

Personal friendships are far more effective than media advertising for getting people in the doors of a church. How can you build friendships with the unreached through hobbies like coins?

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''Requirement 1 reproduced below for simplicity''
:<b>{{reqreq|page=AY Honors/Currency|num=1}}</b>
{{CloseReq}}

Note you don’t have to write the paragraph (but you certainly can). Just go do a little research and be prepared to show your instructor what you found.

==References==
{{reflist}}

<section end="Body" />
[[Category:AY Honors/Secondary]]
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AY Honors/National Parks and Heritage Sites/Answer Key

2024-08-18T01:17:32Z

JadeDragon: copy edit and expand

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A national park is a site or area that a national government has set aside with protection from development, changing, or specific types of use, because the land or area is considered special or valuable due to the scenery, history, or scientific importance.

In the '''United States''', the National Park Service Act of 1916 set up the National Parks System to establish and maintain national parks, monuments, and other places of significant national importance.

In November 1885 the Government of '''Canada''' under Sir John A. Macdonald set aside an area of approximately 26 km2 on the north slope of Alberta’s Sulphur Mountain for public use. This area, the Cave and Basin Hot Springs, was the beginning of what is now Banff National Park. This [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-parks-of-canada|This Canadian Encyclopedia article] gives a good overview of Parks Canada beginnings.

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UNESCO stands for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It was founded on November 16, 1945, and part of its mission is to preserve and maintain sites worldwide that are significant to, you guessed it, education, science, and culture. In contrast to the national parks systems set up by a single nation, the UNESCO organization oversees sites that are voted by member countries as having global significance, regardless of the site's location. The process of getting a UNESCO site designated is long and can be quite political but most of the world’s truly epic historical and many spectacular natural sites are now designated.

It is important to note that a specific site can be a national park or historic site as well as a UNESCO World Heritage site. For example, the United State's Mesa Verde National Park, Yellowstone National Park, and Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park are all UNESCO World Heritage Sites, as well as the United State's Statue of Liberty, Independence Hall, and Papahānaumokuākea National Monument.

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Although the concept of national parks had been around for several hundred years already, the United States and Canada were some of the first countries to take major steps to create a system for the creation, preservation, and management of national parks and historic sites.
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There were hundreds, if not thousands of individuals who contributed to the establishment and protection of national parks, but several of note in the United States include individuals like Presidents Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Theodore Rosevelt, geologist Ferdinand V. Hayden, photographer William Henry Jackson, painter Thomas Moran, and naturalist John Muir.

In Canada the first Prime Minister John A McDonald was important in establishing the first National Park. James B. Harkin, the first parks commissioner who served from 1911 to 1936 is seen as the father of Canada’s National Parks.
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The purpose of protecting areas of natural significance allowed the government to preserve and police it while still allowing it to be used for public enjoyment. There were fears that areas of national importance, especially areas of unique natural formations and scenery would be damaged or destroyed, or that these areas could be purchased by private property owners who might keep the rest of the public from enjoying the unique nature that the country had to offer. By reserving these areas, not only were these people protecting the land for future enjoyment, but they were preventing it from being sold to someone who might not allow others to enjoy the land.
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If you live in the United States, you can easily find national parks or historic sites near you by going to the National Park Service's website [https://www.nps.gov/findapark/index.htm here]. For those in Canada, you can visit the Parks Canada website [https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/voyage-travel/recherche-tous-parks-all here]. For those living outside the United States or Canada, visit the website of the organization that oversees your country's national parks and historic sites.
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The process of establishing the first UNESCO World Heritage sites began in 1972, but the first UNESCO sites were officially designated in September of 1978.
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The purpose of the creation of UNESCO sites was conservation of places that had significance to world history, science, culture, and education. The official statement said that creating these sites would help to preserve "the achievements of our time, the values of the past and the beauty of nature.”
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Twelve sites were included in the original selection of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including:
*Aachen Cathedral (Germany)
*City of Quito (Ecuador)
*Cracow’s Historic Centre (Poland)
*Galapagos Islands (Ecuador)
*Island of Goree (Senegal)
*L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Park (Canada)
*Mesa Verde National Park (United States)
*Nahanni National Park (Canada)
*Rock Hewn Churches (Lalibela, Ethiopia)
*Simien National Park (Ethiopia)
*Wieliczka – salt mine (Poland)
*Yellowstone National Park (United States)
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To find a UNESCO World Heritage Site near you, you can visit the UNESCO World Heritage Site webpage [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ here].
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In the United States, the National Park Service oversees and maintains a large number of areas known as "national park areas" or "national protected areas." These are relative terms that describe all the land that the government owns and protects from development. However, these land areas have been broken down into a variety of other more specific categories:

*Cooperative Management and Protection Areas
*Forest Reserves
*National Conservation Areas
*National Estuarine Research Reserves
*National Forest
*National Grasslands
*National Historic Trails
*National Lakeshores
*National Marine Sanctuaries
*National Monuments
*National Parks
*National Preserves
*National Recreation Areas
*National Scenic Trails
*National Seashores
*National Trails System
*National Wild and Scenic Rivers
*National Wild and Scenic Rivers System
*National Wilderness Preservation System
*National Wildlife Refuge System
*Outstanding Natural Areas
*Wilderness Areas
*Wilderness Study Areas

In Canada, these are categorized similarly, but there are fewer categories:

*National Park
*National Park Reserve
*National Marine Conservation Area
*National Marine Conservation Reserve
*National Urban Park
*National Landmark
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A national park is overseen by the nation's government itself and are locations of national importance. In the case of the United States, this would be the National Parks Service, as well as the US Forest Service at times. In Canada, this organization is known as Parks Canada. These organizations oversee the protection, managed development, staffing, care, and maintenance of these areas.

A state or provincial park, on the other hand, is managed and maintained by the local state or provincial government. These areas may have significance to the local area which would lead to the state protecting it, but they do not have the national importance required to make it a national park or monument. These state parks are managed, maintained, and staffed by the states themselves.
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This is an opportunity for you to show what you've learned about national parks and historic sites! Remember, one of the most important goals for a national park is to preserve a special area for future visits, and even future generations. You can help share the importance of protecting and caring for these special areas by showing the unique features that make it special to people who may not be able to visit in person. It would be ideal to complete this requirement while you work on Requirement 7.


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Object lessons are easy to create. Look around you! As you complete this honor, is there anything that stood out to you about the importance of caring for God's creation? Read the verses below and some ideas may come to mind! If you visit a national park, think about the projects the park is doing to conserve the nature that has been entrusted to it, and ask yourself how the park might be carrying out the responsibility that God gave us without even knowing it! You might be surprised how easy it is to come up with an object lesson once you start looking!


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{{Bible verse
| version = NKJV
| book = Genesis
| chapter = 1
| verse = 26 - 28
| text =
<br>
:(26) Then God said, “Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.”

:(27) So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them.

:(28) Then God blessed them, and God said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply; fill the earth and subdue it; have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that moves on the earth.”
}}

{{Bible verse
| version = NKJV
| book = Genesis
| chapter = 2
| verse = 15
| text =
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:Then the Lord God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to tend and keep it.
}}
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{{Bible verse
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| book = Psalm
| chapter = 24
| verse = 1
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:The earth is the Lord’s, and all its fullness,
::The world and those who dwell therein.
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{{Bible verse
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| book = Psalm
| chapter = 95
| verse = 5
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:The sea is His, for He made it;
:And His hands formed the dry land.
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{{Bible verse
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| book = Jeremiah
| chapter = 2
| verse = 7
| text =
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:I brought you into a bountiful country,
:To eat its fruit and its goodness.
:But when you entered, you defiled My land
:And made My heritage an abomination.
}}
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Many national parks or historic sites offer kids an opportunity to learn about the park's history and features by giving them a booklet to fill out. Participants can visit areas of the park or visitor's center and find the information that is required to complete the book, then bring the book back for the opportunity to receive a special pin or badge! Usually, this is free for all those who complete the program. You might even be able to mail the booklet in if you can't finish it before you need to leave. Many sites will even let parents and other adults get in on the fun!
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If you are planning to visit a UNESCO or national park site, you will probably want to take pictures to document your adventure! To fulfill this requirement, organize the pictures in a fun and thoughtful way!
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You will see many things during your visit you may want to preserve by painting or drawing a picture of it. Let your creative juices flow! Make sure you share it with your instructor or unit! You might even include it in your creative project from Requirement 5!

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You won't regret visiting a UNESCO, national park, or historic site! They offer great opportunities to get out into nature and experience sights, sounds, and smells you might not be able to experience elsewhere. Make sure you share what you experienced with your instructor or unit! You might even tell about it in your creative project from Requirement 5!
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Learn a little more about a specific park or heritage site that interests you! Even if it may be impossible for you to visit them in person, that doesn't stop you from getting to know more about the site from a distance! To find the information below, you can check to see if the national park or heritage site has a website. If so, most of the information could probably be found there under a title "about the park" or "history". If you can't find the information there, you could also send the park a letter or an email asking for fliers and such that might help you find the information. Also, if you can visit the location in person, you should be able to find all the answers in the visitor's center!
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Many national parks have programs that allow visitors to help out in various ways around the park. Opportunities may range from helping clean up trash for a few hours, trail clearing, and planting trees, to extended volunteer projects up to six months. There are countless projects you can create your presentation about!

If you choose this option, why don't you participate in the conservation project? You can select a national park or historic area and ask them what you can do to help. The needs at each location will vary, so be sure you know where you want to go first!
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There are many great videos about national parks online. Expedia creates some excellent videos that show the best places to visit for many national parks and historic sites. Many YouTubers also create video tours of their own experiences at the parks or historic sites.

This video is a great overview of Yosemite National Park in California.
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Many national parks and heritage sites have "passport" programs that encourage people to visit and learn about these sites. These passport books typically only serve one system (for example, the US National Parks System has a different and more complete passport system than the Canada Parks system, which may not always have passport stamps, but might have other collectibles for visitors of the park.
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==References== 
United States' National Park Service [https://www.nps.gov/index.htm webpage]

Canada's Parks Canada [https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/index webpage]

UNESCO World Heritage Site [https://whc.unesco.org webpage]
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AY Honors/National Parks and Heritage Sites/Answer Key

2024-08-18T01:07:50Z

JadeDragon: add word

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A national park is a site or area that a national government has set aside with protection from development, changing, or specific types of use, because the land or area is considered special or valuable due to the scenery, history, or scientific importance.

In the '''United States''', the National Park Service Act of 1916 set up the National Parks System to establish and maintain national parks, monuments, and other places of significant national importance.

In November 1885 the Canadian government under Sir John A. Macdonald set aside an area of approximately 26 km2 on the north slope of Alberta’s Sulphur Mountain for public use. This area, the Cave and Basin Hot Springs, was the beginning of what is now Banff National Park. This [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-parks-of-canada|This Canadian Encyclopedia article] gives a good overview of Parks Canada beginnings.

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UNESCO stands for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It was founded on November 16, 1945, and part of its mission is to preserve and maintain sites worldwide that are significant to, you guessed it, education, science, and culture! In contrast to the national parks systems set up by a single nation, the UNESCO organization oversees sites that are voted by member countries as having global significance, regardless of the site's location.

It is important to note that a specific site can be a national park or historic site as well as a UNESCO World Heritage site. For example, the United State's Mesa Verde National Park, Yellowstone National Park, and Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park are all UNESCO World Heritage Sites, as well as the United State's Statue of Liberty, Independence Hall, and Papahānaumokuākea National Monument.

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Although the concept of national parks had been around for several hundred years already, the United States was the first to take major steps to create a system for the creation, preservation, and management of national parks and historic sites.
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There were hundreds, if not thousands of individuals who contributed to the establishment and protection of national parks, but several of note include individuals like Presidents Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Theodore Rosevelt, geologist Ferdinand V. Hayden, photographer William Henry Jackson, painter Thomas Moran, and naturalist John Muir.
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The purpose of protecting areas of natural significance allowed the government to preserve and police it while still allowing it to be used for public enjoyment. There were fears that areas of national importance, especially areas of unique natural formations and scenery would be damaged or destroyed, or that these areas could be purchased by private property owners who might keep the rest of the public from enjoying the unique nature that the country had to offer. By reserving these areas, not only were these people protecting the land for future enjoyment, but they were preventing it from being sold to someone who might not allow others to enjoy the land.
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If you live in the United States, you can easily find national parks or historic sites near you by going to the National Park Service's website [https://www.nps.gov/findapark/index.htm here]. For those in Canada, you can visit the Parks Canada website [https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/voyage-travel/recherche-tous-parks-all here]. For those living outside the United States or Canada, visit the website of the organization that oversees your country's national parks and historic sites.
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The process of establishing the first UNESCO World Heritage sites began in 1972, but the first UNESCO sites were officially designated in September of 1978.
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The purpose of the creation of UNESCO sites was conservation of places that had significance to world history, science, culture, and education. The official statement said that creating these sites would help to preserve "the achievements of our time, the values of the past and the beauty of nature.”
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Twelve sites were included in the original selection of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including:
*Aachen Cathedral (Germany)
*City of Quito (Ecuador)
*Cracow’s Historic Centre (Poland)
*Galapagos Islands (Ecuador)
*Island of Goree (Senegal)
*L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Park (Canada)
*Mesa Verde National Park (United States)
*Nahanni National Park (Canada)
*Rock Hewn Churches (Lalibela, Ethiopia)
*Simien National Park (Ethiopia)
*Wieliczka – salt mine (Poland)
*Yellowstone National Park (United States)
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To find a UNESCO World Heritage Site near you, you can visit the UNESCO World Heritage Site webpage [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ here].
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In the United States, the National Park Service oversees and maintains a large number of areas known as "national park areas" or "national protected areas." These are relative terms that describe all the land that the government owns and protects from development. However, these land areas have been broken down into a variety of other more specific categories:

*Cooperative Management and Protection Areas
*Forest Reserves
*National Conservation Areas
*National Estuarine Research Reserves
*National Forest
*National Grasslands
*National Historic Trails
*National Lakeshores
*National Marine Sanctuaries
*National Monuments
*National Parks
*National Preserves
*National Recreation Areas
*National Scenic Trails
*National Seashores
*National Trails System
*National Wild and Scenic Rivers
*National Wild and Scenic Rivers System
*National Wilderness Preservation System
*National Wildlife Refuge System
*Outstanding Natural Areas
*Wilderness Areas
*Wilderness Study Areas

In Canada, these are categorized similarly, but there are fewer categories:

*National Park
*National Park Reserve
*National Marine Conservation Area
*National Marine Conservation Reserve
*National Urban Park
*National Landmark
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A national park is overseen by the nation's government itself and are locations of national importance. In the case of the United States, this would be the National Parks Service, as well as the US Forest Service at times. In Canada, this organization is known as Parks Canada. These organizations oversee the protection, managed development, staffing, care, and maintenance of these areas.

A state or provincial park, on the other hand, is managed and maintained by the local state or provincial government. These areas may have significance to the local area which would lead to the state protecting it, but they do not have the national importance required to make it a national park or monument. These state parks are managed, maintained, and staffed by the states themselves.
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This is an opportunity for you to show what you've learned about national parks and historic sites! Remember, one of the most important goals for a national park is to preserve a special area for future visits, and even future generations. You can help share the importance of protecting and caring for these special areas by showing the unique features that make it special to people who may not be able to visit in person. It would be ideal to complete this requirement while you work on Requirement 7.


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Object lessons are easy to create. Look around you! As you complete this honor, is there anything that stood out to you about the importance of caring for God's creation? Read the verses below and some ideas may come to mind! If you visit a national park, think about the projects the park is doing to conserve the nature that has been entrusted to it, and ask yourself how the park might be carrying out the responsibility that God gave us without even knowing it! You might be surprised how easy it is to come up with an object lesson once you start looking!


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{{Bible verse
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| book = Genesis
| chapter = 1
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:(26) Then God said, “Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.”

:(27) So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them.

:(28) Then God blessed them, and God said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply; fill the earth and subdue it; have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that moves on the earth.”
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:Then the Lord God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to tend and keep it.
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::The world and those who dwell therein.
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:And His hands formed the dry land.
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:And made My heritage an abomination.
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Many national parks or historic sites offer kids an opportunity to learn about the park's history and features by giving them a booklet to fill out. Participants can visit areas of the park or visitor's center and find the information that is required to complete the book, then bring the book back for the opportunity to receive a special pin or badge! Usually, this is free for all those who complete the program. You might even be able to mail the booklet in if you can't finish it before you need to leave. Many sites will even let parents and other adults get in on the fun!
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If you are planning to visit a UNESCO or national park site, you will probably want to take pictures to document your adventure! To fulfill this requirement, organize the pictures in a fun and thoughtful way!
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You will see many things during your visit you may want to preserve by painting or drawing a picture of it. Let your creative juices flow! Make sure you share it with your instructor or unit! You might even include it in your creative project from Requirement 5!

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You won't regret visiting a UNESCO, national park, or historic site! They offer great opportunities to get out into nature and experience sights, sounds, and smells you might not be able to experience elsewhere. Make sure you share what you experienced with your instructor or unit! You might even tell about it in your creative project from Requirement 5!
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Learn a little more about a specific park or heritage site that interests you! Even if it may be impossible for you to visit them in person, that doesn't stop you from getting to know more about the site from a distance! To find the information below, you can check to see if the national park or heritage site has a website. If so, most of the information could probably be found there under a title "about the park" or "history". If you can't find the information there, you could also send the park a letter or an email asking for fliers and such that might help you find the information. Also, if you can visit the location in person, you should be able to find all the answers in the visitor's center!
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Many national parks have programs that allow visitors to help out in various ways around the park. Opportunities may range from helping clean up trash for a few hours, trail clearing, and planting trees, to extended volunteer projects up to six months. There are countless projects you can create your presentation about!

If you choose this option, why don't you participate in the conservation project? You can select a national park or historic area and ask them what you can do to help. The needs at each location will vary, so be sure you know where you want to go first!
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There are many great videos about national parks online. Expedia creates some excellent videos that show the best places to visit for many national parks and historic sites. Many YouTubers also create video tours of their own experiences at the parks or historic sites.

This video is a great overview of Yosemite National Park in California.
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Many national parks and heritage sites have "passport" programs that encourage people to visit and learn about these sites. These passport books typically only serve one system (for example, the US National Parks System has a different and more complete passport system than the Canada Parks system, which may not always have passport stamps, but might have other collectibles for visitors of the park.
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==References== 
United States' National Park Service [https://www.nps.gov/index.htm webpage]

Canada's Parks Canada [https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/index webpage]

UNESCO World Heritage Site [https://whc.unesco.org webpage]
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AY Honors/National Parks and Heritage Sites/Answer Key

2024-08-18T01:06:12Z

JadeDragon: expand UNESCO a bit

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A national park is a site or area that a national government has set aside with protection from development, changing, or specific types of use, because the land or area is considered special or valuable due to the scenery, history, or scientific importance.

In the United States, the National Park Service Act of 1916 set up the National Parks System to establish and maintain national parks, monuments, and other places of significant national importance.

In November 1885 the Canadian government under Sir John A. Macdonald set aside an area of approximately 26 km2 on the north slope of Alberta’s Sulphur Mountain for public use. This area, the Cave and Basin Hot Springs, was the beginning of what is now Banff National Park. [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-parks-of-canada|This Canadian Encyclopedia article] gives a good overview of Parks Canada beginnings.

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UNESCO stands for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It was founded on November 16, 1945, and part of its mission is to preserve and maintain sites worldwide that are significant to, you guessed it, education, science, and culture! In contrast to the national parks systems set up by a single nation, the UNESCO organization oversees sites that are voted by member countries as having global significance, regardless of the site's location.

It is important to note that a specific site can be a national park or historic site as well as a UNESCO World Heritage site. For example, the United State's Mesa Verde National Park, Yellowstone National Park, and Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park are all UNESCO World Heritage Sites, as well as the United State's Statue of Liberty, Independence Hall, and Papahānaumokuākea National Monument.

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Although the concept of national parks had been around for several hundred years already, the United States was the first to take major steps to create a system for the creation, preservation, and management of national parks and historic sites.
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There were hundreds, if not thousands of individuals who contributed to the establishment and protection of national parks, but several of note include individuals like Presidents Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Theodore Rosevelt, geologist Ferdinand V. Hayden, photographer William Henry Jackson, painter Thomas Moran, and naturalist John Muir.
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The purpose of protecting areas of natural significance allowed the government to preserve and police it while still allowing it to be used for public enjoyment. There were fears that areas of national importance, especially areas of unique natural formations and scenery would be damaged or destroyed, or that these areas could be purchased by private property owners who might keep the rest of the public from enjoying the unique nature that the country had to offer. By reserving these areas, not only were these people protecting the land for future enjoyment, but they were preventing it from being sold to someone who might not allow others to enjoy the land.
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If you live in the United States, you can easily find national parks or historic sites near you by going to the National Park Service's website [https://www.nps.gov/findapark/index.htm here]. For those in Canada, you can visit the Parks Canada website [https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/voyage-travel/recherche-tous-parks-all here]. For those living outside the United States or Canada, visit the website of the organization that oversees your country's national parks and historic sites.
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The process of establishing the first UNESCO World Heritage sites began in 1972, but the first UNESCO sites were officially designated in September of 1978.
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The purpose of the creation of UNESCO sites was conservation of places that had significance to world history, science, culture, and education. The official statement said that creating these sites would help to preserve "the achievements of our time, the values of the past and the beauty of nature.”
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Twelve sites were included in the original selection of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including:
*Aachen Cathedral (Germany)
*City of Quito (Ecuador)
*Cracow’s Historic Centre (Poland)
*Galapagos Islands (Ecuador)
*Island of Goree (Senegal)
*L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Park (Canada)
*Mesa Verde National Park (United States)
*Nahanni National Park (Canada)
*Rock Hewn Churches (Lalibela, Ethiopia)
*Simien National Park (Ethiopia)
*Wieliczka – salt mine (Poland)
*Yellowstone National Park (United States)
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In the United States, the National Park Service oversees and maintains a large number of areas known as "national park areas" or "national protected areas." These are relative terms that describe all the land that the government owns and protects from development. However, these land areas have been broken down into a variety of other more specific categories:

*Cooperative Management and Protection Areas
*Forest Reserves
*National Conservation Areas
*National Estuarine Research Reserves
*National Forest
*National Grasslands
*National Historic Trails
*National Lakeshores
*National Marine Sanctuaries
*National Monuments
*National Parks
*National Preserves
*National Recreation Areas
*National Scenic Trails
*National Seashores
*National Trails System
*National Wild and Scenic Rivers
*National Wild and Scenic Rivers System
*National Wilderness Preservation System
*National Wildlife Refuge System
*Outstanding Natural Areas
*Wilderness Areas
*Wilderness Study Areas

In Canada, these are categorized similarly, but there are fewer categories:

*National Park
*National Park Reserve
*National Marine Conservation Area
*National Marine Conservation Reserve
*National Urban Park
*National Landmark
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A national park is overseen by the nation's government itself and are locations of national importance. In the case of the United States, this would be the National Parks Service, as well as the US Forest Service at times. In Canada, this organization is known as Parks Canada. These organizations oversee the protection, managed development, staffing, care, and maintenance of these areas.

A state or provincial park, on the other hand, is managed and maintained by the local state or provincial government. These areas may have significance to the local area which would lead to the state protecting it, but they do not have the national importance required to make it a national park or monument. These state parks are managed, maintained, and staffed by the states themselves.
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This is an opportunity for you to show what you've learned about national parks and historic sites! Remember, one of the most important goals for a national park is to preserve a special area for future visits, and even future generations. You can help share the importance of protecting and caring for these special areas by showing the unique features that make it special to people who may not be able to visit in person. It would be ideal to complete this requirement while you work on Requirement 7.


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Object lessons are easy to create. Look around you! As you complete this honor, is there anything that stood out to you about the importance of caring for God's creation? Read the verses below and some ideas may come to mind! If you visit a national park, think about the projects the park is doing to conserve the nature that has been entrusted to it, and ask yourself how the park might be carrying out the responsibility that God gave us without even knowing it! You might be surprised how easy it is to come up with an object lesson once you start looking!


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{{Bible verse
| version = NKJV
| book = Genesis
| chapter = 1
| verse = 26 - 28
| text =
<br>
:(26) Then God said, “Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.”

:(27) So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them.

:(28) Then God blessed them, and God said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply; fill the earth and subdue it; have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that moves on the earth.”
}}

{{Bible verse
| version = NKJV
| book = Genesis
| chapter = 2
| verse = 15
| text =
<br>
:Then the Lord God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to tend and keep it.
}}
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| chapter = 24
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:The earth is the Lord’s, and all its fullness,
::The world and those who dwell therein.
}}
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| book = Psalm
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:The sea is His, for He made it;
:And His hands formed the dry land.
}}
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| verse = 7
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:I brought you into a bountiful country,
:To eat its fruit and its goodness.
:But when you entered, you defiled My land
:And made My heritage an abomination.
}}
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Many national parks or historic sites offer kids an opportunity to learn about the park's history and features by giving them a booklet to fill out. Participants can visit areas of the park or visitor's center and find the information that is required to complete the book, then bring the book back for the opportunity to receive a special pin or badge! Usually, this is free for all those who complete the program. You might even be able to mail the booklet in if you can't finish it before you need to leave. Many sites will even let parents and other adults get in on the fun!
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If you are planning to visit a UNESCO or national park site, you will probably want to take pictures to document your adventure! To fulfill this requirement, organize the pictures in a fun and thoughtful way!
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You will see many things during your visit you may want to preserve by painting or drawing a picture of it. Let your creative juices flow! Make sure you share it with your instructor or unit! You might even include it in your creative project from Requirement 5!

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You won't regret visiting a UNESCO, national park, or historic site! They offer great opportunities to get out into nature and experience sights, sounds, and smells you might not be able to experience elsewhere. Make sure you share what you experienced with your instructor or unit! You might even tell about it in your creative project from Requirement 5!
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Learn a little more about a specific park or heritage site that interests you! Even if it may be impossible for you to visit them in person, that doesn't stop you from getting to know more about the site from a distance! To find the information below, you can check to see if the national park or heritage site has a website. If so, most of the information could probably be found there under a title "about the park" or "history". If you can't find the information there, you could also send the park a letter or an email asking for fliers and such that might help you find the information. Also, if you can visit the location in person, you should be able to find all the answers in the visitor's center!
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Many national parks have programs that allow visitors to help out in various ways around the park. Opportunities may range from helping clean up trash for a few hours, trail clearing, and planting trees, to extended volunteer projects up to six months. There are countless projects you can create your presentation about!

If you choose this option, why don't you participate in the conservation project? You can select a national park or historic area and ask them what you can do to help. The needs at each location will vary, so be sure you know where you want to go first!
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There are many great videos about national parks online. Expedia creates some excellent videos that show the best places to visit for many national parks and historic sites. Many YouTubers also create video tours of their own experiences at the parks or historic sites.

This video is a great overview of Yosemite National Park in California.
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Many national parks and heritage sites have "passport" programs that encourage people to visit and learn about these sites. These passport books typically only serve one system (for example, the US National Parks System has a different and more complete passport system than the Canada Parks system, which may not always have passport stamps, but might have other collectibles for visitors of the park.
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==References== 
United States' National Park Service [https://www.nps.gov/index.htm webpage]

Canada's Parks Canada [https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/index webpage]

UNESCO World Heritage Site [https://whc.unesco.org webpage]
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AY Honors/National Parks and Heritage Sites/Answer Key

2024-08-18T01:04:13Z

JadeDragon: copy edits

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A national park is a site or area that a national government has set aside with protection from development, changing, or specific types of use, because the land or area is considered special or valuable due to the scenery, history, or scientific importance.

In the United States, the National Park Service Act of 1916 set up the National Parks System to establish and maintain national parks, monuments, and other places of significant national importance.

In November 1885 the Canadian government under Sir John A. Macdonald set aside an area of approximately 26 km2 on the north slope of Alberta’s Sulphur Mountain for public use. This area, the Cave and Basin Hot Springs, was the beginning of what is now Banff National Park. [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-parks-of-canada This Canadian Encyclopedia article] gives a good overview of Parks Canada beginnings.

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UNESCO stands for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It was founded on November 16, 1945, and part of its mission is to preserve and maintain sites worldwide that are significant to, you guessed it, education, science, and culture! In contrast to the national parks systems set up by a single nation, the UNESCO organization oversees sites that are voted by member countries as having global significance, regardless of the site's location.

It is important to note that a specific site can be a national park or historic site as well as a UNESCO World Heritage site. For example, the United State's Mesa Verde National Park, Yellowstone National Park, and Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park are all UNESCO World Heritage Sites, as well as the United State's Statue of Liberty, Independence Hall, and Papahānaumokuākea National Monument.

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Although the concept of national parks had been around for several hundred years already, the United States was the first to take major steps to create a system for the creation, preservation, and management of national parks and historic sites.
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There were hundreds, if not thousands of individuals who contributed to the establishment and protection of national parks, but several of note include individuals like Presidents Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Theodore Rosevelt, geologist Ferdinand V. Hayden, photographer William Henry Jackson, painter Thomas Moran, and naturalist John Muir.
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The purpose of protecting areas of natural significance allowed the government to preserve and police it while still allowing it to be used for public enjoyment. There were fears that areas of national importance, especially areas of unique natural formations and scenery would be damaged or destroyed, or that these areas could be purchased by private property owners who might keep the rest of the public from enjoying the unique nature that the country had to offer. By reserving these areas, not only were these people protecting the land for future enjoyment, but they were preventing it from being sold to someone who might not allow others to enjoy the land.
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If you live in the United States, you can easily find national parks or historic sites near you by going to the National Park Service's website [https://www.nps.gov/findapark/index.htm here]. For those in Canada, you can visit the Parks Canada website [https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/voyage-travel/recherche-tous-parks-all here]. For those living outside the United States or Canada, visit the website of the organization that oversees your country's national parks and historic sites.
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The process of establishing the first UNESCO World Heritage sites began in 1972, but the first UNESCO sites were officially designated in September of 1978.
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The purpose of the creation of UNESCO sites was conservation of places that had significance to world history, science, culture, and education. The official statement said that creating these sites would help to preserve "the achievements of our time, the values of the past and the beauty of nature.”
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Twelve sites were included in the original selection of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including:
*Aachen Cathedral (Germany)
*City of Quito (Ecuador)
*Cracow’s Historic Centre (Poland)
*Galapagos Islands (Ecuador)
*Island of Goree (Senegal)
*L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Park (Canada)
*Mesa Verde National Park (United States)
*Nahanni National Park (Canada)
*Rock Hewn Churches (Lalibela, Ethiopia)
*Simien National Park (Ethiopia)
*Wieliczka – salt mine (Poland)
*Yellowstone National Park (United States)
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To find which of the over 1000 and counting UNESCO World Heritage Site are near you, you can visit the UNESCO World Heritage Site webpage [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ here].
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In the United States, the National Park Service oversees and maintains a large number of areas known as "national park areas" or "national protected areas." These are relative terms that describe all the land that the government owns and protects from development. However, these land areas have been broken down into a variety of other more specific categories:

*Cooperative Management and Protection Areas
*Forest Reserves
*National Conservation Areas
*National Estuarine Research Reserves
*National Forest
*National Grasslands
*National Historic Trails
*National Lakeshores
*National Marine Sanctuaries
*National Monuments
*National Parks
*National Preserves
*National Recreation Areas
*National Scenic Trails
*National Seashores
*National Trails System
*National Wild and Scenic Rivers
*National Wild and Scenic Rivers System
*National Wilderness Preservation System
*National Wildlife Refuge System
*Outstanding Natural Areas
*Wilderness Areas
*Wilderness Study Areas

In Canada, areas administered by Parks Canada are categorized similarly, but there are fewer categories:

*National Park
*National Park Reserve
*National Marine Conservation Area
*National Marine Conservation Reserve
*National Urban Park
*National Landmark
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A national park is overseen by the nation's government itself and are locations of national importance. In the case of the United States, this would be the National Parks Service, as well as the US Forest Service at times. In Canada, this organization is known as Parks Canada. These organizations oversee the protection, managed development, staffing, care, and maintenance of these areas.

A state or provincial park, on the other hand, is managed and maintained by the local state or provincial government. These areas may have significance to the local area which would lead to the state protecting it, but they do not have the national importance required to make it a national park or monument. These state parks are managed, maintained, and staffed by the states themselves.
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This is an opportunity for you to show what you've learned about national parks and historic sites! Remember, one of the most important goals for a national park is to preserve a special area for future visits, and even future generations. You can help share the importance of protecting and caring for these special areas by showing the unique features that make it special to people who may not be able to visit in person. It would be ideal to complete this requirement while you work on Requirement 7.


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Object lessons are easy to create. Look around you! As you complete this honor, is there anything that stood out to you about the importance of caring for God's creation? Read the verses below and some ideas may come to mind! If you visit a national park, think about the projects the park is doing to conserve the nature that has been entrusted to it, and ask yourself how the park might be carrying out the responsibility that God gave us without even knowing it! You might be surprised how easy it is to come up with an object lesson once you start looking!


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{{Bible verse
| version = NKJV
| book = Genesis
| chapter = 1
| verse = 26 - 28
| text =
<br>
:(26) Then God said, “Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.”

:(27) So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them.

:(28) Then God blessed them, and God said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply; fill the earth and subdue it; have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that moves on the earth.”
}}

{{Bible verse
| version = NKJV
| book = Genesis
| chapter = 2
| verse = 15
| text =
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:Then the Lord God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to tend and keep it.
}}
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:The earth is the Lord’s, and all its fullness,
::The world and those who dwell therein.
}}
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:And His hands formed the dry land.
}}
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| verse = 7
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:I brought you into a bountiful country,
:To eat its fruit and its goodness.
:But when you entered, you defiled My land
:And made My heritage an abomination.
}}
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Many national parks or historic sites offer kids an opportunity to learn about the park's history and features by giving them a booklet to fill out. Participants can visit areas of the park or visitor's center and find the information that is required to complete the book, then bring the book back for the opportunity to receive a special pin or badge! Usually, this is free for all those who complete the program. You might even be able to mail the booklet in if you can't finish it before you need to leave. Many sites will even let parents and other adults get in on the fun!
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You will see many things during your visit you may want to preserve by painting or drawing a picture of it. Let your creative juices flow! Make sure you share it with your instructor or unit! You might even include it in your creative project from Requirement 5!

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Learn a little more about a specific park or heritage site that interests you! Even if it may be impossible for you to visit them in person, that doesn't stop you from getting to know more about the site from a distance! To find the information below, you can check to see if the national park or heritage site has a website. If so, most of the information could probably be found there under a title "about the park" or "history". If you can't find the information there, you could also send the park a letter or an email asking for fliers and such that might help you find the information. Also, if you can visit the location in person, you should be able to find all the answers in the visitor's center!
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Many national parks have programs that allow visitors to help out in various ways around the park. Opportunities may range from helping clean up trash for a few hours, trail clearing, and planting trees, to extended volunteer projects up to six months. There are countless projects you can create your presentation about!

If you choose this option, why don't you participate in the conservation project? You can select a national park or historic area and ask them what you can do to help. The needs at each location will vary, so be sure you know where you want to go first!
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There are many great videos about national parks online. Expedia creates some excellent videos that show the best places to visit for many national parks and historic sites. Many YouTubers also create video tours of their own experiences at the parks or historic sites.

This video is a great overview of Yosemite National Park in California.
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Many national parks and heritage sites have "passport" programs that encourage people to visit and learn about these sites. These passport books typically only serve one system (for example, the US National Parks System has a different and more complete passport system than the Canada Parks system, which may not always have passport stamps, but might have other collectibles for visitors of the park.
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==References== 
United States' National Park Service [https://www.nps.gov/index.htm webpage]

Canada's Parks Canada [https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/index webpage]

UNESCO World Heritage Site [https://whc.unesco.org webpage]
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AY Honors/National Parks and Heritage Sites/Answer Key

2024-08-18T00:56:43Z

JadeDragon:

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A national park is a site or area that a national government has set aside with protection from development, changing, or specific types of use, because the land or area is considered special or valuable due to the scenery, history, or scientific importance.

In the United States, the National Park Service Act of 1916 set up the National Parks System to establish and maintain national parks, monuments, and other places of significant national importance.

In November 1885 the Canadian government under Sir John A. Macdonald set aside an area of approximately 26 km2 on the north slope of Alberta’s Sulphur Mountain for public use. This area, the Cave and Basin Hot Springs, was the beginning of what is now Banff National Park. [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-parks-of-canada|This Canadian Encyclopedia article] gives a good overview of Parks Canada beginnings.

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UNESCO stands for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It was founded on November 16, 1945, and part of its mission is to preserve and maintain sites worldwide that are significant to, you guessed it, education, science, and culture! In contrast to the national parks systems set up by a single nation, the UNESCO organization oversees sites that have global significance, regardless of the site's location.

It is important to note that a specific site can be a national park or historic site as well as a UNESCO World Heritage site. For example, the United State's Mesa Verde National Park, Yellowstone National Park, and Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park are all UNESCO World Heritage Sites, as well as the United State's Statue of Liberty, Independence Hall, and Papahānaumokuākea National Monument.

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Although the concept of national parks had been around for several hundred years already, the United States was the first to take major steps to create a system for the creation, preservation, and management of national parks and historic sites.
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There were hundreds, if not thousands of individuals who contributed to the establishment and protection of national parks, but several of note include individuals like Presidents Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Theodore Rosevelt, geologist Ferdinand V. Hayden, photographer William Henry Jackson, painter Thomas Moran, and naturalist John Muir.
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The purpose of protecting areas of natural significance allowed the government to preserve and police it while still allowing it to be used for public enjoyment. There were fears that areas of national importance, especially areas of unique natural formations and scenery would be damaged or destroyed, or that these areas could be purchased by private property owners who might keep the rest of the public from enjoying the unique nature that the country had to offer. By reserving these areas, not only were these people protecting the land for future enjoyment, but they were preventing it from being sold to someone who might not allow others to enjoy the land.
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If you live in the United States, you can easily find national parks or historic sites near you by going to the National Park Service's website [https://www.nps.gov/findapark/index.htm here]. For those in Canada, you can visit the Parks Canada website [https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/voyage-travel/recherche-tous-parks-all here]. For those living outside the United States or Canada, visit the website of the organization that oversees your country's national parks and historic sites.
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The process of establishing the first UNESCO World Heritage sites began in 1972, but the first UNESCO sites were officially designated in September of 1978.
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The purpose of the creation of UNESCO sites was conservation of places that had significance to world history, science, culture, and education. The official statement said that creating these sites would help to preserve "the achievements of our time, the values of the past and the beauty of nature.”
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Twelve sites were included in the original selection of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including:
*Aachen Cathedral (Germany)
*City of Quito (Ecuador)
*Cracow’s Historic Centre (Poland)
*Galapagos Islands (Ecuador)
*Island of Goree (Senegal)
*L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Park (Canada)
*Mesa Verde National Park (United States)
*Nahanni National Park (Canada)
*Rock Hewn Churches (Lalibela, Ethiopia)
*Simien National Park (Ethiopia)
*Wieliczka – salt mine (Poland)
*Yellowstone National Park (United States)
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To find a UNESCO World Heritage Site near you, you can visit the UNESCO World Heritage Site webpage [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ here].
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In the United States, the National Park Service oversees and maintains a large number of areas known as "national park areas" or "national protected areas." These are relative terms that describe all the land that the government owns and protects from development. However, these land areas have been broken down into a variety of other more specific categories:

*Cooperative Management and Protection Areas
*Forest Reserves
*National Conservation Areas
*National Estuarine Research Reserves
*National Forest
*National Grasslands
*National Historic Trails
*National Lakeshores
*National Marine Sanctuaries
*National Monuments
*National Parks
*National Preserves
*National Recreation Areas
*National Scenic Trails
*National Seashores
*National Trails System
*National Wild and Scenic Rivers
*National Wild and Scenic Rivers System
*National Wilderness Preservation System
*National Wildlife Refuge System
*Outstanding Natural Areas
*Wilderness Areas
*Wilderness Study Areas

In Canada, these are categorized similarly, but there are fewer categories:

*National Park
*National Park Reserve
*National Marine Conservation Area
*National Marine Conservation Reserve
*National Urban Park
*National Landmark
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A national park is overseen by the nation's government itself and are locations of national importance. In the case of the United States, this would be the National Parks Service, as well as the US Forest Service at times. In Canada, this organization is known as Parks Canada. These organizations oversee the protection, managed development, staffing, care, and maintenance of these areas.

A state or provincial park, on the other hand, is managed and maintained by the local state or provincial government. These areas may have significance to the local area which would lead to the state protecting it, but they do not have the national importance required to make it a national park or monument. These state parks are managed, maintained, and staffed by the states themselves.
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This is an opportunity for you to show what you've learned about national parks and historic sites! Remember, one of the most important goals for a national park is to preserve a special area for future visits, and even future generations. You can help share the importance of protecting and caring for these special areas by showing the unique features that make it special to people who may not be able to visit in person. It would be ideal to complete this requirement while you work on Requirement 7.


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Object lessons are easy to create. Look around you! As you complete this honor, is there anything that stood out to you about the importance of caring for God's creation? Read the verses below and some ideas may come to mind! If you visit a national park, think about the projects the park is doing to conserve the nature that has been entrusted to it, and ask yourself how the park might be carrying out the responsibility that God gave us without even knowing it! You might be surprised how easy it is to come up with an object lesson once you start looking!


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{{Bible verse
| version = NKJV
| book = Genesis
| chapter = 1
| verse = 26 - 28
| text =
<br>
:(26) Then God said, “Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.”

:(27) So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them.

:(28) Then God blessed them, and God said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply; fill the earth and subdue it; have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that moves on the earth.”
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{{Bible verse
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| book = Genesis
| chapter = 2
| verse = 15
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:Then the Lord God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to tend and keep it.
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:The earth is the Lord’s, and all its fullness,
::The world and those who dwell therein.
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:The sea is His, for He made it;
:And His hands formed the dry land.
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{{Bible verse
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:I brought you into a bountiful country,
:To eat its fruit and its goodness.
:But when you entered, you defiled My land
:And made My heritage an abomination.
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Many national parks or historic sites offer kids an opportunity to learn about the park's history and features by giving them a booklet to fill out. Participants can visit areas of the park or visitor's center and find the information that is required to complete the book, then bring the book back for the opportunity to receive a special pin or badge! Usually, this is free for all those who complete the program. You might even be able to mail the booklet in if you can't finish it before you need to leave. Many sites will even let parents and other adults get in on the fun!
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If you are planning to visit a UNESCO or national park site, you will probably want to take pictures to document your adventure! To fulfill this requirement, organize the pictures in a fun and thoughtful way!
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You will see many things during your visit you may want to preserve by painting or drawing a picture of it. Let your creative juices flow! Make sure you share it with your instructor or unit! You might even include it in your creative project from Requirement 5!

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You won't regret visiting a UNESCO, national park, or historic site! They offer great opportunities to get out into nature and experience sights, sounds, and smells you might not be able to experience elsewhere. Make sure you share what you experienced with your instructor or unit! You might even tell about it in your creative project from Requirement 5!
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Learn a little more about a specific park or heritage site that interests you! Even if it may be impossible for you to visit them in person, that doesn't stop you from getting to know more about the site from a distance! To find the information below, you can check to see if the national park or heritage site has a website. If so, most of the information could probably be found there under a title "about the park" or "history". If you can't find the information there, you could also send the park a letter or an email asking for fliers and such that might help you find the information. Also, if you can visit the location in person, you should be able to find all the answers in the visitor's center!
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Many national parks have programs that allow visitors to help out in various ways around the park. Opportunities may range from helping clean up trash for a few hours, trail clearing, and planting trees, to extended volunteer projects up to six months. There are countless projects you can create your presentation about!

If you choose this option, why don't you participate in the conservation project? You can select a national park or historic area and ask them what you can do to help. The needs at each location will vary, so be sure you know where you want to go first!
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There are many great videos about national parks online. Expedia creates some excellent videos that show the best places to visit for many national parks and historic sites. Many YouTubers also create video tours of their own experiences at the parks or historic sites.

This video is a great overview of Yosemite National Park in California.
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Many national parks and heritage sites have "passport" programs that encourage people to visit and learn about these sites. These passport books typically only serve one system (for example, the US National Parks System has a different and more complete passport system than the Canada Parks system, which may not always have passport stamps, but might have other collectibles for visitors of the park.
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==References== 
United States' National Park Service [https://www.nps.gov/index.htm webpage]

Canada's Parks Canada [https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/index webpage]

UNESCO World Heritage Site [https://whc.unesco.org webpage]
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AY Honors/National Parks and Heritage Sites/Answer Key

2024-08-18T00:55:20Z

JadeDragon: add Parks Canada beginnings

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A national park is a site or area that a national government has set aside with protection from development, changing, or specific types of use, because the land or area is considered special or valuable due to the scenery, history, or scientific importance.

In the United States, the National Park Service Act of 1916 set up the National Parks System to establish and maintain national parks, monuments, and other places of significant national importance.

In November 1885 the Canadian government under Sir John A. Macdonald set aside an area of approximately 26 km2 on the north slope of Alberta’s Sulphur Mountain for public use. This area, the Cave and Basin Hot Springs, was the beginning of what is now Banff National Park. [[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-parks-of-canada|This Canadian Encyclopedia article]] gives a good overview of Parks Canada beginnings.

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UNESCO stands for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It was founded on November 16, 1945, and part of its mission is to preserve and maintain sites worldwide that are significant to, you guessed it, education, science, and culture! In contrast to the national parks systems set up by a single nation, the UNESCO organization oversees sites that have global significance, regardless of the site's location.

It is important to note that a specific site can be a national park or historic site as well as a UNESCO World Heritage site. For example, the United State's Mesa Verde National Park, Yellowstone National Park, and Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park are all UNESCO World Heritage Sites, as well as the United State's Statue of Liberty, Independence Hall, and Papahānaumokuākea National Monument.

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Although the concept of national parks had been around for several hundred years already, the United States was the first to take major steps to create a system for the creation, preservation, and management of national parks and historic sites.
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There were hundreds, if not thousands of individuals who contributed to the establishment and protection of national parks, but several of note include individuals like Presidents Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Theodore Rosevelt, geologist Ferdinand V. Hayden, photographer William Henry Jackson, painter Thomas Moran, and naturalist John Muir.
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The purpose of protecting areas of natural significance allowed the government to preserve and police it while still allowing it to be used for public enjoyment. There were fears that areas of national importance, especially areas of unique natural formations and scenery would be damaged or destroyed, or that these areas could be purchased by private property owners who might keep the rest of the public from enjoying the unique nature that the country had to offer. By reserving these areas, not only were these people protecting the land for future enjoyment, but they were preventing it from being sold to someone who might not allow others to enjoy the land.
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If you live in the United States, you can easily find national parks or historic sites near you by going to the National Park Service's website [https://www.nps.gov/findapark/index.htm here]. For those in Canada, you can visit the Parks Canada website [https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/voyage-travel/recherche-tous-parks-all here]. For those living outside the United States or Canada, visit the website of the organization that oversees your country's national parks and historic sites.
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The process of establishing the first UNESCO World Heritage sites began in 1972, but the first UNESCO sites were officially designated in September of 1978.
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The purpose of the creation of UNESCO sites was conservation of places that had significance to world history, science, culture, and education. The official statement said that creating these sites would help to preserve "the achievements of our time, the values of the past and the beauty of nature.”
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Twelve sites were included in the original selection of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including:
*Aachen Cathedral (Germany)
*City of Quito (Ecuador)
*Cracow’s Historic Centre (Poland)
*Galapagos Islands (Ecuador)
*Island of Goree (Senegal)
*L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Park (Canada)
*Mesa Verde National Park (United States)
*Nahanni National Park (Canada)
*Rock Hewn Churches (Lalibela, Ethiopia)
*Simien National Park (Ethiopia)
*Wieliczka – salt mine (Poland)
*Yellowstone National Park (United States)
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To find a UNESCO World Heritage Site near you, you can visit the UNESCO World Heritage Site webpage [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ here].
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In the United States, the National Park Service oversees and maintains a large number of areas known as "national park areas" or "national protected areas." These are relative terms that describe all the land that the government owns and protects from development. However, these land areas have been broken down into a variety of other more specific categories:

*Cooperative Management and Protection Areas
*Forest Reserves
*National Conservation Areas
*National Estuarine Research Reserves
*National Forest
*National Grasslands
*National Historic Trails
*National Lakeshores
*National Marine Sanctuaries
*National Monuments
*National Parks
*National Preserves
*National Recreation Areas
*National Scenic Trails
*National Seashores
*National Trails System
*National Wild and Scenic Rivers
*National Wild and Scenic Rivers System
*National Wilderness Preservation System
*National Wildlife Refuge System
*Outstanding Natural Areas
*Wilderness Areas
*Wilderness Study Areas

In Canada, these are categorized similarly, but there are fewer categories:

*National Park
*National Park Reserve
*National Marine Conservation Area
*National Marine Conservation Reserve
*National Urban Park
*National Landmark
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A national park is overseen by the nation's government itself and are locations of national importance. In the case of the United States, this would be the National Parks Service, as well as the US Forest Service at times. In Canada, this organization is known as Parks Canada. These organizations oversee the protection, managed development, staffing, care, and maintenance of these areas.

A state or provincial park, on the other hand, is managed and maintained by the local state or provincial government. These areas may have significance to the local area which would lead to the state protecting it, but they do not have the national importance required to make it a national park or monument. These state parks are managed, maintained, and staffed by the states themselves.
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This is an opportunity for you to show what you've learned about national parks and historic sites! Remember, one of the most important goals for a national park is to preserve a special area for future visits, and even future generations. You can help share the importance of protecting and caring for these special areas by showing the unique features that make it special to people who may not be able to visit in person. It would be ideal to complete this requirement while you work on Requirement 7.


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Object lessons are easy to create. Look around you! As you complete this honor, is there anything that stood out to you about the importance of caring for God's creation? Read the verses below and some ideas may come to mind! If you visit a national park, think about the projects the park is doing to conserve the nature that has been entrusted to it, and ask yourself how the park might be carrying out the responsibility that God gave us without even knowing it! You might be surprised how easy it is to come up with an object lesson once you start looking!


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{{Bible verse
| version = NKJV
| book = Genesis
| chapter = 1
| verse = 26 - 28
| text =
<br>
:(26) Then God said, “Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.”

:(27) So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them.

:(28) Then God blessed them, and God said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply; fill the earth and subdue it; have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that moves on the earth.”
}}

{{Bible verse
| version = NKJV
| book = Genesis
| chapter = 2
| verse = 15
| text =
<br>
:Then the Lord God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to tend and keep it.
}}
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| book = Psalm
| chapter = 24
| verse = 1
| text =
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:The earth is the Lord’s, and all its fullness,
::The world and those who dwell therein.
}}
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{{Bible verse
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| book = Psalm
| chapter = 95
| verse = 5
| text =
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:The sea is His, for He made it;
:And His hands formed the dry land.
}}
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| book = Jeremiah
| chapter = 2
| verse = 7
| text =
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:I brought you into a bountiful country,
:To eat its fruit and its goodness.
:But when you entered, you defiled My land
:And made My heritage an abomination.
}}
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Many national parks or historic sites offer kids an opportunity to learn about the park's history and features by giving them a booklet to fill out. Participants can visit areas of the park or visitor's center and find the information that is required to complete the book, then bring the book back for the opportunity to receive a special pin or badge! Usually, this is free for all those who complete the program. You might even be able to mail the booklet in if you can't finish it before you need to leave. Many sites will even let parents and other adults get in on the fun!
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If you are planning to visit a UNESCO or national park site, you will probably want to take pictures to document your adventure! To fulfill this requirement, organize the pictures in a fun and thoughtful way!
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You will see many things during your visit you may want to preserve by painting or drawing a picture of it. Let your creative juices flow! Make sure you share it with your instructor or unit! You might even include it in your creative project from Requirement 5!

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You won't regret visiting a UNESCO, national park, or historic site! They offer great opportunities to get out into nature and experience sights, sounds, and smells you might not be able to experience elsewhere. Make sure you share what you experienced with your instructor or unit! You might even tell about it in your creative project from Requirement 5!
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Learn a little more about a specific park or heritage site that interests you! Even if it may be impossible for you to visit them in person, that doesn't stop you from getting to know more about the site from a distance! To find the information below, you can check to see if the national park or heritage site has a website. If so, most of the information could probably be found there under a title "about the park" or "history". If you can't find the information there, you could also send the park a letter or an email asking for fliers and such that might help you find the information. Also, if you can visit the location in person, you should be able to find all the answers in the visitor's center!
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Many national parks have programs that allow visitors to help out in various ways around the park. Opportunities may range from helping clean up trash for a few hours, trail clearing, and planting trees, to extended volunteer projects up to six months. There are countless projects you can create your presentation about!

If you choose this option, why don't you participate in the conservation project? You can select a national park or historic area and ask them what you can do to help. The needs at each location will vary, so be sure you know where you want to go first!
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There are many great videos about national parks online. Expedia creates some excellent videos that show the best places to visit for many national parks and historic sites. Many YouTubers also create video tours of their own experiences at the parks or historic sites.

This video is a great overview of Yosemite National Park in California.
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Many national parks and heritage sites have "passport" programs that encourage people to visit and learn about these sites. These passport books typically only serve one system (for example, the US National Parks System has a different and more complete passport system than the Canada Parks system, which may not always have passport stamps, but might have other collectibles for visitors of the park.
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==References== 
United States' National Park Service [https://www.nps.gov/index.htm webpage]

Canada's Parks Canada [https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/index webpage]

UNESCO World Heritage Site [https://whc.unesco.org webpage]
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AY Honors/National Parks and Heritage Sites/Answer Key

2024-08-18T00:51:14Z

JadeDragon: expand National Parks

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A national park is a site or area that a national government has set aside with protection from development, changing, or specific types of use, because the land or area is considered special or valuable due to the scenery, history, or scientific importance.

In the United States, the National Park Service Act of 1916 set up the National Parks System to establish and maintain national parks, monuments, and other places of significant national importance. First protected in 1872, [[w:Yellowstone National Park|Yellowstone National Park]] is widely regarded as the first National Park in the world.

In November 1885 the Canadian federal government under Sir John A. Macdonald set aside an area of approximately 26 km2 on the north slope of Alberta’s Sulphur Mountain for public use after hot springs were found by railway contractors. The Cave and Basin Hot Springs area was the beginning of what is now Banff National Park, Canada’s first and still most visited National Park. [[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-parks-of-canada |This Canadian Encyclopedia article]] provides a good background on Parks Canada which administers Canada’s National Parks system. [[w:Parks Canada|Parks Canada]], established on May 19, 1911, is the world's oldest national park service.

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UNESCO stands for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It was founded on November 16, 1945, and part of its mission is to preserve and maintain sites worldwide that are significant to, you guessed it, education, science, and culture! In contrast to the national parks systems set up by a single nation, the UNESCO organization oversees sites that have global significance, regardless of the site's location.

It is important to note that a specific site can be a national park or historic site as well as a UNESCO World Heritage site. For example, the United State's Mesa Verde National Park, Yellowstone National Park, and Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park are all UNESCO World Heritage Sites, as well as the United State's Statue of Liberty, Independence Hall, and Papahānaumokuākea National Monument.

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Although the concept of national parks had been around for several hundred years already, the United States was the first to take major steps to create a system for the creation, preservation, and management of national parks and historic sites.
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There were hundreds, if not thousands of individuals who contributed to the establishment and protection of national parks, but several of note include individuals like Presidents Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Theodore Rosevelt, geologist Ferdinand V. Hayden, photographer William Henry Jackson, painter Thomas Moran, and naturalist John Muir.
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The purpose of protecting areas of natural significance allowed the government to preserve and police it while still allowing it to be used for public enjoyment. There were fears that areas of national importance, especially areas of unique natural formations and scenery would be damaged or destroyed, or that these areas could be purchased by private property owners who might keep the rest of the public from enjoying the unique nature that the country had to offer. By reserving these areas, not only were these people protecting the land for future enjoyment, but they were preventing it from being sold to someone who might not allow others to enjoy the land.
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If you live in the United States, you can easily find national parks or historic sites near you by going to the National Park Service's website [https://www.nps.gov/findapark/index.htm here]. For those in Canada, you can visit the Parks Canada website [https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/voyage-travel/recherche-tous-parks-all here]. For those living outside the United States or Canada, visit the website of the organization that oversees your country's national parks and historic sites.
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The process of establishing the first UNESCO World Heritage sites began in 1972, but the first UNESCO sites were officially designated in September of 1978.
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The purpose of the creation of UNESCO sites was conservation of places that had significance to world history, science, culture, and education. The official statement said that creating these sites would help to preserve "the achievements of our time, the values of the past and the beauty of nature.”
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Twelve sites were included in the original selection of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including:
*Aachen Cathedral (Germany)
*City of Quito (Ecuador)
*Cracow’s Historic Centre (Poland)
*Galapagos Islands (Ecuador)
*Island of Goree (Senegal)
*L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Park (Canada)
*Mesa Verde National Park (United States)
*Nahanni National Park (Canada)
*Rock Hewn Churches (Lalibela, Ethiopia)
*Simien National Park (Ethiopia)
*Wieliczka – salt mine (Poland)
*Yellowstone National Park (United States)
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To find a UNESCO World Heritage Site near you, you can visit the UNESCO World Heritage Site webpage [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ here].
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In the United States, the National Park Service oversees and maintains a large number of areas known as "national park areas" or "national protected areas." These are relative terms that describe all the land that the government owns and protects from development. However, these land areas have been broken down into a variety of other more specific categories:

*Cooperative Management and Protection Areas
*Forest Reserves
*National Conservation Areas
*National Estuarine Research Reserves
*National Forest
*National Grasslands
*National Historic Trails
*National Lakeshores
*National Marine Sanctuaries
*National Monuments
*National Parks
*National Preserves
*National Recreation Areas
*National Scenic Trails
*National Seashores
*National Trails System
*National Wild and Scenic Rivers
*National Wild and Scenic Rivers System
*National Wilderness Preservation System
*National Wildlife Refuge System
*Outstanding Natural Areas
*Wilderness Areas
*Wilderness Study Areas

In Canada, these are categorized similarly, but there are fewer categories:

*National Park
*National Park Reserve
*National Marine Conservation Area
*National Marine Conservation Reserve
*National Urban Park
*National Landmark
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A national park is overseen by the nation's government itself and are locations of national importance. In the case of the United States, this would be the National Parks Service, as well as the US Forest Service at times. In Canada, this organization is known as Parks Canada. These organizations oversee the protection, managed development, staffing, care, and maintenance of these areas.

A state or provincial park, on the other hand, is managed and maintained by the local state or provincial government. These areas may have significance to the local area which would lead to the state protecting it, but they do not have the national importance required to make it a national park or monument. These state parks are managed, maintained, and staffed by the states themselves.
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This is an opportunity for you to show what you've learned about national parks and historic sites! Remember, one of the most important goals for a national park is to preserve a special area for future visits, and even future generations. You can help share the importance of protecting and caring for these special areas by showing the unique features that make it special to people who may not be able to visit in person. It would be ideal to complete this requirement while you work on Requirement 7.


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Object lessons are easy to create. Look around you! As you complete this honor, is there anything that stood out to you about the importance of caring for God's creation? Read the verses below and some ideas may come to mind! If you visit a national park, think about the projects the park is doing to conserve the nature that has been entrusted to it, and ask yourself how the park might be carrying out the responsibility that God gave us without even knowing it! You might be surprised how easy it is to come up with an object lesson once you start looking!


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{{Bible verse
| version = NKJV
| book = Genesis
| chapter = 1
| verse = 26 - 28
| text =
<br>
:(26) Then God said, “Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.”

:(27) So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them.

:(28) Then God blessed them, and God said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply; fill the earth and subdue it; have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that moves on the earth.”
}}

{{Bible verse
| version = NKJV
| book = Genesis
| chapter = 2
| verse = 15
| text =
<br>
:Then the Lord God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to tend and keep it.
}}
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| book = Psalm
| chapter = 24
| verse = 1
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:The earth is the Lord’s, and all its fullness,
::The world and those who dwell therein.
}}
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:The sea is His, for He made it;
:And His hands formed the dry land.
}}
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| chapter = 2
| verse = 7
| text =
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:I brought you into a bountiful country,
:To eat its fruit and its goodness.
:But when you entered, you defiled My land
:And made My heritage an abomination.
}}
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Many national parks or historic sites offer kids an opportunity to learn about the park's history and features by giving them a booklet to fill out. Participants can visit areas of the park or visitor's center and find the information that is required to complete the book, then bring the book back for the opportunity to receive a special pin or badge! Usually, this is free for all those who complete the program. You might even be able to mail the booklet in if you can't finish it before you need to leave. Many sites will even let parents and other adults get in on the fun!
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If you are planning to visit a UNESCO or national park site, you will probably want to take pictures to document your adventure! To fulfill this requirement, organize the pictures in a fun and thoughtful way!
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You will see many things during your visit you may want to preserve by painting or drawing a picture of it. Let your creative juices flow! Make sure you share it with your instructor or unit! You might even include it in your creative project from Requirement 5!

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You won't regret visiting a UNESCO, national park, or historic site! They offer great opportunities to get out into nature and experience sights, sounds, and smells you might not be able to experience elsewhere. Make sure you share what you experienced with your instructor or unit! You might even tell about it in your creative project from Requirement 5!
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Learn a little more about a specific park or heritage site that interests you! Even if it may be impossible for you to visit them in person, that doesn't stop you from getting to know more about the site from a distance! To find the information below, you can check to see if the national park or heritage site has a website. If so, most of the information could probably be found there under a title "about the park" or "history". If you can't find the information there, you could also send the park a letter or an email asking for fliers and such that might help you find the information. Also, if you can visit the location in person, you should be able to find all the answers in the visitor's center!
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Many national parks have programs that allow visitors to help out in various ways around the park. Opportunities may range from helping clean up trash for a few hours, trail clearing, and planting trees, to extended volunteer projects up to six months. There are countless projects you can create your presentation about!

If you choose this option, why don't you participate in the conservation project? You can select a national park or historic area and ask them what you can do to help. The needs at each location will vary, so be sure you know where you want to go first!
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There are many great videos about national parks online. Expedia creates some excellent videos that show the best places to visit for many national parks and historic sites. Many YouTubers also create video tours of their own experiences at the parks or historic sites.

This video is a great overview of Yosemite National Park in California.
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Many national parks and heritage sites have "passport" programs that encourage people to visit and learn about these sites. These passport books typically only serve one system (for example, the US National Parks System has a different and more complete passport system than the Canada Parks system, which may not always have passport stamps, but might have other collectibles for visitors of the park.
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==References== 
United States' National Park Service [https://www.nps.gov/index.htm webpage]

Canada's Parks Canada [https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/index webpage]

UNESCO World Heritage Site [https://whc.unesco.org webpage]
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