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AY Honors/Adventist Pioneer Heritage/Answer Key

2020-10-31T20:48:37Z

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{{honor desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Adventist Pioneer Heritage
|skill=2
|year=2014
|category=Outreach
|authority=General Conference
|reqpdf=Adventist_Heritage_Requirements.pdf
|insignia=Adventist_Heritage.png}}
{{Honor Master|honor={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|3}}|master=Family, Origins, and Heritage|group=required}}

==Note== 


This honor reflects the best requirements of two pre-existing honors, one from the North American Division and the other from the South American Division.


<big>'''Complete a minimum of a 9-week Academy or semester college Adventist History course OR complete the following requirements.'''</big>

==1. Origins:== 
===a. Read about, watch, or research the origins and development of the Millerite Movement and its role in the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.===


[https://telltheworld.adventist.org/ Tell the World] 6 Video's of the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

===b. Explain the Great Disappointment based on the prophecy of Daniel 8.=== 

===c. Share your finding with a group.=== 

==2. Pioneers: Be able to identify and explain the significance of at least fifteen (15) of the following individuals:== 

===a. Martha Amadon=== 
[[File:Martha Byington.jpg|thumb|right|Martha Byington]]
Martha Amadon (1843-1937) was the eldest daughter of John Byington, the first teacher of the first school organized for Seventh-day Adventist Children. She married George W. Amadon in 1860. She became the first Dorcas Society (Adventist Community Service) president in October, 1874.
{{clear}}

===b. W. H. Anderson=== 
[[File:William H. Anderson.jpg|thumb|right|William H. Anderson]]
William H. Anderson (1870-1950) was a pioneer missionary to Africa from 1895-1944. "Harry," as he was affectionately known to his friends, graduated in 1895 from Battle Creek College, where he was converted. Anderson’s book, ''On The Trail of Livingston'' (1919) did much to stimulate interest in African Missions where he served for 50 years.
{{clear}}

===c. J. N. Andrews=== 
[[File:John Nevins Andrews.jpg|thumb|right|John Nevins Andrews]]
John Nevins Andrews (1829-1883) was the first official Seventh-day Adventist missionary outside of North America. He and his children Charles and Mary sailed on September 15, 1874 to Switzerland. His wife had died 18 March 1872. As a theologian, Andrews made significant contributions to the development of various doctrines of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination. He wrote extensively on the Seventh-day Sabbath.
{{clear}}


Andrews University, named for J. N. Andrews, is an institution operated jointly by the General Conference and the Lake Union Conference. It was the first university to be organized by the Seventh-day Adventist church. It is located in Berrien Springs, Michigan. Its predecessor known as Battle Creek College, was founded in 1874, and grew from a “select” private school established in 1868 by G. H. Bell.

===d. Joseph Bates=== 
[[File:Joseph Bates.jpg|thumb|right|Joseph Bates]]
Joseph Bates (1792-1872) a former sea captain and a reformer, was one of the founders of the SDA Church. Bates experienced the disappointment of 1844 without losing faith. He wrote about the 7th Day Sabbath and the 3rd Angel's message. He played a prominent part in the "Sabbath Conferences." He was an evangelist, a leader, and an example in healthful living.
{{clear}}

===e. John Byington=== 
[[File:John Byington.jpg|thumb|right|John Byington]]
John Byington (1798-1887) was a pioneer minister and first president of the General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination. He was active in the antislavery movement and maintained a station of the Underground Railroad at Buck’s Bridge, New York, where he lived on a farm.
{{clear}}

===f. M. B. Czechowski=== 
[[File:Michał Belina - Czechowski.jpg|thumb|right|Michał Belina Czechowski]]
Michael Belina Czechowski (1818-1876) was a former Catholic priest. He joined the Advent Church in 1857 and in 1864 became a self-supporting missionary to Italy and Switzerland and established the first SDA church in Europe.
{{clear}}

===g. A.G. Daniells=== 
[[File:Daniells.JPG|thumb|right|Arthur G. Daniells]] Arthur G. Daniells (1858-1935), was a minister, administrator and author. At the age of 10 he was converted to the Seventh-day Adventist faith, and in 1875 entered Battle Creek College. He began his ministry in 1878 in Texas. In 1886 he was called as pioneer SDA missionary to New Zealand. He was president of the New Zealand Conference (1889-1891) and of the Australian Conference (1892-1895). He worked closely with Ellen White in Australia, and served as president of the Central Australian Conference and later president of the Australian Union Conference. He assumed the presidency of the General Conference in 1901 at a difficult period in the history of the church, and helped move the headquarters of the denomination to Washington, D. C. During his time in office the church grew greatly throughout the world. He relinquished the presidency of the General Conference in 1922. He authored four books, two of which standout as classics: “Christ Our Righteousness,” and “The Abiding Gift of Prophecy.”
{{clear}}

===h. Hiram Edson=== 
[[File:Hiram Edson.jpg|thumb|right|Hiram Edson]]
Hiram Edson (1806-1882) was a layman, later ordained, of Port Gibson, New York. He was the pioneer responsible for introducing, among those who became Seventh-day Adventists, the fuller understanding of the sanctuary and its cleansing. Edson was not only a thoughtful Bible student and an earnest evangelistic helper, but also a self-sacrificing contributor, putting his possessions into building of the church he loved. Consider visiting Hiram Edson's farm in upstate New York. <ref>http://www.adventistheritage.org/article/27/historic-sites/edson-farm</ref>
{{clear}}

===i. Harry Fenner=== 
[[File:Henry Fenner.jpg|thumb|right|Henry Fenner]]
Harry Fenner was only 17 years old when he and his 14 year old friend, Luther Warren decided the church needed an organization to encourage and support the youth. They called their new group a “young people’s society.” Within ten years the church structure was beginning to follow their lead. In 1889 the Ohio Conference became the first to form a conference-wide youth organization. It was known as Christian Volunteers. And in 1907 the General Conference Youth Department was formally organized.
{{clear}}

===j. Eduardo Francisco Forga=== 
[[File:Eduardo Forga.png|thumb|right|Eduardo Francisco Forga]]
Before he was converted to Adventism, Eduardo F. Forga, a wealthy young Peruvian, founded the first evangelical church in Arequipa, Peru. A health and temperance reformer, a vegetarian, and a defender of religious liberty, he had to flee his native country to England for his outspokenness. There he joined the Seventhday Adventist Church and married Marguerite Lacey, whose sister was married to W. C. White, Ellen White's son. An author in his own right, Mr. Forga translated some of Mrs. White's books and articles into Spanish and had a major impact on the growth of the Adventist Church in Peru, South America.
{{clear}}

===k. A.T. Jones / E.J. Waggoner=== 
[[File:Alonzo T. Jones.jpg|thumb|right|Alonzo T. Jones]]
[[File:Ellet Joseph Waggoner.jpg|thumb|right|Ellet. J. Waggoner]]Alonzo T. Jones, (1850-1923) was a minister, editor, and author. At the age of 20 he enlisted in the Army and for three years served his country. He loved reading, and read large historical works, Seventh-day Adventist publications, and the Bible. After being discharged from the Army in 1873, he was baptized and began preaching on the West Coast for the church. In May 1885 he became assistant editor of the ''Signs of the Times'', and a few months later he and E. J. Waggoner became editors. This position he held until 1889. From 1897 to 1901 he was editor in chief of the ''Review and Herald''. He became recognized as the denomination’s most prominent speaker for religious freedom. His association with Dr. J. H. Kellogg in 1903, who was actively seeking to separate the Battle Creek Sanitarium from denominational control, resulted in separation from denominational employment and, finally, in loss of church membership.
Ellet J. Waggonner, (1855-1916) was an editor, minister, and physician. He attended Battle Creek College in the earliest years of the institution, and obtained a medical degree from the Bellevue Medical College, New York. He served on the staff of the Battle Creek Sanitarium for a few years. Later he left the practice of medicine and entered the ministry. In 1884 he worked at Pacific Press as assistant editor of the ''Signs of the Times''. Two years later (1886) he and A. T. Jones became editors of the paper. This post Waggoner held until May 1891. He became editor of ''Present Truth'' in England in 1892, and in 1902 was elected the first president of the South England Conference. He returned to the United States in the summer of 1902, and served briefly on the staff of Emmanuel Missionary College.


In 1888 Waggoner and A. T. Jones gave a memorable series of sermons on righteousness by faith that stirred the General Conference session in Minneapolis, and for several years afterward were sent by the General Conference Committee to preach on that subject from coast to coast at camp meetings and other large gatherings. Ellen White accompanied them to many of these places until she left for Australia in December 1891.
{{clear}}

===l. Charles M. Kenney=== 
[[File:Charles Kinney.jpg|thumb|right|Charles M. Kinney]]
Charles M. Kinny was born in Richmond, Virginia in 1855, eleven years after the Disappointment of 1844. He was ten years old by the end of the Civil War. It was in Reno, Nevada, in 1878 at the age of 23 that Kinny attended a series of evangelistic sermons by J. N. Loughborough. Ellen White visited during the meetings and spoke to about four hundred listeners on the subject of the “Love of God.” Her message was well received and her presence added much to the interest of the people and “left a favorable impression upon the public mind.” Charles M. Kinny experienced conversion during those meetings. He never forgot Sister White’s sermon and joyfully embraced the love of God and accepted the truth about the Sabbath and the Second Advent. He kept his first Sabbath on the last Saturday of September, 1878, at the age of 23. He was one of the seven charter members and the only Black member of the Reno Seventh-day Adventist church. He was welcomed warmly by the church and was later appointed secretary of their tract society. Charles Kinny would become a prominent figure in early African American Adventism and most of what Adventists learned about the early progress of the work among African Americans they learned from the writings of Charles Kinny. Church leaders looked to him to develop the best methods of evangelism among African Americans. As such Charles M. Kinny was the first African American ordained minister in the Seventh-day Adventist church and is known as the The Father of Black Adventism.
{{clear}}

===m. George King=== 
[[File:George King SDA Pioneer.jpg|thumb|right|George Albert King]]
George Albert King (1847-1906) was a pioneer canvasser who developed the idea of subscription sale of Seventh-day Adventist books. A native of Canada, he came to the United States where as a young man he accepted SDA beliefs and desired to be a preacher. Because of a speech impediment he was encouraged to try selling SDA tracts and magazines and books. Throughout his life he was an enthusiastic recruiter and instructor of other canvassers.
{{clear}}

===n. Anna Knight=== 
[[File:Anna Knight.jpg|thumb|right|Anna Knight]]
Anna Knight (1874-1972) was self-taught until the age of 20 when she attended Mount Vernon Academy in Ohio in 1894. In 1898 she graduated from Battle Creek College as a missionary nurse. She operated a self-supporting school in Jasper County, Mississippi for Black children. In 1901 she was appointed as a missionary to India where she served 6 years. She served in the Educational Department for Southeastern Conference and Southern Conference when they merged, and served until the regional Conferences were formed. She authored the book ''Mississippi Girl,<ref>http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0006ATC4O/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B0006ATC4O&linkCode=as2&tag=wwwjadedragon-20</ref>'' the story of her life.
{{clear}}

===o. Abram LaRue=== 
[[File:Abram LaRue.jpg|thumb|right|Abram LaRue]]
Abram LaRue (1822-1903) was a pioneer, self-supporting lay missionary in eastern Asia. While working as a sheepherder in California he accepted the Seventh-day Adventist faith. Immediately he requested a mission appointment to China. Because of his advanced age the General Conference declined but after attending Healdsburg College one term he worked his way to Honolulu and sold books in the city and on the ships in port. In 1888 at the age of 66, La Rue went to Hong Kong where he worked for 14 years with Europeans and the Chinese. He died in Hong Kong in 1903 where he had been a tireless worker with a rare gift in meeting people and conveying his own religious convictions to them.
{{clear}}

===p. Kate Lindsay=== 
Katherine Lindsay (1842-1923) was a physician and founder of the first Seventh-day Adventist nurse’s training school. In 1875 she graduated at the head of her class from the University of Michigan Medical College. She joined the staff of the Battle Creek Sanitarium. Dr. Kate, as she was known, introduced thorough classwork and became known as a foremost teacher of student nurses.

===q. William Miller=== 
[[File:William Miller.jpg|thumb|right|William Miller]]
William Miller (1782-1849) was an American farmer and a Baptist preacher who announced the imminent coming of Christ and founded the movement popularly know as Millerism or the Millerite movement. He was a convincing preacher in the logical way he appealed in earnestness. After the “Great Disappointment” he built a chapel on his property so Advent Believers would have a place to worship.
{{clear}}

===r. W.W. Prescott=== 
[[File:W._W._Prescott.jpg|thumb|right|William W. Prescott]]William W. Prescott, (1855-1944) was an educator and administrator. His parents were Millerites in New England. While in his last year at South Berwick Academy, he taught Latin and Greek. He was principal of high schools in Northfield and Montpelier, Vermont (1877 to 1880). With his acceptance of the presidency of Battle Creek College (1885-1894), he entered upon a career unique in many respects in Seventh-day Adventist history. While still president of Battle Creek College, he helped found Union College and became its first president in 1891. He appointed principals for the two institutions to act while he was absent from one or the other. Then late in 1892 he assumed the presidency of the newly founded Walla Walla College. Thus, he was simultaneously president of three colleges in the year. During a world tour (1894-1895), he helped to found the Avondale School in Australia. In 1901 he became the vice president of the General Conference, chair of the Review and Herald Publishing Association board, and editor of the Review and Herald. Later in his career, he served as head of the Bible Department of Emmanuel Missionary College, a post he held until 1934. Whether teacher, editor, administrator, or secretary of the General Conference Department of Education, Prescott left a strong impression on the entire educational work of the denomination.
{{clear}}

===s. Rachel Oakes-Preston=== 
[[File:Rachel Oakes.jpg|thumb|right|Rachel Oakes]]
Rachel Oakes-Preston (1809-1868) was a Seventh-day Baptist who persuaded a group of Adventists to accept the Sabbath in Washington, New Hampshire, and thus to become, in that sense, the first Seventh-day Adventists. Due to Rachel's influence, Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910), an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and promoter of the prophetic teachings of William Miller, preached his first sermon on seventh-day Sabbath to his "Christian Brethren" congregation on March 16, 1844.


Further due to Rachel's influence, William Farnsworth (1807-1888), after the Great Disappointment of October 22, 1844, stated publicly to the "Christian Brethren" congregation his conviction that Saturday, being the seventh day of the week, was Sabbath. His brother Cyrus (who became the husband of Rachel’s daughter Delight), and several others, also made their convictions known.
{{clear}}

===t. Annie Smith=== 
[[File:Annie Rebekah Smith.JPG|thumb|right|Anna Rebekah Smith]]
Annie Rebekah Smith (1828-1855) was a poet and editorial assistant. She joined the Baptist Church at the age of 10 and became an Adventist in 1844. She gave up teaching in 1850 because of eye trouble and in 1851 she attended a meeting by Joseph Bates and was convinced of the Seventh-day Adventist faith. She sent a poem, ''"Fear Not, Little Flock"'' to the Review and Herald. James White employed her to read proof, edit copy and take charge in White’s absence. She wrote many poems. Ten of her hymns appear in the Church Hymnal. She died of Tuberculosis in 1855.
{{clear}}

===u. Uriah Smith=== 
[[File:Uriah Smith.jpg|thumb|Uriah Smith]]
Uriah Smith (1832-1903) was an editor and author who gave 50 years of service to the Seventh-day Adventist cause. At age 13 his left leg was amputated above the knee due to an infection. In 1863 he patented a improved model artificial leg with fully flexible knee and ankle joints. He became a Sabbath-keeping Adventist in 1852. He wrote poems and articles that were printed in the Review & Herald and in 1853 joined his sister, Annie, as a worker at the office of the Advent Review and Sabbath Herald in Rochester, New York. He was one of the most fluent writers for the young denomination. His pen could be incisive. He is best known for the book Daniel and Revelation. In 1874 he patented a school desk with an improved folding seat. The last words he ever wrote, in 1903, to the General Conference epitomized his lifelong purpose: "I am with you in the endeavor to send forth in this generation this gospel of the kingdom, for a witness to all nations. And when this is completed, it will be the signal for the coronation of our Coming King."
{{clear}}

===v. Luther Warren=== 
[[File:Luther Warren.jpg|thumb|right|Luther Warren]]
Luther Warren (1864-1940) was a youth leader and evangelist. At the age of 14, in 1879, he with his friend Harry Fenner, organized at Hazelton, Michigan one of the first Seventh-day Adventist young people’s societies. His formal education was limited but he was an insatiable reader, keenly interested in the development of church schools. He began his evangelistic career in 1888 as a tent master in Michigan, a career that took him to many centers throughout North America. He powerfully influenced thousands of young people in schools and churches where he conducted revivals. Mary Boucher has written a biography on Warren under the title ''Luther Warren'' (Review and Herald, 1959).
'''[See the history given here.][https://adventisthistory.wordpress.com/category/people/luther-warren-people/].'''
{{clear}}

===w. F. H. Westphal=== 
[[File:Frank H. Westphal.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Frank H. Westphal]]
Frank Henry Westphal (1858-1944) was a pioneer missionary to South America. He was converted to the Seventh-day Adventist faith at the age of 19 and in 1878 he was made leader of the newly organized church in New London, Wisconsin. In 1894 he was called to South America and became the first ordained SDA minister assigned to the South America Continent. He worked with success in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil and Chili.
{{clear}}

===x. Frederick Wheeler=== 
[[File:Frederick Wheeler.jpg|thumb|right|Frederick Wheeler]]
Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910) was a pioneer Adventist minister, reputed to be the first ordained Adventist minister to preach in favor of the seventh-day Sabbath. In 1840 he was an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church and became its circuit rider in the vicinity of Washington and Hillsboro in New Hampshire. In 1842 he became acquainted with the Millerite views and was active in the propagation of the Adventist views. In March of 1844, after a discussion with Rachel Oakes (later Preston), he became convinced through study that the seventh-day Sabbath was sacred. He preached and farmed in the neighborhood until James White invited him to go farther afield with his ministry.

===y. James White=== 
[[File:James Springer White.jpg|thumb|James White]]
James Springer White (1821-1881), a co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, was the fifth of nine children. He was baptized, at age 15, in the denomination called Christian Connection to which his parents belonged. After teaching for two winters he heard of the Millerite Movement and was persuaded to attend a meeting. He became convinced of the importance of what he had heard and of the shortness of time. He resigned from his school to join in heralding the Advent message. He suffered keenly during the Great Disappointment in October 1844, but he clung in confidence to God’s Word. He married Ellen Gould Harmon on August 30, 1846 and soon after, the two of them began to keep the seventh-day Sabbath. He wrote encouragement to the believers and worked to spread the gospel of Jesus' soon coming until his death in 1881.


Ellen G. White, (1827-1915) was co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, together with James White and Joseph Bates. She was a writer, lecturer, and counselor to the church, who possessed what Seventh-day Adventists have accepted as the prophetic gift described in the Bible; also known as the Spirit of prophecy. In her early teens Ellen and her family were faithful Methodists in Portland, Maine, and accepted William Miller’s view on the second advent of Christ about the year 1843, after hearing his lecture in March 1840. She was baptized into the Methodist Church in June 26, 1842. In September 1843, because of their Adventist views, she and her parents and other members of the family were disfellowshipped from the Methodist Church. Expecting Christ’s return in October 22, 1844, she and her family experienced the Millerites’ great disappointment. At the age of 17, in December 1844, Ellen Harmon joined four other women in family worship, and while they were praying, she experienced her first vision, in which she witnessed a representation of the travels of the Adventist people to the City of God. It was one of many visions she received during her lifelong ministry. Ellen White died on July 16, 1915, at the ripe age of 87 years.
{{clear}}

===z. Any other pioneers of your preference from your own Union/Division.=== 

==3. Dates: Explore and summarize the importance of each of the following event dates to Adventist history:== 

===a. Great Disappointment (October 22, 1844)=== 
The day of the Great Disappointment was when Jesus did not come as those awaiting His Advent had calculated and waited for with much prayer.

===b. Adventist Church incorporated (May 21, 1863)=== 
The Adventist Church incorporated on May 21, 1863. This is considered the date of the official organization of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. This move was significant since it gave the church the right to own property and ordain ministers. Many of the founders had to “grow” significantly in order to “organize” since many had come from backgrounds that felt that organizing was not consistent with scripture.

===c. Health Reform begins - 1863=== 

===d. J.N. Andrews: First Missionary - 1874=== 

===e. General Conference of 1888 (Righteousness by Faith Conference)=== 
Held in Minneapolis, Minnesota October of 1888 this conference was notable as E. J. Waggoner and A. T. Jones presented the concept of Righteousness by Faith in Jesus Christ. Ellen White joined the two men in their presentations.

Many of the General Conference leaders held that works-based righteousness was the key to salvation in Jesus. The arguments and exchanges were heated and lengthy. Eventually, God-led individuals voted in favor of the church operating under a premise of righteousness by faith, but this "win" would not come easy. EJ Waggoner, A.T. Jones both eventually left Adventism, and Ellen White was "sent" to Australia.

===f. Reorganization of 1901 / Fires in Battle Creek 1902=== 
These events decentralized the very centralized administration of the General Conference at the time.

A.G. Daniels helped lead a charge to create UNIONS in 1901, thus allowing many decisions that primarily affected one local field to be made by leaders within the field. This left global decisions to the General Conference, and even eventually led to a delegate-based approach to decision making on such issues as the Fundamental beliefs that define Adventism (3 h.)

Ellen White had warned that there needed to be more people involved in the process of decision making AND that having all the major "arms" of the church work all in one city was not the "salt and light" God intended. The Battle Creek Sanitarium (medical) burned February 18 and Review and Herald (publishing) burned December 30, both in the same year - 1902. (article http://archives.adventistreview.org/2004-1513/story1.html)

All of these events helped decentralize the power and influence of the administration of the Adventist work. Currently, there are over 100 medical facilities operated by the Adventist Church and more than 70 publishing houses worldwide (http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmFieldSubEntities.aspx?EntityType=P&AdmFieldID=GC)

===g. Gland, Switzerland, 1907=== 
Gland, Switzerland was the site of the General Conference Session where the Young People’s Department of Missionary Volunteers was officially adopted. This later became the Pathfinders.

===h. 27 Fundamental Beliefs document adopted 1980=== 

Fundamental Principles of Adventist belief had been published as early as 1872 (by James White) and supported by the General Conference as early as 1889. However, the formal statement of Fundamental Beliefs published in 1980 as voted in General Conference session was a significant step in formalizing what beliefs set apart Seventh-day Adventists as a distinctive branch of Christianity AND also demonstrates the Christ-centric nature of the Adventist church. In 2005, a 28th belief (inserted as #11) was added.

===i. Other significant dates in the history of Adventism in your division, conference, or region=== 

==4. Publications: Describe the origins, publication details, and purpose of each of the following Adventist Publications:== 

Many historical publications can be accessed on the Office of Archives, Statistics, and Research website[https://documents.adventistarchives.org/Periodicals/Forms/AllFolders.aspx], or their history explored in the online version of the Encyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventists [https://encyclopedia.adventist.org/].

===a. Adventist Review and Sabbath Herald=== 
The Adventist Review was founded by James and Ellen White in July 1849 as The Present Truth, but the name was changed to The Advent Review and then Second Advent Review and Sabbath Herald (with variations) after being combined with the Advent Herald publication. The name was changed to Adventist Review in 1978. Throughout its history it has been commonly referred to as the Review. Read more about publication details on their website (https://www.adventistreview.org/).

===b. Advent Tidende=== 
Advent Tidende was a Danish monthly paper which John G. Matteson, a native son of Denmark, started for the Scandinavian people in the United States, Denmark, and Norway.

===c. Les Signes des Temps / Signs of the Times=== 
French ''Signs of the Times'' magazine

===d. Liberty Magazine / Liberty=== 
Liberty was first called American Sentinel (1886-1900) and then Sentinel of Liberty (1900-1903) before being shortened to its current name (1906-Present). Not sure what it was called from 1903-1906, doesn't seem to say.

===e. Medical Evangelist / Medical Evangelism=== 
Published by the College of Evangelists, then the College of Medical Evangelists and finally Loma Linda University. Publication began in June 1908 and continued through June 1962.

===f. Present Truth=== 
Present Truth was an illustrated evangelistic periodical devoted to the presentation of various facets of doctrine. It was begun by James White in July of 1849 and was the forerunner of the Review and Herald.

===g. Youth’s Instructor=== 
The Youth's Instructor was the name of the first magazine the Seventh-day Adventists had for youth. It was later renamed ''Junior Guide'' and later ''Guide Magazine'' which is still in print today.

===h. Equivalent publications in your division, conference, or region=== 

==5. Church Organization:== 

===a. Briefly explain the significance of the 1901 General Conference and describe the organizational structure that resulted from it. Indicate how your conference, association, or mission fits into the overall church structure.=== 

A comprehensive Encyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventists article (https://encyclopedia.adventist.org/article?id=DC19) details the church structure organizational changes made in 1901 and 1903 General Conference sessions, providing comparison to the original model established in 1863.


Ellen White, recently back from Australia, stood up at the 1901 GC Session in Battle Creek and urged that the Administrative structure of the church be modified. The goal was to increase the effectiveness of the church in ministry, move decision making out of the GC office (then in Battle Creek) and closer to the front line.


The most significant action in 1901 was perhaps the organization of Union Conferences. Originally the 'State' conferences had joined together to form the General Conference. While many in leadership came to view Unions as unnecessary overhead by 2000 (a hundred years later), the debate over gender equality in ministry has brought Unions forward again as a primary place where policy and change happens.


The Adventist Church is studying restructuring actively. Economic realities will likely see a reduction of at least one of the levels of church governance. Different people wish to strengthen or weaken the power of the General Conference (and its Divisions) vs the Unions and Local Conferences. Time will tell how the church can best structure to finish the gospel commission.

===b. Point out on a map where the church offices are located from your conference level to the General Conference.=== 
Generally (there are exceptions) there will be 4 levels of administration serving your local church and its members:


Local Conference or Local Mission. Sometimes for areas with few Adventists this level is called a Field or Section. Increasingly this level is being dispensed with in favor of the Union of Churches model. Conferences usually cover a province or state, or part of or several such political units. Regional Conferences in much of the USA provide support to mainly black churches.


Union or Union Mission or Union of Churches. Increasingly the Union level is termed SDA Church in Place Name. In part of Europe in particular the Union of Churches model is dispensing with the local conference model and simply representing churches in a geographic area. The Union is the building block off the General Conference. There are 124 Unions in the world as of 2014. A few Conferences are not attached to a Union for various reasons (Guam-Micronesia in the NAD is one example).


Divisions of the General Conference are administrative units that group Unions together. There are 13 Divisions and 1 Union (Middle East North Africa Union) that exists outside any Division. Divisions have no independent constituency.


The General Conference is the grouping of all the Unions. New Unions are voted into the worldwide sisterhood of churches at each GC Session (5 years apart).

===c. Illustrate the organizational structure of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and prepare an ecclesiastical organization chart to demonstrate your learning.=== 

A helpful resource could be the Church Structure video series developed by The Scratch News and posted on [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzafYVHG38GHrqxn8xg-wkQ/playlists YouTube].

From the North American Division Perspective - your illustration would show the General Conference, then the North American Division (Canada, United States, Bermuda, Guam, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Northern Mariana Islands and Palau). ([https://news.adventist.org/en/all-news/news/go/2011-10-11/guam-micronesia-mission-now-part-of-north-american-division/])
Following that is the Union structure. Your illustration would vary based on which Union your Conference and church is located in.


'''The Unions & Conferences in the NAD are:'''
[http://www.nadadventist.org/article/54/directory/area-headquarters]
[https://www.nadadventist.org/about-our-church/north-american-division-map] 
''Atlantic Union'' - Conferences: Bermuda, Greater New York, New York, Northeastern, Northern New England, and Southern New England Conferences. 
''Seventh-day Adventist Church in Canada'' - Conferences: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba-Saskatchewan, Maritime, Ontario, and Quebec (French website) Conferences and the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Newfoundland and Labrador. 
''Columbia Union'' - Conferences: Allegheny East, Allegheny West, Chesapeake, Mountain View, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Potomac Conferences. 
''Guam-Micronesia Mission'' - Became part of North American Division in February, 2012 Missions do not have conferences. 
''Lake Union'' - Conferences: Illinois, Indiana, Lake Region, Michigan, and Wisconsin Conferences. 
''Mid-America Union'' - Conferences: Central States, Dakota, Iowa-Missouri, Kansas-Nebraska, Minnesota, and Rocky Mountain Conferences. 
''North Pacific Union'' - Conferences: Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Upper Columbia, and Washington Conferences. 
''Pacific Union'' - Conferences: Arizona, Central California, Hawaii, Nevada-Utah, Northern California, Southeastern California, and Southern California Conferences. 
''Southern Union'' - Conferences: Carolina, Florida, Georgia-Cumberland, Gulf States, Kentucky-Tennessee, South Atlantic, South Central, and Southeastern Conferences. 
''Southwestern Union'' - Conferences: Arkansas-Louisiana, Oklahoma, Southwest Region, Texas, and Texico Conferences. 

==6. Miscellaneous: Tell the importance of at least ten (10) of the following locations, organizations, or concepts or their equivalent.== 

===a. Avondale College=== 
Avondale University College is an Australian tertiary education provider affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system. Avondale University College has two campuses, the Lake Macquarie campus being the primary campus situated in Cooranbong, New South Wales. The other campus is located at Sydney Adventist Hospital in the Sydney suburb of Wahroonga and is the main campus of the nursing school.
Avondale University College primarily focuses in the areas of teaching, theology, and nursing, but also offers bachelor's degrees in business, science and the arts as well as certificate studies in outdoor recreation. The nursing programme commences at the Cooranbong campus for one or two semesters and is completed at the Sydney Adventist Hospital with hands-on experience gained in the hospital. Master's degrees are offered in theology, education, nursing, ministry, and some business related fields by distance education, including a one-month on-campus component in the winter semester.

===b. Battle Creek Sanitarium=== 
The Battle Creek Sanitarium was opened in 1866. It was a pioneer Seventh-day Adventist Medical institution.

===c. Dime Tabernacle=== 
Dime Tabernacle was the name for the church built in Battle Creek and paid for from dimes that were saved and turned in for the church building. It was destroyed by fire on January 3, 1922.

===d. Norsk Bokforlag=== 
Norsk Bokforlag was a Norwegian Publishing House established in 1932.

===e. Pitcairn Missionary Ship=== 
The Pitcairn was a vessel built as a schooner, refitted as a brigantine, and used by Seventh-day Adventists for transporting missionaries across the Pacific Ocean from 1890 to 1900. The ship was paid for by Sabbath School Offerings and made six missionary voyages whose missionaries established missions in many of the islands of the South Pacific. The first voyage went directly to Pitcairn Island arriving there November 25, 1890. Pitcairn was a remote British island possession in the southeastern Pacific Ocean about 3,500 miles north-east of New Zealand. Because maintenance of the ship was expensive, The Pitcairn was sold in 1900, by which time steamship connections with the islands had improved.

A game bearing the name of the ship has been created for individuals to earn the God's Messenger Honor, accessible on the web or as an app at [http://dev-egw.ellenwhite.org/articles/124].

===f. Sabbath Conferences=== 
The Sabbath Conferences were a series of meetings of “friends of the Sabbath” held in various places in New England and New York. Beginning in April of 1848, during the formative period when James and Ellen White, Joseph Bates, and others began the work of "uniting the brethren on the great truths connected with the message of the third angel."

===g. Sanitarium Health Food Co.=== 
The Sanitarium Health & Wellbeing Company is a chain of health food factories, wholesale branches, and retail shops in Australia and New Zealand, operated by the Health Food Department of the South Pacific Division of the Adventist Church. Products include Weets-Bix, a flaked-wheat breakfast-food biscuit; cornflakes, and other cereal foods; Marmite, a yeast-extract flavoring; peanut butter, vegetarian meats and textured vegetable protein, and So Good, a nondairy soy milk. It has subsidiaries in Canada and other countries and exports worldwide. Part of the Adventist focus on healthy living. <ref>http://www.sanitarium.co.nz/about-us/our-history</ref>

===h. Solusi College=== 
First (heathen) Adventist Mission Station 1894.


The General Conference chose Elder W.H. Anderson and two other men to go to the new mission station 1895. They were given $5,000 dollars for one year and were told that was all they had. They were to become self-supporting as soon as possible. They had no expense allowance. They landed at Cape Town and traveled by train to the north to Mafeking. From there they traveled 600 miles using two oxcarts and 36 oxen. They averaged about 15 miles a day and the river beds were dry. They learned later that in the dry season the water was under the river bed and not in sight. When the monsoon season comes the river beds are full.


At first the church services were held under the trees. On their first first Sabbath there, the Chief Solusi came with many of his people.


Solusi College is an institution of higher learning now operated by the Zimbabwe Union Conference. It was established in 1894 as Solusi Mission and is headquartered in Bulilimamangwe, Zimbabwe. An [http://www.solusi.ac.zw/history/ interesting brief history].

===i. Systematic Benevolence=== 
Systematic Benevolence was a system by which the first Adventist pastors were paid. Contributions were "systematic" meaning they were determined by one's wealth and were regularly made. Before this plan the preachers of the Seventh-day Adventist doctrines were largely self-supporting.

===j. Tract Society=== 
The Tract Society began in 1869 with a group of ladies at South Lancaster, Massachusetts. The society members visited the sick and needy and distributed tracts and wrote letters sharing their faith. In 1870 S. N. Haskell organized the first Conference-wide society in New England. By 1924 their scope of influence having long since reached beyond the small literature state, the name was changed to Book and Bible Houses. In 1972 the name Adventist Book Center (ABC) was adopted. The ABC is a distribution and service outlet for the Seventh-day Adventist publishing house products and other church-approved materials.

===k. Universidad de Montemorelos=== 
Universidad de Montemorelos is a coeducational institution of higher learning established in 1942 near the city of Montemorelos, State of Nuevo León, México.

===l. Voice of Prophecy=== 
The radio broadcast founded by H. M. S. Richards. See ''H. M. S. Richards, Near to the Heart of God|[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0828013322/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0828013322&linkCode=as2&tag=wwwjadedragon-20]]'' by Robert E. Edwards Review & Herald, 1998 for a great read.

===m. Washington hand press=== 
The Washington hand press (a brand or style of hand operated printing press) was purchased by James White with money from Hiram Edson in 1852, the first press purchased to print SDA materials<ref>http://news.adventist.org/all-news/news/go/2013-04-10/publishing-work-was-central-to-early-adventist-church/</ref>. Prior to that, all printed materials were printed by commercial print shops. From that small beginning in a rented house in Rochester, New York, the church established a worldwide network of publishing houses printing in numerous languages.

===n. Other significant locations, organizations, or concepts in your division, conference, or region=== 

==7. Read about, watch, or research the story of Ellen G. White. Explain what her role was in the beginnings of the Adventist Church. Include in your research significant factors such as:== 

===a. First vision (June 6, 1863)=== 
Ellen had a vision on Health Reform.

===b. “Elmshaven”=== 
Ellen White’s home in St. Helena, California in the Napa Valley. It can be toured for free in person or online. http://www.elmshaven.org/

===c. Visions=== 
Messages from God that Ellen was to share.

===d. Gorham, Maine=== 
Ellen's birthplace <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorham,_Maine</ref>.

===e. Lord’s Messenger=== 
The name that Ellen White gave herself.

===f. “Conflict of the Ages” series=== 
A series of five books that E. G. White wrote which helped people to understand the Bible. The five books are: The Great Controversy, Patriarchs and Prophets, The Desire of Ages, The Acts of the Apostles, and Prophets and Kings <ref>http://www.ellenwhite.info/books/books-by-egw-coa.htm</ref>

===g. Ellen G. White Estate, Inc.=== 
In her will, Ellen G. White left her literary estate to a board of five church leaders so that her papers and books would be preserved. This corporation was organized after her death in 1915. It is now headquartered in the basement of the General Conference building, Silver Spring, Maryland, where free tours are offered.

===h. Lovett’s Grove, Ohio=== 
Two hour Vision on events in the great conflict between the forces of righteousness and the forces of evil which she was instructed to write out. Later it was written in full in a book called ''The Great Controversy''.

===i. “Sunnyside”=== 
The name of Ellen G. White's home in Cooranbong, Australia near Avondale College. Photo <ref>http://nas.egwwritings.org/galleries/Institutions/637.3b.1.jpg.php</ref>

===j. Testimonies for the Church=== 
A collection of writings that Ellen authored giving instruction, reproof and guidance for church members and leaders. The Testimonies series was released and published over time, eventually taking the 9 volume set we use today. While the individual letters were addressed to specific people, the principals outlined have broad application in the church. Ellen White recognized this and arranged for their wider publication.

==8. Discovery of Heritage Stories:== 

===a. Discover how the Adventist movement started in your country. Give special attention to the things the pioneers did in the process within your country or region.=== 

The Your Story Hour series on Adventist Pioneers, called Pathways of the Pioneers, tells of Adventist beginnings mainly in the USA, but some other countries as well. The series is available in [https://whiteestate.org/resources/pioneers-stories/ MP3 format] on the White Estate website for free online listening.

===b. Discover some of the stories of how Pathfinders, Adventist Youth Groups, or AY Societies began in your conference or division.=== 

===c. Present your finding to a group or as part of requirement 9 or 10.=== 

==9. Know and tell for school, Sabbath School, or Pathfinder worship three stories about Adventist history. At least one story must be about an Adventist youth.== 

==10. As an individual or with a group complete one of the following:== 

===a. Create and present a detailed poster or multimedia display (video/presentation) covering a portion of Adventist Heritage that you have learned.=== 

===b. Write and perform a skit that tells part of the Adventist Heritage story. Present it to younger Pathfinders, Adventurers or other younger group of individuals.=== 

===c. Create a completely playable game about Adventist Heritage. Demonstrate the game to your instructor or a group.=== 

===d. Visit an official Adventist Heritage site within your conference, union, or division and go on a tour. Debrief your experience with a group. If feasible, create a multimedia report of your experience.=== 

==References== 
[http://pathfinders.adventistconnect.org/site_data/86/assets/0024/9222/Chuch_Heritage_Manual.pdf Church Heritage Manual]


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{{honor desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Adventist Pioneer Heritage
|skill=2
|year=2014
|category=Outreach
|authority=General Conference
|reqpdf=Adventist_Heritage_Requirements.pdf
|insignia=Adventist_Heritage.png}}
{{Honor Master|honor={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|3}}|master=Family, Origins, and Heritage|group=required}}

==Note== 


This honor reflects the best requirements of two pre-existing honors, one from the North American Division and the other from the South American Division.


<big>'''Complete a minimum of a 9-week Academy or semester college Adventist History course OR complete the following requirements.'''</big>

==1. Origins:== 
===a. Read about, watch, or research the origins and development of the Millerite Movement and its role in the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.===


[https://telltheworld.adventist.org/ Tell the World] 6 Video's of the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

===b. Explain the Great Disappointment based on the prophecy of Daniel 8.=== 

===c. Share your finding with a group.=== 

==2. Pioneers: Be able to identify and explain the significance of at least fifteen (15) of the following individuals:== 

===a. Martha Amadon=== 
[[File:Martha Byington.jpg|thumb|right|Martha Byington]]
Martha Amadon (1843-1937) was the eldest daughter of John Byington, the first teacher of the first school organized for Seventh-day Adventist Children. She married George W. Amadon in 1860. She became the first Dorcas Society (Adventist Community Service) president in October, 1874.
{{clear}}

===b. W. H. Anderson=== 
[[File:William H. Anderson.jpg|thumb|right|William H. Anderson]]
William H. Anderson (1870-1950) was a pioneer missionary to Africa from 1895-1944. "Harry," as he was affectionately known to his friends, graduated in 1895 from Battle Creek College, where he was converted. Anderson’s book, ''On The Trail of Livingston'' (1919) did much to stimulate interest in African Missions where he served for 50 years.
{{clear}}

===c. J. N. Andrews=== 
[[File:John Nevins Andrews.jpg|thumb|right|John Nevins Andrews]]
John Nevins Andrews (1829-1883) was the first official Seventh-day Adventist missionary outside of North America. He and his children Charles and Mary sailed on September 15, 1874 to Switzerland. His wife had died 18 March 1872. As a theologian, Andrews made significant contributions to the development of various doctrines of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination. He wrote extensively on the Seventh-day Sabbath.
{{clear}}


Andrews University, named for J. N. Andrews, is an institution operated jointly by the General Conference and the Lake Union Conference. It was the first university to be organized by the Seventh-day Adventist church. It is located in Berrien Springs, Michigan. Its predecessor known as Battle Creek College, was founded in 1874, and grew from a “select” private school established in 1868 by G. H. Bell.

===d. Joseph Bates=== 
[[File:Joseph Bates.jpg|thumb|right|Joseph Bates]]
Joseph Bates (1792-1872) a former sea captain and a reformer, was one of the founders of the SDA Church. Bates experienced the disappointment of 1844 without losing faith. He wrote about the 7th Day Sabbath and the 3rd Angel's message. He played a prominent part in the "Sabbath Conferences." He was an evangelist, a leader, and an example in healthful living.
{{clear}}

===e. John Byington=== 
[[File:John Byington.jpg|thumb|right|John Byington]]
John Byington (1798-1887) was a pioneer minister and first president of the General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination. He was active in the antislavery movement and maintained a station of the Underground Railroad at Buck’s Bridge, New York, where he lived on a farm.
{{clear}}

===f. M. B. Czechowski=== 
[[File:Michał Belina - Czechowski.jpg|thumb|right|Michał Belina Czechowski]]
Michael Belina Czechowski (1818-1876) was a former Catholic priest. He joined the Advent Church in 1857 and in 1864 became a self-supporting missionary to Italy and Switzerland and established the first SDA church in Europe.
{{clear}}

===g. A.G. Daniells=== 
[[File:Daniells.JPG|thumb|right|Arthur G. Daniells]] Arthur G. Daniells (1858-1935), was a minister, administrator and author. At the age of 10 he was converted to the Seventh-day Adventist faith, and in 1875 entered Battle Creek College. He began his ministry in 1878 in Texas. In 1886 he was called as pioneer SDA missionary to New Zealand. He was president of the New Zealand Conference (1889-1891) and of the Australian Conference (1892-1895). He worked closely with Ellen White in Australia, and served as president of the Central Australian Conference and later president of the Australian Union Conference. He assumed the presidency of the General Conference in 1901 at a difficult period in the history of the church, and helped move the headquarters of the denomination to Washington, D. C. During his time in office the church grew greatly throughout the world. He relinquished the presidency of the General Conference in 1922. He authored four books, two of which standout as classics: “Christ Our Righteousness,” and “The Abiding Gift of Prophecy.”
{{clear}}

===h. Hiram Edson=== 
[[File:Hiram Edson.jpg|thumb|right|Hiram Edson]]
Hiram Edson (1806-1882) was a layman, later ordained, of Port Gibson, New York. He was the pioneer responsible for introducing, among those who became Seventh-day Adventists, the fuller understanding of the sanctuary and its cleansing. Edson was not only a thoughtful Bible student and an earnest evangelistic helper, but also a self-sacrificing contributor, putting his possessions into building of the church he loved. Consider visiting Hiram Edson's farm in upstate New York. <ref>http://www.adventistheritage.org/article/27/historic-sites/edson-farm</ref>
{{clear}}

===i. Harry Fenner=== 
[[File:Henry Fenner.jpg|thumb|right|Henry Fenner]]
Harry Fenner was only 17 years old when he and his 14 year old friend, Luther Warren decided the church needed an organization to encourage and support the youth. They called their new group a “young people’s society.” Within ten years the church structure was beginning to follow their lead. In 1889 the Ohio Conference became the first to form a conference-wide youth organization. It was known as Christian Volunteers. And in 1907 the General Conference Youth Department was formally organized.
{{clear}}

===j. Eduardo Francisco Forga=== 
[[File:Eduardo Forga.png|thumb|right|Eduardo Francisco Forga]]
Before he was converted to Adventism, Eduardo F. Forga, a wealthy young Peruvian, founded the first evangelical church in Arequipa, Peru. A health and temperance reformer, a vegetarian, and a defender of religious liberty, he had to flee his native country to England for his outspokenness. There he joined the Seventhday Adventist Church and married Marguerite Lacey, whose sister was married to W. C. White, Ellen White's son. An author in his own right, Mr. Forga translated some of Mrs. White's books and articles into Spanish and had a major impact on the growth of the Adventist Church in Peru, South America.
{{clear}}

===k. A.T. Jones / E.J. Waggoner=== 
[[File:Alonzo T. Jones.jpg|thumb|right|Alonzo T. Jones]]
[[File:Ellet Joseph Waggoner.jpg|thumb|right|Ellet. J. Waggoner]]Alonzo T. Jones, (1850-1923) was a minister, editor, and author. At the age of 20 he enlisted in the Army and for three years served his country. He loved reading, and read large historical works, Seventh-day Adventist publications, and the Bible. After being discharged from the Army in 1873, he was baptized and began preaching on the West Coast for the church. In May 1885 he became assistant editor of the ''Signs of the Times'', and a few months later he and E. J. Waggoner became editors. This position he held until 1889. From 1897 to 1901 he was editor in chief of the ''Review and Herald''. He became recognized as the denomination’s most prominent speaker for religious freedom. His association with Dr. J. H. Kellogg in 1903, who was actively seeking to separate the Battle Creek Sanitarium from denominational control, resulted in separation from denominational employment and, finally, in loss of church membership.
Ellet J. Waggonner, (1855-1916) was an editor, minister, and physician. He attended Battle Creek College in the earliest years of the institution, and obtained a medical degree from the Bellevue Medical College, New York. He served on the staff of the Battle Creek Sanitarium for a few years. Later he left the practice of medicine and entered the ministry. In 1884 he worked at Pacific Press as assistant editor of the ''Signs of the Times''. Two years later (1886) he and A. T. Jones became editors of the paper. This post Waggoner held until May 1891. He became editor of ''Present Truth'' in England in 1892, and in 1902 was elected the first president of the South England Conference. He returned to the United States in the summer of 1902, and served briefly on the staff of Emmanuel Missionary College.


In 1888 Waggoner and A. T. Jones gave a memorable series of sermons on righteousness by faith that stirred the General Conference session in Minneapolis, and for several years afterward were sent by the General Conference Committee to preach on that subject from coast to coast at camp meetings and other large gatherings. Ellen White accompanied them to many of these places until she left for Australia in December 1891.
{{clear}}

===l. Charles M. Kenney=== 
[[File:Charles Kinney.jpg|thumb|right|Charles M. Kinney]]
Charles M. Kinny was born in Richmond, Virginia in 1855, eleven years after the Disappointment of 1844. He was ten years old by the end of the Civil War. It was in Reno, Nevada, in 1878 at the age of 23 that Kinny attended a series of evangelistic sermons by J. N. Loughborough. Ellen White visited during the meetings and spoke to about four hundred listeners on the subject of the “Love of God.” Her message was well received and her presence added much to the interest of the people and “left a favorable impression upon the public mind.” Charles M. Kinny experienced conversion during those meetings. He never forgot Sister White’s sermon and joyfully embraced the love of God and accepted the truth about the Sabbath and the Second Advent. He kept his first Sabbath on the last Saturday of September, 1878, at the age of 23. He was one of the seven charter members and the only Black member of the Reno Seventh-day Adventist church. He was welcomed warmly by the church and was later appointed secretary of their tract society. Charles Kinny would become a prominent figure in early African American Adventism and most of what Adventists learned about the early progress of the work among African Americans they learned from the writings of Charles Kinny. Church leaders looked to him to develop the best methods of evangelism among African Americans. As such Charles M. Kinny was the first African American ordained minister in the Seventh-day Adventist church and is known as the The Father of Black Adventism.
{{clear}}

===m. George King=== 
[[File:George King SDA Pioneer.jpg|thumb|right|George Albert King]]
George Albert King (1847-1906) was a pioneer canvasser who developed the idea of subscription sale of Seventh-day Adventist books. A native of Canada, he came to the United States where as a young man he accepted SDA beliefs and desired to be a preacher. Because of a speech impediment he was encouraged to try selling SDA tracts and magazines and books. Throughout his life he was an enthusiastic recruiter and instructor of other canvassers.
{{clear}}

===n. Anna Knight=== 
[[File:Anna Knight.jpg|thumb|right|Anna Knight]]
Anna Knight (1874-1972) was self-taught until the age of 20 when she attended Mount Vernon Academy in Ohio in 1894. In 1898 she graduated from Battle Creek College as a missionary nurse. She operated a self-supporting school in Jasper County, Mississippi for Black children. In 1901 she was appointed as a missionary to India where she served 6 years. She served in the Educational Department for Southeastern Conference and Southern Conference when they merged, and served until the regional Conferences were formed. She authored the book ''Mississippi Girl,<ref>http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0006ATC4O/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B0006ATC4O&linkCode=as2&tag=wwwjadedragon-20</ref>'' the story of her life.
{{clear}}

===o. Abram LaRue=== 
[[File:Abram LaRue.jpg|thumb|right|Abram LaRue]]
Abram LaRue (1822-1903) was a pioneer, self-supporting lay missionary in eastern Asia. While working as a sheepherder in California he accepted the Seventh-day Adventist faith. Immediately he requested a mission appointment to China. Because of his advanced age the General Conference declined but after attending Healdsburg College one term he worked his way to Honolulu and sold books in the city and on the ships in port. In 1888 at the age of 66, La Rue went to Hong Kong where he worked for 14 years with Europeans and the Chinese. He died in Hong Kong in 1903 where he had been a tireless worker with a rare gift in meeting people and conveying his own religious convictions to them.
{{clear}}

===p. Kate Lindsay=== 
Katherine Lindsay (1842-1923) was a physician and founder of the first Seventh-day Adventist nurse’s training school. In 1875 she graduated at the head of her class from the University of Michigan Medical College. She joined the staff of the Battle Creek Sanitarium. Dr. Kate, as she was known, introduced thorough classwork and became known as a foremost teacher of student nurses.

===q. William Miller=== 
[[File:William Miller.jpg|thumb|right|William Miller]]
William Miller (1782-1849) was an American farmer and a Baptist preacher who announced the imminent coming of Christ and founded the movement popularly know as Millerism or the Millerite movement. He was a convincing preacher in the logical way he appealed in earnestness. After the “Great Disappointment” he built a chapel on his property so Advent Believers would have a place to worship.
{{clear}}

===r. W.W. Prescott=== 
[[File:W._W._Prescott.jpg|thumb|right|William W. Prescott]]William W. Prescott, (1855-1944) was an educator and administrator. His parents were Millerites in New England. While in his last year at South Berwick Academy, he taught Latin and Greek. He was principal of high schools in Northfield and Montpelier, Vermont (1877 to 1880). With his acceptance of the presidency of Battle Creek College (1885-1894), he entered upon a career unique in many respects in Seventh-day Adventist history. While still president of Battle Creek College, he helped found Union College and became its first president in 1891. He appointed principals for the two institutions to act while he was absent from one or the other. Then late in 1892 he assumed the presidency of the newly founded Walla Walla College. Thus, he was simultaneously president of three colleges in the year. During a world tour (1894-1895), he helped to found the Avondale School in Australia. In 1901 he became the vice president of the General Conference, chair of the Review and Herald Publishing Association board, and editor of the Review and Herald. Later in his career, he served as head of the Bible Department of Emmanuel Missionary College, a post he held until 1934. Whether teacher, editor, administrator, or secretary of the General Conference Department of Education, Prescott left a strong impression on the entire educational work of the denomination.
{{clear}}

===s. Rachel Oakes-Preston=== 
[[File:Rachel Oakes.jpg|thumb|right|Rachel Oakes]]
Rachel Oakes-Preston (1809-1868) was a Seventh-day Baptist who persuaded a group of Adventists to accept the Sabbath in Washington, New Hampshire, and thus to become, in that sense, the first Seventh-day Adventists. Due to Rachel's influence, Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910), an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and promoter of the prophetic teachings of William Miller, preached his first sermon on seventh-day Sabbath to his "Christian Brethren" congregation on March 16, 1844.


Further due to Rachel's influence, William Farnsworth (1807-1888), after the Great Disappointment of October 22, 1844, stated publicly to the "Christian Brethren" congregation his conviction that Saturday, being the seventh day of the week, was Sabbath. His brother Cyrus (who became the husband of Rachel’s daughter Delight), and several others, also made their convictions known.
{{clear}}

===t. Annie Smith=== 
[[File:Annie Rebekah Smith.JPG|thumb|right|Anna Rebekah Smith]]
Annie Rebekah Smith (1828-1855) was a poet and editorial assistant. She joined the Baptist Church at the age of 10 and became an Adventist in 1844. She gave up teaching in 1850 because of eye trouble and in 1851 she attended a meeting by Joseph Bates and was convinced of the Seventh-day Adventist faith. She sent a poem, ''"Fear Not, Little Flock"'' to the Review and Herald. James White employed her to read proof, edit copy and take charge in White’s absence. She wrote many poems. Ten of her hymns appear in the Church Hymnal. She died of Tuberculosis in 1855.
{{clear}}

===u. Uriah Smith=== 
[[File:Uriah Smith.jpg|thumb|Uriah Smith]]
Uriah Smith (1832-1903) was an editor and author who gave 50 years of service to the Seventh-day Adventist cause. At age 13 his left leg was amputated above the knee due to an infection. In 1863 he patented a improved model artificial leg with fully flexible knee and ankle joints. He became a Sabbath-keeping Adventist in 1852. He wrote poems and articles that were printed in the Review & Herald and in 1853 joined his sister, Annie, as a worker at the office of the Advent Review and Sabbath Herald in Rochester, New York. He was one of the most fluent writers for the young denomination. His pen could be incisive. He is best known for the book Daniel and Revelation. In 1874 he patented a school desk with an improved folding seat. The last words he ever wrote, in 1903, to the General Conference epitomized his lifelong purpose: "I am with you in the endeavor to send forth in this generation this gospel of the kingdom, for a witness to all nations. And when this is completed, it will be the signal for the coronation of our Coming King."
{{clear}}

===v. Luther Warren=== 
[[File:Luther Warren.jpg|thumb|right|Luther Warren]]
Luther Warren (1864-1940) was a youth leader and evangelist. At the age of 14, in 1879, he with his friend Harry Fenner, organized at Hazelton, Michigan one of the first Seventh-day Adventist young people’s societies. His formal education was limited but he was an insatiable reader, keenly interested in the development of church schools. He began his evangelistic career in 1888 as a tent master in Michigan, a career that took him to many centers throughout North America. He powerfully influenced thousands of young people in schools and churches where he conducted revivals. Mary Boucher has written a biography on Warren under the title ''Luther Warren'' (Review and Herald, 1959).
'''[See the history given here.][https://adventisthistory.wordpress.com/category/people/luther-warren-people/].'''
{{clear}}

===w. F. H. Westphal=== 
[[File:Frank H. Westphal.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Frank H. Westphal]]
Frank Henry Westphal (1858-1944) was a pioneer missionary to South America. He was converted to the Seventh-day Adventist faith at the age of 19 and in 1878 he was made leader of the newly organized church in New London, Wisconsin. In 1894 he was called to South America and became the first ordained SDA minister assigned to the South America Continent. He worked with success in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil and Chili.
{{clear}}

===x. Frederick Wheeler=== 
[[File:Frederick Wheeler.jpg|thumb|right|Frederick Wheeler]]
Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910) was a pioneer Adventist minister, reputed to be the first ordained Adventist minister to preach in favor of the seventh-day Sabbath. In 1840 he was an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church and became its circuit rider in the vicinity of Washington and Hillsboro in New Hampshire. In 1842 he became acquainted with the Millerite views and was active in the propagation of the Adventist views. In March of 1844, after a discussion with Rachel Oakes (later Preston), he became convinced through study that the seventh-day Sabbath was sacred. He preached and farmed in the neighborhood until James White invited him to go farther afield with his ministry.

===y. James White=== 
[[File:James Springer White.jpg|thumb|James White]]
James Springer White (1821-1881), a co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, was the fifth of nine children. He was baptized, at age 15, in the denomination called Christian Connection to which his parents belonged. After teaching for two winters he heard of the Millerite Movement and was persuaded to attend a meeting. He became convinced of the importance of what he had heard and of the shortness of time. He resigned from his school to join in heralding the Advent message. He suffered keenly during the Great Disappointment in October 1844, but he clung in confidence to God’s Word. He married Ellen Gould Harmon on August 30, 1846 and soon after, the two of them began to keep the seventh-day Sabbath. He wrote encouragement to the believers and worked to spread the gospel of Jesus' soon coming until his death in 1881.


Ellen G. White, (1827-1915) was co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, together with James White and Joseph Bates. She was a writer, lecturer, and counselor to the church, who possessed what Seventh-day Adventists have accepted as the prophetic gift described in the Bible; also known as the Spirit of prophecy. In her early teens Ellen and her family were faithful Methodists in Portland, Maine, and accepted William Miller’s view on the second advent of Christ about the year 1843, after hearing his lecture in March 1840. She was baptized into the Methodist Church in June 26, 1842. In September 1843, because of their Adventist views, she and her parents and other members of the family were disfellowshipped from the Methodist Church. Expecting Christ’s return in October 22, 1844, she and her family experienced the Millerites’ great disappointment. At the age of 17, in December 1844, Ellen Harmon joined four other women in family worship, and while they were praying, she experienced her first vision, in which she witnessed a representation of the travels of the Adventist people to the City of God. It was one of many visions she received during her lifelong ministry. Ellen White died on July 16, 1915, at the ripe age of 87 years.
{{clear}}

===z. Any other pioneers of your preference from your own Union/Division.=== 

==3. Dates: Explore and summarize the importance of each of the following event dates to Adventist history:== 

===a. Great Disappointment (October 22, 1844)=== 
The day of the Great Disappointment was when Jesus did not come as those awaiting His Advent had calculated and waited for with much prayer.

===b. Adventist Church incorporated (May 21, 1863)=== 
The Adventist Church incorporated on May 21, 1863. This is considered the date of the official organization of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. This move was significant since it gave the church the right to own property and ordain ministers. Many of the founders had to “grow” significantly in order to “organize” since many had come from backgrounds that felt that organizing was not consistent with scripture.

===c. Health Reform begins - 1863=== 

===d. J.N. Andrews: First Missionary - 1874=== 

===e. General Conference of 1888 (Righteousness by Faith Conference)=== 
Held in Minneapolis, Minnesota October of 1888 this conference was notable as E. J. Waggoner and A. T. Jones presented the concept of Righteousness by Faith in Jesus Christ. Ellen White joined the two men in their presentations.

Many of the General Conference leaders held that works-based righteousness was the key to salvation in Jesus. The arguments and exchanges were heated and lengthy. Eventually, God-led individuals voted in favor of the church operating under a premise of righteousness by faith, but this "win" would not come easy. EJ Waggoner, A.T. Jones both eventually left Adventism, and Ellen White was "sent" to Australia.

===f. Reorganization of 1901 / Fires in Battle Creek 1902=== 
These events decentralized the very centralized administration of the General Conference at the time.

A.G. Daniels helped lead a charge to create UNIONS in 1901, thus allowing many decisions that primarily affected one local field to be made by leaders within the field. This left global decisions to the General Conference, and even eventually led to a delegate-based approach to decision making on such issues as the Fundamental beliefs that define Adventism (3 h.)

Ellen White had warned that there needed to be more people involved in the process of decision making AND that having all the major "arms" of the church work all in one city was not the "salt and light" God intended. The Battle Creek Sanitarium (medical) burned February 18 and Review and Herald (publishing) burned December 30, both in the same year - 1902. (article http://archives.adventistreview.org/2004-1513/story1.html)

All of these events helped decentralize the power and influence of the administration of the Adventist work. Currently, there are over 100 medical facilities operated by the Adventist Church and more than 70 publishing houses worldwide (http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmFieldSubEntities.aspx?EntityType=P&AdmFieldID=GC)

===g. Gland, Switzerland, 1907=== 
Gland, Switzerland was the site of the General Conference Session where the Young People’s Department of Missionary Volunteers was officially adopted. This later became the Pathfinders.

===h. 27 Fundamental Beliefs document adopted 1980=== 

Fundamental Principles of Adventist belief had been published as early as 1872 (by James White) and supported by the General Conference as early as 1889. However, the formal statement of Fundamental Beliefs published in 1980 as voted in General Conference session was a significant step in formalizing what beliefs set apart Seventh-day Adventists as a distinctive branch of Christianity AND also demonstrates the Christ-centric nature of the Adventist church. In 2005, a 28th belief (inserted as #11) was added.

===i. Other significant dates in the history of Adventism in your division, conference, or region=== 

==4. Publications: Describe the origins, publication details, and purpose of each of the following Adventist Publications:== 

Many historical publications can be accessed on the Office of Archives, Statistics, and Research website[https://documents.adventistarchives.org/Periodicals/Forms/AllFolders.aspx], or their history explored in the online version of the Encyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventists [https://encyclopedia.adventist.org/].

===a. Adventist Review and Sabbath Herald=== 
The Adventist Review was founded by James and Ellen White in July 1849 as The Present Truth, but the name was changed to The Advent Review and then Second Advent Review and Sabbath Herald (with variations) after being combined with the Advent Herald publication. The name was changed to Adventist Review in 1978. Throughout its history it has been commonly referred to as the Review

===b. Advent Tidende=== 
Advent Tidende was a Danish monthly paper which John G. Matteson, a native son of Denmark, started for the Scandinavian people in the United States, Denmark, and Norway.

===c. Les Signes des Temps / Signs of the Times=== 
French ''Signs of the Times'' magazine

===d. Liberty Magazine / Liberty=== 
Liberty was first called American Sentinel (1886-1900) and then Sentinel of Liberty (1900-1903) before being shortened to its current name (1906-Present). Not sure what it was called from 1903-1906, doesn't seem to say.

===e. Medical Evangelist / Medical Evangelism=== 
Published by the College of Evangelists, then the College of Medical Evangelists and finally Loma Linda University. Publication began in June 1908 and continued through June 1962.

===f. Present Truth=== 
Present Truth was an illustrated evangelistic periodical devoted to the presentation of various facets of doctrine. It was begun by James White in July of 1849 and was the forerunner of the Review and Herald.

===g. Youth’s Instructor=== 
The Youth's Instructor was the name of the first magazine the Seventh-day Adventists had for youth. It was later renamed ''Junior Guide'' and later ''Guide Magazine'' which is still in print today.

===h. Equivalent publications in your division, conference, or region=== 

==5. Church Organization:== 

===a. Briefly explain the significance of the 1901 General Conference and describe the organizational structure that resulted from it. Indicate how your conference, association, or mission fits into the overall church structure.=== 

A comprehensive Encyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventists article (https://encyclopedia.adventist.org/article?id=DC19) details the church structure organizational changes made in 1901 and 1903 General Conference sessions, providing comparison to the original model established in 1863.


Ellen White, recently back from Australia, stood up at the 1901 GC Session in Battle Creek and urged that the Administrative structure of the church be modified. The goal was to increase the effectiveness of the church in ministry, move decision making out of the GC office (then in Battle Creek) and closer to the front line.


The most significant action in 1901 was perhaps the organization of Union Conferences. Originally the 'State' conferences had joined together to form the General Conference. While many in leadership came to view Unions as unnecessary overhead by 2000 (a hundred years later), the debate over gender equality in ministry has brought Unions forward again as a primary place where policy and change happens.


The Adventist Church is studying restructuring actively. Economic realities will likely see a reduction of at least one of the levels of church governance. Different people wish to strengthen or weaken the power of the General Conference (and its Divisions) vs the Unions and Local Conferences. Time will tell how the church can best structure to finish the gospel commission.

===b. Point out on a map where the church offices are located from your conference level to the General Conference.=== 
Generally (there are exceptions) there will be 4 levels of administration serving your local church and its members:


Local Conference or Local Mission. Sometimes for areas with few Adventists this level is called a Field or Section. Increasingly this level is being dispensed with in favor of the Union of Churches model. Conferences usually cover a province or state, or part of or several such political units. Regional Conferences in much of the USA provide support to mainly black churches.


Union or Union Mission or Union of Churches. Increasingly the Union level is termed SDA Church in Place Name. In part of Europe in particular the Union of Churches model is dispensing with the local conference model and simply representing churches in a geographic area. The Union is the building block off the General Conference. There are 124 Unions in the world as of 2014. A few Conferences are not attached to a Union for various reasons (Guam-Micronesia in the NAD is one example).


Divisions of the General Conference are administrative units that group Unions together. There are 13 Divisions and 1 Union (Middle East North Africa Union) that exists outside any Division. Divisions have no independent constituency.


The General Conference is the grouping of all the Unions. New Unions are voted into the worldwide sisterhood of churches at each GC Session (5 years apart).

===c. Illustrate the organizational structure of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and prepare an ecclesiastical organization chart to demonstrate your learning.=== 

A helpful resource could be the Church Structure video series developed by The Scratch News and posted on [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzafYVHG38GHrqxn8xg-wkQ/playlists YouTube].

From the North American Division Perspective - your illustration would show the General Conference, then the North American Division (Canada, United States, Bermuda, Guam, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Northern Mariana Islands and Palau). ([https://news.adventist.org/en/all-news/news/go/2011-10-11/guam-micronesia-mission-now-part-of-north-american-division/])
Following that is the Union structure. Your illustration would vary based on which Union your Conference and church is located in.


'''The Unions & Conferences in the NAD are:'''
[http://www.nadadventist.org/article/54/directory/area-headquarters]
[https://www.nadadventist.org/about-our-church/north-american-division-map] 
''Atlantic Union'' - Conferences: Bermuda, Greater New York, New York, Northeastern, Northern New England, and Southern New England Conferences. 
''Seventh-day Adventist Church in Canada'' - Conferences: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba-Saskatchewan, Maritime, Ontario, and Quebec (French website) Conferences and the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Newfoundland and Labrador. 
''Columbia Union'' - Conferences: Allegheny East, Allegheny West, Chesapeake, Mountain View, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Potomac Conferences. 
''Guam-Micronesia Mission'' - Became part of North American Division in February, 2012 Missions do not have conferences. 
''Lake Union'' - Conferences: Illinois, Indiana, Lake Region, Michigan, and Wisconsin Conferences. 
''Mid-America Union'' - Conferences: Central States, Dakota, Iowa-Missouri, Kansas-Nebraska, Minnesota, and Rocky Mountain Conferences. 
''North Pacific Union'' - Conferences: Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Upper Columbia, and Washington Conferences. 
''Pacific Union'' - Conferences: Arizona, Central California, Hawaii, Nevada-Utah, Northern California, Southeastern California, and Southern California Conferences. 
''Southern Union'' - Conferences: Carolina, Florida, Georgia-Cumberland, Gulf States, Kentucky-Tennessee, South Atlantic, South Central, and Southeastern Conferences. 
''Southwestern Union'' - Conferences: Arkansas-Louisiana, Oklahoma, Southwest Region, Texas, and Texico Conferences. 

==6. Miscellaneous: Tell the importance of at least ten (10) of the following locations, organizations, or concepts or their equivalent.== 

===a. Avondale College=== 
Avondale University College is an Australian tertiary education provider affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system. Avondale University College has two campuses, the Lake Macquarie campus being the primary campus situated in Cooranbong, New South Wales. The other campus is located at Sydney Adventist Hospital in the Sydney suburb of Wahroonga and is the main campus of the nursing school.
Avondale University College primarily focuses in the areas of teaching, theology, and nursing, but also offers bachelor's degrees in business, science and the arts as well as certificate studies in outdoor recreation. The nursing programme commences at the Cooranbong campus for one or two semesters and is completed at the Sydney Adventist Hospital with hands-on experience gained in the hospital. Master's degrees are offered in theology, education, nursing, ministry, and some business related fields by distance education, including a one-month on-campus component in the winter semester.

===b. Battle Creek Sanitarium=== 
The Battle Creek Sanitarium was opened in 1866. It was a pioneer Seventh-day Adventist Medical institution.

===c. Dime Tabernacle=== 
Dime Tabernacle was the name for the church built in Battle Creek and paid for from dimes that were saved and turned in for the church building. It was destroyed by fire on January 3, 1922.

===d. Norsk Bokforlag=== 
Norsk Bokforlag was a Norwegian Publishing House established in 1932.

===e. Pitcairn Missionary Ship=== 
The Pitcairn was a vessel built as a schooner, refitted as a brigantine, and used by Seventh-day Adventists for transporting missionaries across the Pacific Ocean from 1890 to 1900. The ship was paid for by Sabbath School Offerings and made six missionary voyages whose missionaries established missions in many of the islands of the South Pacific. The first voyage went directly to Pitcairn Island arriving there November 25, 1890. Pitcairn was a remote British island possession in the southeastern Pacific Ocean about 3,500 miles north-east of New Zealand. Because maintenance of the ship was expensive, The Pitcairn was sold in 1900, by which time steamship connections with the islands had improved.

A game bearing the name of the ship has been created for individuals to earn the God's Messenger Honor, accessible on the web or as an app at [http://dev-egw.ellenwhite.org/articles/124].

===f. Sabbath Conferences=== 
The Sabbath Conferences were a series of meetings of “friends of the Sabbath” held in various places in New England and New York. Beginning in April of 1848, during the formative period when James and Ellen White, Joseph Bates, and others began the work of "uniting the brethren on the great truths connected with the message of the third angel."

===g. Sanitarium Health Food Co.=== 
The Sanitarium Health & Wellbeing Company is a chain of health food factories, wholesale branches, and retail shops in Australia and New Zealand, operated by the Health Food Department of the South Pacific Division of the Adventist Church. Products include Weets-Bix, a flaked-wheat breakfast-food biscuit; cornflakes, and other cereal foods; Marmite, a yeast-extract flavoring; peanut butter, vegetarian meats and textured vegetable protein, and So Good, a nondairy soy milk. It has subsidiaries in Canada and other countries and exports worldwide. Part of the Adventist focus on healthy living. <ref>http://www.sanitarium.co.nz/about-us/our-history</ref>

===h. Solusi College=== 
First (heathen) Adventist Mission Station 1894.


The General Conference chose Elder W.H. Anderson and two other men to go to the new mission station 1895. They were given $5,000 dollars for one year and were told that was all they had. They were to become self-supporting as soon as possible. They had no expense allowance. They landed at Cape Town and traveled by train to the north to Mafeking. From there they traveled 600 miles using two oxcarts and 36 oxen. They averaged about 15 miles a day and the river beds were dry. They learned later that in the dry season the water was under the river bed and not in sight. When the monsoon season comes the river beds are full.


At first the church services were held under the trees. On their first first Sabbath there, the Chief Solusi came with many of his people.


Solusi College is an institution of higher learning now operated by the Zimbabwe Union Conference. It was established in 1894 as Solusi Mission and is headquartered in Bulilimamangwe, Zimbabwe. An [http://www.solusi.ac.zw/history/ interesting brief history].

===i. Systematic Benevolence=== 
Systematic Benevolence was a system by which the first Adventist pastors were paid. Contributions were "systematic" meaning they were determined by one's wealth and were regularly made. Before this plan the preachers of the Seventh-day Adventist doctrines were largely self-supporting.

===j. Tract Society=== 
The Tract Society began in 1869 with a group of ladies at South Lancaster, Massachusetts. The society members visited the sick and needy and distributed tracts and wrote letters sharing their faith. In 1870 S. N. Haskell organized the first Conference-wide society in New England. By 1924 their scope of influence having long since reached beyond the small literature state, the name was changed to Book and Bible Houses. In 1972 the name Adventist Book Center (ABC) was adopted. The ABC is a distribution and service outlet for the Seventh-day Adventist publishing house products and other church-approved materials.

===k. Universidad de Montemorelos=== 
Universidad de Montemorelos is a coeducational institution of higher learning established in 1942 near the city of Montemorelos, State of Nuevo León, México.

===l. Voice of Prophecy=== 
The radio broadcast founded by H. M. S. Richards. See ''H. M. S. Richards, Near to the Heart of God|[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0828013322/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0828013322&linkCode=as2&tag=wwwjadedragon-20]]'' by Robert E. Edwards Review & Herald, 1998 for a great read.

===m. Washington hand press=== 
The Washington hand press (a brand or style of hand operated printing press) was purchased by James White with money from Hiram Edson in 1852, the first press purchased to print SDA materials<ref>http://news.adventist.org/all-news/news/go/2013-04-10/publishing-work-was-central-to-early-adventist-church/</ref>. Prior to that, all printed materials were printed by commercial print shops. From that small beginning in a rented house in Rochester, New York, the church established a worldwide network of publishing houses printing in numerous languages.

===n. Other significant locations, organizations, or concepts in your division, conference, or region=== 

==7. Read about, watch, or research the story of Ellen G. White. Explain what her role was in the beginnings of the Adventist Church. Include in your research significant factors such as:== 

===a. First vision (June 6, 1863)=== 
Ellen had a vision on Health Reform.

===b. “Elmshaven”=== 
Ellen White’s home in St. Helena, California in the Napa Valley. It can be toured for free in person or online. http://www.elmshaven.org/

===c. Visions=== 
Messages from God that Ellen was to share.

===d. Gorham, Maine=== 
Ellen's birthplace <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorham,_Maine</ref>.

===e. Lord’s Messenger=== 
The name that Ellen White gave herself.

===f. “Conflict of the Ages” series=== 
A series of five books that E. G. White wrote which helped people to understand the Bible. The five books are: The Great Controversy, Patriarchs and Prophets, The Desire of Ages, The Acts of the Apostles, and Prophets and Kings <ref>http://www.ellenwhite.info/books/books-by-egw-coa.htm</ref>

===g. Ellen G. White Estate, Inc.=== 
In her will, Ellen G. White left her literary estate to a board of five church leaders so that her papers and books would be preserved. This corporation was organized after her death in 1915. It is now headquartered in the basement of the General Conference building, Silver Spring, Maryland, where free tours are offered.

===h. Lovett’s Grove, Ohio=== 
Two hour Vision on events in the great conflict between the forces of righteousness and the forces of evil which she was instructed to write out. Later it was written in full in a book called ''The Great Controversy''.

===i. “Sunnyside”=== 
The name of Ellen G. White's home in Cooranbong, Australia near Avondale College. Photo <ref>http://nas.egwwritings.org/galleries/Institutions/637.3b.1.jpg.php</ref>

===j. Testimonies for the Church=== 
A collection of writings that Ellen authored giving instruction, reproof and guidance for church members and leaders. The Testimonies series was released and published over time, eventually taking the 9 volume set we use today. While the individual letters were addressed to specific people, the principals outlined have broad application in the church. Ellen White recognized this and arranged for their wider publication.

==8. Discovery of Heritage Stories:== 

===a. Discover how the Adventist movement started in your country. Give special attention to the things the pioneers did in the process within your country or region.=== 

The Your Story Hour series on Adventist Pioneers, called Pathways of the Pioneers, tells of Adventist beginnings mainly in the USA, but some other countries as well. The series is available in [https://whiteestate.org/resources/pioneers-stories/ MP3 format] on the White Estate website for free online listening.

===b. Discover some of the stories of how Pathfinders, Adventist Youth Groups, or AY Societies began in your conference or division.=== 

===c. Present your finding to a group or as part of requirement 9 or 10.=== 

==9. Know and tell for school, Sabbath School, or Pathfinder worship three stories about Adventist history. At least one story must be about an Adventist youth.== 

==10. As an individual or with a group complete one of the following:== 

===a. Create and present a detailed poster or multimedia display (video/presentation) covering a portion of Adventist Heritage that you have learned.=== 

===b. Write and perform a skit that tells part of the Adventist Heritage story. Present it to younger Pathfinders, Adventurers or other younger group of individuals.=== 

===c. Create a completely playable game about Adventist Heritage. Demonstrate the game to your instructor or a group.=== 

===d. Visit an official Adventist Heritage site within your conference, union, or division and go on a tour. Debrief your experience with a group. If feasible, create a multimedia report of your experience.=== 

==References== 
[http://pathfinders.adventistconnect.org/site_data/86/assets/0024/9222/Chuch_Heritage_Manual.pdf Church Heritage Manual]


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AY Honors/Adventist Pioneer Heritage/Answer Key

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Jrrmicro: Add ref to Pitcairn game

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{{honor desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Adventist Pioneer Heritage
|skill=2
|year=2014
|category=Outreach
|authority=General Conference
|reqpdf=Adventist_Heritage_Requirements.pdf
|insignia=Adventist_Heritage.png}}
{{Honor Master|honor={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|3}}|master=Family, Origins, and Heritage|group=required}}

==Note== 


This honor reflects the best requirements of two pre-existing honors, one from the North American Division and the other from the South American Division.


<big>'''Complete a minimum of a 9-week Academy or semester college Adventist History course OR complete the following requirements.'''</big>

==1. Origins:== 
===a. Read about, watch, or research the origins and development of the Millerite Movement and its role in the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.===


[https://telltheworld.adventist.org/ Tell the World] 6 Video's of the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

===b. Explain the Great Disappointment based on the prophecy of Daniel 8.=== 

===c. Share your finding with a group.=== 

==2. Pioneers: Be able to identify and explain the significance of at least fifteen (15) of the following individuals:== 

===a. Martha Amadon=== 
[[File:Martha Byington.jpg|thumb|right|Martha Byington]]
Martha Amadon (1843-1937) was the eldest daughter of John Byington, the first teacher of the first school organized for Seventh-day Adventist Children. She married George W. Amadon in 1860. She became the first Dorcas Society (Adventist Community Service) president in October, 1874.
{{clear}}

===b. W. H. Anderson=== 
[[File:William H. Anderson.jpg|thumb|right|William H. Anderson]]
William H. Anderson (1870-1950) was a pioneer missionary to Africa from 1895-1944. "Harry," as he was affectionately known to his friends, graduated in 1895 from Battle Creek College, where he was converted. Anderson’s book, ''On The Trail of Livingston'' (1919) did much to stimulate interest in African Missions where he served for 50 years.
{{clear}}

===c. J. N. Andrews=== 
[[File:John Nevins Andrews.jpg|thumb|right|John Nevins Andrews]]
John Nevins Andrews (1829-1883) was the first official Seventh-day Adventist missionary outside of North America. He and his children Charles and Mary sailed on September 15, 1874 to Switzerland. His wife had died 18 March 1872. As a theologian, Andrews made significant contributions to the development of various doctrines of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination. He wrote extensively on the Seventh-day Sabbath.
{{clear}}


Andrews University, named for J. N. Andrews, is an institution operated jointly by the General Conference and the Lake Union Conference. It was the first university to be organized by the Seventh-day Adventist church. It is located in Berrien Springs, Michigan. Its predecessor known as Battle Creek College, was founded in 1874, and grew from a “select” private school established in 1868 by G. H. Bell.

===d. Joseph Bates=== 
[[File:Joseph Bates.jpg|thumb|right|Joseph Bates]]
Joseph Bates (1792-1872) a former sea captain and a reformer, was one of the founders of the SDA Church. Bates experienced the disappointment of 1844 without losing faith. He wrote about the 7th Day Sabbath and the 3rd Angel's message. He played a prominent part in the "Sabbath Conferences." He was an evangelist, a leader, and an example in healthful living.
{{clear}}

===e. John Byington=== 
[[File:John Byington.jpg|thumb|right|John Byington]]
John Byington (1798-1887) was a pioneer minister and first president of the General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination. He was active in the antislavery movement and maintained a station of the Underground Railroad at Buck’s Bridge, New York, where he lived on a farm.
{{clear}}

===f. M. B. Czechowski=== 
[[File:Michał Belina - Czechowski.jpg|thumb|right|Michał Belina Czechowski]]
Michael Belina Czechowski (1818-1876) was a former Catholic priest. He joined the Advent Church in 1857 and in 1864 became a self-supporting missionary to Italy and Switzerland and established the first SDA church in Europe.
{{clear}}

===g. A.G. Daniells=== 
[[File:Daniells.JPG|thumb|right|Arthur G. Daniells]] Arthur G. Daniells (1858-1935), was a minister, administrator and author. At the age of 10 he was converted to the Seventh-day Adventist faith, and in 1875 entered Battle Creek College. He began his ministry in 1878 in Texas. In 1886 he was called as pioneer SDA missionary to New Zealand. He was president of the New Zealand Conference (1889-1891) and of the Australian Conference (1892-1895). He worked closely with Ellen White in Australia, and served as president of the Central Australian Conference and later president of the Australian Union Conference. He assumed the presidency of the General Conference in 1901 at a difficult period in the history of the church, and helped move the headquarters of the denomination to Washington, D. C. During his time in office the church grew greatly throughout the world. He relinquished the presidency of the General Conference in 1922. He authored four books, two of which standout as classics: “Christ Our Righteousness,” and “The Abiding Gift of Prophecy.”
{{clear}}

===h. Hiram Edson=== 
[[File:Hiram Edson.jpg|thumb|right|Hiram Edson]]
Hiram Edson (1806-1882) was a layman, later ordained, of Port Gibson, New York. He was the pioneer responsible for introducing, among those who became Seventh-day Adventists, the fuller understanding of the sanctuary and its cleansing. Edson was not only a thoughtful Bible student and an earnest evangelistic helper, but also a self-sacrificing contributor, putting his possessions into building of the church he loved. Consider visiting Hiram Edson's farm in upstate New York. <ref>http://www.adventistheritage.org/article/27/historic-sites/edson-farm</ref>
{{clear}}

===i. Harry Fenner=== 
[[File:Henry Fenner.jpg|thumb|right|Henry Fenner]]
Harry Fenner was only 17 years old when he and his 14 year old friend, Luther Warren decided the church needed an organization to encourage and support the youth. They called their new group a “young people’s society.” Within ten years the church structure was beginning to follow their lead. In 1889 the Ohio Conference became the first to form a conference-wide youth organization. It was known as Christian Volunteers. And in 1907 the General Conference Youth Department was formally organized.
{{clear}}

===j. Eduardo Francisco Forga=== 
[[File:Eduardo Forga.png|thumb|right|Eduardo Francisco Forga]]
Before he was converted to Adventism, Eduardo F. Forga, a wealthy young Peruvian, founded the first evangelical church in Arequipa, Peru. A health and temperance reformer, a vegetarian, and a defender of religious liberty, he had to flee his native country to England for his outspokenness. There he joined the Seventhday Adventist Church and married Marguerite Lacey, whose sister was married to W. C. White, Ellen White's son. An author in his own right, Mr. Forga translated some of Mrs. White's books and articles into Spanish and had a major impact on the growth of the Adventist Church in Peru, South America.
{{clear}}

===k. A.T. Jones / E.J. Waggoner=== 
[[File:Alonzo T. Jones.jpg|thumb|right|Alonzo T. Jones]]
[[File:Ellet Joseph Waggoner.jpg|thumb|right|Ellet. J. Waggoner]]Alonzo T. Jones, (1850-1923) was a minister, editor, and author. At the age of 20 he enlisted in the Army and for three years served his country. He loved reading, and read large historical works, Seventh-day Adventist publications, and the Bible. After being discharged from the Army in 1873, he was baptized and began preaching on the West Coast for the church. In May 1885 he became assistant editor of the ''Signs of the Times'', and a few months later he and E. J. Waggoner became editors. This position he held until 1889. From 1897 to 1901 he was editor in chief of the ''Review and Herald''. He became recognized as the denomination’s most prominent speaker for religious freedom. His association with Dr. J. H. Kellogg in 1903, who was actively seeking to separate the Battle Creek Sanitarium from denominational control, resulted in separation from denominational employment and, finally, in loss of church membership.
Ellet J. Waggonner, (1855-1916) was an editor, minister, and physician. He attended Battle Creek College in the earliest years of the institution, and obtained a medical degree from the Bellevue Medical College, New York. He served on the staff of the Battle Creek Sanitarium for a few years. Later he left the practice of medicine and entered the ministry. In 1884 he worked at Pacific Press as assistant editor of the ''Signs of the Times''. Two years later (1886) he and A. T. Jones became editors of the paper. This post Waggoner held until May 1891. He became editor of ''Present Truth'' in England in 1892, and in 1902 was elected the first president of the South England Conference. He returned to the United States in the summer of 1902, and served briefly on the staff of Emmanuel Missionary College.


In 1888 Waggoner and A. T. Jones gave a memorable series of sermons on righteousness by faith that stirred the General Conference session in Minneapolis, and for several years afterward were sent by the General Conference Committee to preach on that subject from coast to coast at camp meetings and other large gatherings. Ellen White accompanied them to many of these places until she left for Australia in December 1891.
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===l. Charles M. Kenney=== 
[[File:Charles Kinney.jpg|thumb|right|Charles M. Kinney]]
Charles M. Kinny was born in Richmond, Virginia in 1855, eleven years after the Disappointment of 1844. He was ten years old by the end of the Civil War. It was in Reno, Nevada, in 1878 at the age of 23 that Kinny attended a series of evangelistic sermons by J. N. Loughborough. Ellen White visited during the meetings and spoke to about four hundred listeners on the subject of the “Love of God.” Her message was well received and her presence added much to the interest of the people and “left a favorable impression upon the public mind.” Charles M. Kinny experienced conversion during those meetings. He never forgot Sister White’s sermon and joyfully embraced the love of God and accepted the truth about the Sabbath and the Second Advent. He kept his first Sabbath on the last Saturday of September, 1878, at the age of 23. He was one of the seven charter members and the only Black member of the Reno Seventh-day Adventist church. He was welcomed warmly by the church and was later appointed secretary of their tract society. Charles Kinny would become a prominent figure in early African American Adventism and most of what Adventists learned about the early progress of the work among African Americans they learned from the writings of Charles Kinny. Church leaders looked to him to develop the best methods of evangelism among African Americans. As such Charles M. Kinny was the first African American ordained minister in the Seventh-day Adventist church and is known as the The Father of Black Adventism.
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===m. George King=== 
[[File:George King SDA Pioneer.jpg|thumb|right|George Albert King]]
George Albert King (1847-1906) was a pioneer canvasser who developed the idea of subscription sale of Seventh-day Adventist books. A native of Canada, he came to the United States where as a young man he accepted SDA beliefs and desired to be a preacher. Because of a speech impediment he was encouraged to try selling SDA tracts and magazines and books. Throughout his life he was an enthusiastic recruiter and instructor of other canvassers.
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===n. Anna Knight=== 
[[File:Anna Knight.jpg|thumb|right|Anna Knight]]
Anna Knight (1874-1972) was self-taught until the age of 20 when she attended Mount Vernon Academy in Ohio in 1894. In 1898 she graduated from Battle Creek College as a missionary nurse. She operated a self-supporting school in Jasper County, Mississippi for Black children. In 1901 she was appointed as a missionary to India where she served 6 years. She served in the Educational Department for Southeastern Conference and Southern Conference when they merged, and served until the regional Conferences were formed. She authored the book ''Mississippi Girl,<ref>http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0006ATC4O/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B0006ATC4O&linkCode=as2&tag=wwwjadedragon-20</ref>'' the story of her life.
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===o. Abram LaRue=== 
[[File:Abram LaRue.jpg|thumb|right|Abram LaRue]]
Abram LaRue (1822-1903) was a pioneer, self-supporting lay missionary in eastern Asia. While working as a sheepherder in California he accepted the Seventh-day Adventist faith. Immediately he requested a mission appointment to China. Because of his advanced age the General Conference declined but after attending Healdsburg College one term he worked his way to Honolulu and sold books in the city and on the ships in port. In 1888 at the age of 66, La Rue went to Hong Kong where he worked for 14 years with Europeans and the Chinese. He died in Hong Kong in 1903 where he had been a tireless worker with a rare gift in meeting people and conveying his own religious convictions to them.
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===p. Kate Lindsay=== 
Katherine Lindsay (1842-1923) was a physician and founder of the first Seventh-day Adventist nurse’s training school. In 1875 she graduated at the head of her class from the University of Michigan Medical College. She joined the staff of the Battle Creek Sanitarium. Dr. Kate, as she was known, introduced thorough classwork and became known as a foremost teacher of student nurses.

===q. William Miller=== 
[[File:William Miller.jpg|thumb|right|William Miller]]
William Miller (1782-1849) was an American farmer and a Baptist preacher who announced the imminent coming of Christ and founded the movement popularly know as Millerism or the Millerite movement. He was a convincing preacher in the logical way he appealed in earnestness. After the “Great Disappointment” he built a chapel on his property so Advent Believers would have a place to worship.
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===r. W.W. Prescott=== 
[[File:W._W._Prescott.jpg|thumb|right|William W. Prescott]]William W. Prescott, (1855-1944) was an educator and administrator. His parents were Millerites in New England. While in his last year at South Berwick Academy, he taught Latin and Greek. He was principal of high schools in Northfield and Montpelier, Vermont (1877 to 1880). With his acceptance of the presidency of Battle Creek College (1885-1894), he entered upon a career unique in many respects in Seventh-day Adventist history. While still president of Battle Creek College, he helped found Union College and became its first president in 1891. He appointed principals for the two institutions to act while he was absent from one or the other. Then late in 1892 he assumed the presidency of the newly founded Walla Walla College. Thus, he was simultaneously president of three colleges in the year. During a world tour (1894-1895), he helped to found the Avondale School in Australia. In 1901 he became the vice president of the General Conference, chair of the Review and Herald Publishing Association board, and editor of the Review and Herald. Later in his career, he served as head of the Bible Department of Emmanuel Missionary College, a post he held until 1934. Whether teacher, editor, administrator, or secretary of the General Conference Department of Education, Prescott left a strong impression on the entire educational work of the denomination.
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===s. Rachel Oakes-Preston=== 
[[File:Rachel Oakes.jpg|thumb|right|Rachel Oakes]]
Rachel Oakes-Preston (1809-1868) was a Seventh-day Baptist who persuaded a group of Adventists to accept the Sabbath in Washington, New Hampshire, and thus to become, in that sense, the first Seventh-day Adventists. Due to Rachel's influence, Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910), an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and promoter of the prophetic teachings of William Miller, preached his first sermon on seventh-day Sabbath to his "Christian Brethren" congregation on March 16, 1844.


Further due to Rachel's influence, William Farnsworth (1807-1888), after the Great Disappointment of October 22, 1844, stated publicly to the "Christian Brethren" congregation his conviction that Saturday, being the seventh day of the week, was Sabbath. His brother Cyrus (who became the husband of Rachel’s daughter Delight), and several others, also made their convictions known.
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===t. Annie Smith=== 
[[File:Annie Rebekah Smith.JPG|thumb|right|Anna Rebekah Smith]]
Annie Rebekah Smith (1828-1855) was a poet and editorial assistant. She joined the Baptist Church at the age of 10 and became an Adventist in 1844. She gave up teaching in 1850 because of eye trouble and in 1851 she attended a meeting by Joseph Bates and was convinced of the Seventh-day Adventist faith. She sent a poem, ''"Fear Not, Little Flock"'' to the Review and Herald. James White employed her to read proof, edit copy and take charge in White’s absence. She wrote many poems. Ten of her hymns appear in the Church Hymnal. She died of Tuberculosis in 1855.
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===u. Uriah Smith=== 
[[File:Uriah Smith.jpg|thumb|Uriah Smith]]
Uriah Smith (1832-1903) was an editor and author who gave 50 years of service to the Seventh-day Adventist cause. At age 13 his left leg was amputated above the knee due to an infection. In 1863 he patented a improved model artificial leg with fully flexible knee and ankle joints. He became a Sabbath-keeping Adventist in 1852. He wrote poems and articles that were printed in the Review & Herald and in 1853 joined his sister, Annie, as a worker at the office of the Advent Review and Sabbath Herald in Rochester, New York. He was one of the most fluent writers for the young denomination. His pen could be incisive. He is best known for the book Daniel and Revelation. In 1874 he patented a school desk with an improved folding seat. The last words he ever wrote, in 1903, to the General Conference epitomized his lifelong purpose: "I am with you in the endeavor to send forth in this generation this gospel of the kingdom, for a witness to all nations. And when this is completed, it will be the signal for the coronation of our Coming King."
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===v. Luther Warren=== 
[[File:Luther Warren.jpg|thumb|right|Luther Warren]]
Luther Warren (1864-1940) was a youth leader and evangelist. At the age of 14, in 1879, he with his friend Harry Fenner, organized at Hazelton, Michigan one of the first Seventh-day Adventist young people’s societies. His formal education was limited but he was an insatiable reader, keenly interested in the development of church schools. He began his evangelistic career in 1888 as a tent master in Michigan, a career that took him to many centers throughout North America. He powerfully influenced thousands of young people in schools and churches where he conducted revivals. Mary Boucher has written a biography on Warren under the title ''Luther Warren'' (Review and Herald, 1959).
'''[See the history given here.][https://adventisthistory.wordpress.com/category/people/luther-warren-people/].'''
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===w. F. H. Westphal=== 
[[File:Frank H. Westphal.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Frank H. Westphal]]
Frank Henry Westphal (1858-1944) was a pioneer missionary to South America. He was converted to the Seventh-day Adventist faith at the age of 19 and in 1878 he was made leader of the newly organized church in New London, Wisconsin. In 1894 he was called to South America and became the first ordained SDA minister assigned to the South America Continent. He worked with success in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil and Chili.
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===x. Frederick Wheeler=== 
[[File:Frederick Wheeler.jpg|thumb|right|Frederick Wheeler]]
Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910) was a pioneer Adventist minister, reputed to be the first ordained Adventist minister to preach in favor of the seventh-day Sabbath. In 1840 he was an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church and became its circuit rider in the vicinity of Washington and Hillsboro in New Hampshire. In 1842 he became acquainted with the Millerite views and was active in the propagation of the Adventist views. In March of 1844, after a discussion with Rachel Oakes (later Preston), he became convinced through study that the seventh-day Sabbath was sacred. He preached and farmed in the neighborhood until James White invited him to go farther afield with his ministry.

===y. James White=== 
[[File:James Springer White.jpg|thumb|James White]]
James Springer White (1821-1881), a co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, was the fifth of nine children. He was baptized, at age 15, in the denomination called Christian Connection to which his parents belonged. After teaching for two winters he heard of the Millerite Movement and was persuaded to attend a meeting. He became convinced of the importance of what he had heard and of the shortness of time. He resigned from his school to join in heralding the Advent message. He suffered keenly during the Great Disappointment in October 1844, but he clung in confidence to God’s Word. He married Ellen Gould Harmon on August 30, 1846 and soon after, the two of them began to keep the seventh-day Sabbath. He wrote encouragement to the believers and worked to spread the gospel of Jesus' soon coming until his death in 1881.


Ellen G. White, (1827-1915) was co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, together with James White and Joseph Bates. She was a writer, lecturer, and counselor to the church, who possessed what Seventh-day Adventists have accepted as the prophetic gift described in the Bible; also known as the Spirit of prophecy. In her early teens Ellen and her family were faithful Methodists in Portland, Maine, and accepted William Miller’s view on the second advent of Christ about the year 1843, after hearing his lecture in March 1840. She was baptized into the Methodist Church in June 26, 1842. In September 1843, because of their Adventist views, she and her parents and other members of the family were disfellowshipped from the Methodist Church. Expecting Christ’s return in October 22, 1844, she and her family experienced the Millerites’ great disappointment. At the age of 17, in December 1844, Ellen Harmon joined four other women in family worship, and while they were praying, she experienced her first vision, in which she witnessed a representation of the travels of the Adventist people to the City of God. It was one of many visions she received during her lifelong ministry. Ellen White died on July 16, 1915, at the ripe age of 87 years.
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===z. Any other pioneers of your preference from your own Union/Division.=== 

==3. Dates: Explore and summarize the importance of each of the following event dates to Adventist history:== 

===a. Great Disappointment (October 22, 1844)=== 
The day of the Great Disappointment was when Jesus did not come as those awaiting His Advent had calculated and waited for with much prayer.

===b. Adventist Church incorporated (May 21, 1863)=== 
The Adventist Church incorporated on May 21, 1863. This is considered the date of the official organization of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. This move was significant since it gave the church the right to own property and ordain ministers. Many of the founders had to “grow” significantly in order to “organize” since many had come from backgrounds that felt that organizing was not consistent with scripture.

===c. Health Reform begins - 1863=== 

===d. J.N. Andrews: First Missionary - 1874=== 

===e. General Conference of 1888 (Righteousness by Faith Conference)=== 
Held in Minneapolis, Minnesota October of 1888 this conference was notable as E. J. Waggoner and A. T. Jones presented the concept of Righteousness by Faith in Jesus Christ. Ellen White joined the two men in their presentations.

Many of the General Conference leaders held that works-based righteousness was the key to salvation in Jesus. The arguments and exchanges were heated and lengthy. Eventually, God-led individuals voted in favor of the church operating under a premise of righteousness by faith, but this "win" would not come easy. EJ Waggoner, A.T. Jones both eventually left Adventism, and Ellen White was "sent" to Australia.

===f. Reorganization of 1901 / Fires in Battle Creek 1902=== 
These events decentralized the very centralized administration of the General Conference at the time.

A.G. Daniels helped lead a charge to create UNIONS in 1901, thus allowing many decisions that primarily affected one local field to be made by leaders within the field. This left global decisions to the General Conference, and even eventually led to a delegate-based approach to decision making on such issues as the Fundamental beliefs that define Adventism (3 h.)

Ellen White had warned that there needed to be more people involved in the process of decision making AND that having all the major "arms" of the church work all in one city was not the "salt and light" God intended. The Battle Creek Sanitarium (medical) burned February 18 and Review and Herald (publishing) burned December 30, both in the same year - 1902. (article http://archives.adventistreview.org/2004-1513/story1.html)

All of these events helped decentralize the power and influence of the administration of the Adventist work. Currently, there are over 100 medical facilities operated by the Adventist Church and more than 70 publishing houses worldwide (http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmFieldSubEntities.aspx?EntityType=P&AdmFieldID=GC)

===g. Gland, Switzerland, 1907=== 
Gland, Switzerland was the site of the General Conference Session where the Young People’s Department of Missionary Volunteers was officially adopted. This later became the Pathfinders.

===h. 27 Fundamental Beliefs document adopted 1980=== 

Fundamental Principles of Adventist belief had been published as early as 1872 (by James White) and supported by the General Conference as early as 1889. However, the formal statement of Fundamental Beliefs published in 1980 as voted in General Conference session was a significant step in formalizing what beliefs set apart Seventh-day Adventists as a distinctive branch of Christianity AND also demonstrates the Christ-centric nature of the Adventist church. In 2005, a 28th belief (inserted as #11) was added.

===i. Other significant dates in the history of Adventism in your division, conference, or region=== 

==4. Publications: Describe the origins, publication details, and purpose of each of the following Adventist Publications:== 

Many historical publications can be accessed on the Office of Archives, Statistics, and Research website[https://documents.adventistarchives.org/Periodicals/Forms/AllFolders.aspx], or their history explored in the online version of the Encyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventists [https://encyclopedia.adventist.org/].

===a. Adventist Review and Sabbath Herald=== 
The Adventist Review was founded by James and Ellen White in July 1849 as The Present Truth, but the name was changed to The Advent Review and then Second Advent Review and Sabbath Herald (with variations) after being combined with the Advent Herald publication. The name was changed to Adventist Review in 1978. Throughout its history it has been commonly referred to as the Review

===b. Advent Tidende=== 
Advent Tidende was a Danish monthly paper which John G. Matteson, a native son of Denmark, started for the Scandinavian people in the United States, Denmark, and Norway.

===c. Les Signes des Temps / Signs of the Times=== 
French ''Signs of the Times'' magazine

===d. Liberty Magazine / Liberty=== 
Liberty was first called American Sentinel (1886-1900) and then Sentinel of Liberty (1900-1903) before being shortened to its current name (1906-Present). Not sure what it was called from 1903-1906, doesn't seem to say.

===e. Medical Evangelist / Medical Evangelism=== 
Published by the College of Evangelists, then the College of Medical Evangelists and finally Loma Linda University. Publication began in June 1908 and continued through June 1962.

===f. Present Truth=== 
Present Truth was an illustrated evangelistic periodical devoted to the presentation of various facets of doctrine. It was begun by James White in July of 1849 and was the forerunner of the Review and Herald.

===g. Youth’s Instructor=== 
The Youth's Instructor was the name of the first magazine the Seventh-day Adventists had for youth. It was later renamed ''Junior Guide'' and later ''Guide Magazine'' which is still in print today.

===h. Equivalent publications in your division, conference, or region=== 

==5. Church Organization:== 

===a. Briefly explain the significance of the 1901 General Conference and describe the organizational structure that resulted from it. Indicate how your conference, association, or mission fits into the overall church structure.=== 


Ellen White, recently back from Australia, stood up at the 1901 GC Session in Battle Creek and urged that the Administrative structure of the church be modified. The goal was to increase the effectiveness of the church in ministry, move decision making out of the GC office (then in Battle Creek) and closer to the front line.


The most significant action in 1901 was perhaps the organization of Union Conferences. Originally the 'State' conferences had joined together to form the General Conference. While many in leadership came to view Unions as unnecessary overhead by 2000 (a hundred years later), the debate over gender equality in ministry has brought Unions forward again as a primary place where policy and change happens.


The Adventist Church is studying restructuring actively. Economic realities will likely see a reduction of at least one of the levels of church governance. Different people wish to strengthen or weaken the power of the General Conference (and its Divisions) vs the Unions and Local Conferences. Time will tell how the church can best structure to finish the gospel commission.

===b. Point out on a map where the church offices are located from your conference level to the General Conference.=== 
Generally (there are exceptions) there will be 4 levels of administration serving your local church and its members:


Local Conference or Local Mission. Sometimes for areas with few Adventists this level is called a Field or Section. Increasingly this level is being dispensed with in favor of the Union of Churches model. Conferences usually cover a province or state, or part of or several such political units. Regional Conferences in much of the USA provide support to mainly black churches.


Union or Union Mission or Union of Churches. Increasingly the Union level is termed SDA Church in Place Name. In part of Europe in particular the Union of Churches model is dispensing with the local conference model and simply representing churches in a geographic area. The Union is the building block off the General Conference. There are 124 Unions in the world as of 2014. A few Conferences are not attached to a Union for various reasons (Guam-Micronesia in the NAD is one example).


Divisions of the General Conference are administrative units that group Unions together. There are 13 Divisions and 1 Union (Middle East North Africa Union) that exists outside any Division. Divisions have no independent constituency.


The General Conference is the grouping of all the Unions. New Unions are voted into the worldwide sisterhood of churches at each GC Session (5 years apart).

===c. Illustrate the organizational structure of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and prepare an ecclesiastical organization chart to demonstrate your learning.=== 

A helpful resource could be the Church Structure video series developed by The Scratch News and posted on [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzafYVHG38GHrqxn8xg-wkQ/playlists YouTube].

From the North American Division Perspective - your illustration would show the General Conference, then the North American Division (Canada, United States, Bermuda, Guam, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Northern Mariana Islands and Palau). ([https://news.adventist.org/en/all-news/news/go/2011-10-11/guam-micronesia-mission-now-part-of-north-american-division/])
Following that is the Union structure. Your illustration would vary based on which Union your Conference and church is located in.


'''The Unions & Conferences in the NAD are:'''
[http://www.nadadventist.org/article/54/directory/area-headquarters]
[https://www.nadadventist.org/about-our-church/north-american-division-map] 
''Atlantic Union'' - Conferences: Bermuda, Greater New York, New York, Northeastern, Northern New England, and Southern New England Conferences. 
''Seventh-day Adventist Church in Canada'' - Conferences: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba-Saskatchewan, Maritime, Ontario, and Quebec (French website) Conferences and the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Newfoundland and Labrador. 
''Columbia Union'' - Conferences: Allegheny East, Allegheny West, Chesapeake, Mountain View, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Potomac Conferences. 
''Guam-Micronesia Mission'' - Became part of North American Division in February, 2012 Missions do not have conferences. 
''Lake Union'' - Conferences: Illinois, Indiana, Lake Region, Michigan, and Wisconsin Conferences. 
''Mid-America Union'' - Conferences: Central States, Dakota, Iowa-Missouri, Kansas-Nebraska, Minnesota, and Rocky Mountain Conferences. 
''North Pacific Union'' - Conferences: Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Upper Columbia, and Washington Conferences. 
''Pacific Union'' - Conferences: Arizona, Central California, Hawaii, Nevada-Utah, Northern California, Southeastern California, and Southern California Conferences. 
''Southern Union'' - Conferences: Carolina, Florida, Georgia-Cumberland, Gulf States, Kentucky-Tennessee, South Atlantic, South Central, and Southeastern Conferences. 
''Southwestern Union'' - Conferences: Arkansas-Louisiana, Oklahoma, Southwest Region, Texas, and Texico Conferences. 

==6. Miscellaneous: Tell the importance of at least ten (10) of the following locations, organizations, or concepts or their equivalent.== 

===a. Avondale College=== 
Avondale University College is an Australian tertiary education provider affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system. Avondale University College has two campuses, the Lake Macquarie campus being the primary campus situated in Cooranbong, New South Wales. The other campus is located at Sydney Adventist Hospital in the Sydney suburb of Wahroonga and is the main campus of the nursing school.
Avondale University College primarily focuses in the areas of teaching, theology, and nursing, but also offers bachelor's degrees in business, science and the arts as well as certificate studies in outdoor recreation. The nursing programme commences at the Cooranbong campus for one or two semesters and is completed at the Sydney Adventist Hospital with hands-on experience gained in the hospital. Master's degrees are offered in theology, education, nursing, ministry, and some business related fields by distance education, including a one-month on-campus component in the winter semester.

===b. Battle Creek Sanitarium=== 
The Battle Creek Sanitarium was opened in 1866. It was a pioneer Seventh-day Adventist Medical institution.

===c. Dime Tabernacle=== 
Dime Tabernacle was the name for the church built in Battle Creek and paid for from dimes that were saved and turned in for the church building. It was destroyed by fire on January 3, 1922.

===d. Norsk Bokforlag=== 
Norsk Bokforlag was a Norwegian Publishing House established in 1932.

===e. Pitcairn Missionary Ship=== 
The Pitcairn was a vessel built as a schooner, refitted as a brigantine, and used by Seventh-day Adventists for transporting missionaries across the Pacific Ocean from 1890 to 1900. The ship was paid for by Sabbath School Offerings and made six missionary voyages whose missionaries established missions in many of the islands of the South Pacific. The first voyage went directly to Pitcairn Island arriving there November 25, 1890. Pitcairn was a remote British island possession in the southeastern Pacific Ocean about 3,500 miles north-east of New Zealand. Because maintenance of the ship was expensive, The Pitcairn was sold in 1900, by which time steamship connections with the islands had improved.

A game bearing the name of the ship has been created for individuals to earn the God's Messenger Honor, accessible on the web or as an app at [http://dev-egw.ellenwhite.org/articles/124].

===f. Sabbath Conferences=== 
The Sabbath Conferences were a series of meetings of “friends of the Sabbath” held in various places in New England and New York. Beginning in April of 1848, during the formative period when James and Ellen White, Joseph Bates, and others began the work of "uniting the brethren on the great truths connected with the message of the third angel."

===g. Sanitarium Health Food Co.=== 
The Sanitarium Health & Wellbeing Company is a chain of health food factories, wholesale branches, and retail shops in Australia and New Zealand, operated by the Health Food Department of the South Pacific Division of the Adventist Church. Products include Weets-Bix, a flaked-wheat breakfast-food biscuit; cornflakes, and other cereal foods; Marmite, a yeast-extract flavoring; peanut butter, vegetarian meats and textured vegetable protein, and So Good, a nondairy soy milk. It has subsidiaries in Canada and other countries and exports worldwide. Part of the Adventist focus on healthy living. <ref>http://www.sanitarium.co.nz/about-us/our-history</ref>

===h. Solusi College=== 
First (heathen) Adventist Mission Station 1894.


The General Conference chose Elder W.H. Anderson and two other men to go to the new mission station 1895. They were given $5,000 dollars for one year and were told that was all they had. They were to become self-supporting as soon as possible. They had no expense allowance. They landed at Cape Town and traveled by train to the north to Mafeking. From there they traveled 600 miles using two oxcarts and 36 oxen. They averaged about 15 miles a day and the river beds were dry. They learned later that in the dry season the water was under the river bed and not in sight. When the monsoon season comes the river beds are full.


At first the church services were held under the trees. On their first first Sabbath there, the Chief Solusi came with many of his people.


Solusi College is an institution of higher learning now operated by the Zimbabwe Union Conference. It was established in 1894 as Solusi Mission and is headquartered in Bulilimamangwe, Zimbabwe. An [http://www.solusi.ac.zw/history/ interesting brief history].

===i. Systematic Benevolence=== 
Systematic Benevolence was a system by which the first Adventist pastors were paid. Contributions were "systematic" meaning they were determined by one's wealth and were regularly made. Before this plan the preachers of the Seventh-day Adventist doctrines were largely self-supporting.

===j. Tract Society=== 
The Tract Society began in 1869 with a group of ladies at South Lancaster, Massachusetts. The society members visited the sick and needy and distributed tracts and wrote letters sharing their faith. In 1870 S. N. Haskell organized the first Conference-wide society in New England. By 1924 their scope of influence having long since reached beyond the small literature state, the name was changed to Book and Bible Houses. In 1972 the name Adventist Book Center (ABC) was adopted. The ABC is a distribution and service outlet for the Seventh-day Adventist publishing house products and other church-approved materials.

===k. Universidad de Montemorelos=== 
Universidad de Montemorelos is a coeducational institution of higher learning established in 1942 near the city of Montemorelos, State of Nuevo León, México.

===l. Voice of Prophecy=== 
The radio broadcast founded by H. M. S. Richards. See ''H. M. S. Richards, Near to the Heart of God|[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0828013322/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0828013322&linkCode=as2&tag=wwwjadedragon-20]]'' by Robert E. Edwards Review & Herald, 1998 for a great read.

===m. Washington hand press=== 
The Washington hand press (a brand or style of hand operated printing press) was purchased by James White with money from Hiram Edson in 1852, the first press purchased to print SDA materials<ref>http://news.adventist.org/all-news/news/go/2013-04-10/publishing-work-was-central-to-early-adventist-church/</ref>. Prior to that, all printed materials were printed by commercial print shops. From that small beginning in a rented house in Rochester, New York, the church established a worldwide network of publishing houses printing in numerous languages.

===n. Other significant locations, organizations, or concepts in your division, conference, or region=== 

==7. Read about, watch, or research the story of Ellen G. White. Explain what her role was in the beginnings of the Adventist Church. Include in your research significant factors such as:== 

===a. First vision (June 6, 1863)=== 
Ellen had a vision on Health Reform.

===b. “Elmshaven”=== 
Ellen White’s home in St. Helena, California in the Napa Valley. It can be toured for free in person or online. http://www.elmshaven.org/

===c. Visions=== 
Messages from God that Ellen was to share.

===d. Gorham, Maine=== 
Ellen's birthplace <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorham,_Maine</ref>.

===e. Lord’s Messenger=== 
The name that Ellen White gave herself.

===f. “Conflict of the Ages” series=== 
A series of five books that E. G. White wrote which helped people to understand the Bible. The five books are: The Great Controversy, Patriarchs and Prophets, The Desire of Ages, The Acts of the Apostles, and Prophets and Kings <ref>http://www.ellenwhite.info/books/books-by-egw-coa.htm</ref>

===g. Ellen G. White Estate, Inc.=== 
In her will, Ellen G. White left her literary estate to a board of five church leaders so that her papers and books would be preserved. This corporation was organized after her death in 1915. It is now headquartered in the basement of the General Conference building, Silver Spring, Maryland, where free tours are offered.

===h. Lovett’s Grove, Ohio=== 
Two hour Vision on events in the great conflict between the forces of righteousness and the forces of evil which she was instructed to write out. Later it was written in full in a book called ''The Great Controversy''.

===i. “Sunnyside”=== 
The name of Ellen G. White's home in Cooranbong, Australia near Avondale College. Photo <ref>http://nas.egwwritings.org/galleries/Institutions/637.3b.1.jpg.php</ref>

===j. Testimonies for the Church=== 
A collection of writings that Ellen authored giving instruction, reproof and guidance for church members and leaders. The Testimonies series was released and published over time, eventually taking the 9 volume set we use today. While the individual letters were addressed to specific people, the principals outlined have broad application in the church. Ellen White recognized this and arranged for their wider publication.

==8. Discovery of Heritage Stories:== 

===a. Discover how the Adventist movement started in your country. Give special attention to the things the pioneers did in the process within your country or region.=== 

The Your Story Hour series on Adventist Pioneers, called Pathways of the Pioneers, tells of Adventist beginnings mainly in the USA, but some other countries as well. The series is available in [https://whiteestate.org/resources/pioneers-stories/ MP3 format] on the White Estate website for free online listening.

===b. Discover some of the stories of how Pathfinders, Adventist Youth Groups, or AY Societies began in your conference or division.=== 

===c. Present your finding to a group or as part of requirement 9 or 10.=== 

==9. Know and tell for school, Sabbath School, or Pathfinder worship three stories about Adventist history. At least one story must be about an Adventist youth.== 

==10. As an individual or with a group complete one of the following:== 

===a. Create and present a detailed poster or multimedia display (video/presentation) covering a portion of Adventist Heritage that you have learned.=== 

===b. Write and perform a skit that tells part of the Adventist Heritage story. Present it to younger Pathfinders, Adventurers or other younger group of individuals.=== 

===c. Create a completely playable game about Adventist Heritage. Demonstrate the game to your instructor or a group.=== 

===d. Visit an official Adventist Heritage site within your conference, union, or division and go on a tour. Debrief your experience with a group. If feasible, create a multimedia report of your experience.=== 

==References== 
[http://pathfinders.adventistconnect.org/site_data/86/assets/0024/9222/Chuch_Heritage_Manual.pdf Church Heritage Manual]


<references/>
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{{honor desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Adventist Pioneer Heritage
|skill=2
|year=2014
|category=Outreach
|authority=General Conference
|reqpdf=Adventist_Heritage_Requirements.pdf
|insignia=Adventist_Heritage.png}}
{{Honor Master|honor={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|3}}|master=Family, Origins, and Heritage|group=required}}

==Note== 


This honor reflects the best requirements of two pre-existing honors, one from the North American Division and the other from the South American Division.


<big>'''Complete a minimum of a 9-week Academy or semester college Adventist History course OR complete the following requirements.'''</big>

==1. Origins:== 
===a. Read about, watch, or research the origins and development of the Millerite Movement and its role in the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.===


[https://telltheworld.adventist.org/ Tell the World] 6 Video's of the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

===b. Explain the Great Disappointment based on the prophecy of Daniel 8.=== 

===c. Share your finding with a group.=== 

==2. Pioneers: Be able to identify and explain the significance of at least fifteen (15) of the following individuals:== 

===a. Martha Amadon=== 
[[File:Martha Byington.jpg|thumb|right|Martha Byington]]
Martha Amadon (1843-1937) was the eldest daughter of John Byington, the first teacher of the first school organized for Seventh-day Adventist Children. She married George W. Amadon in 1860. She became the first Dorcas Society (Adventist Community Service) president in October, 1874.
{{clear}}

===b. W. H. Anderson=== 
[[File:William H. Anderson.jpg|thumb|right|William H. Anderson]]
William H. Anderson (1870-1950) was a pioneer missionary to Africa from 1895-1944. "Harry," as he was affectionately known to his friends, graduated in 1895 from Battle Creek College, where he was converted. Anderson’s book, ''On The Trail of Livingston'' (1919) did much to stimulate interest in African Missions where he served for 50 years.
{{clear}}

===c. J. N. Andrews=== 
[[File:John Nevins Andrews.jpg|thumb|right|John Nevins Andrews]]
John Nevins Andrews (1829-1883) was the first official Seventh-day Adventist missionary outside of North America. He and his children Charles and Mary sailed on September 15, 1874 to Switzerland. His wife had died 18 March 1872. As a theologian, Andrews made significant contributions to the development of various doctrines of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination. He wrote extensively on the Seventh-day Sabbath.
{{clear}}


Andrews University, named for J. N. Andrews, is an institution operated jointly by the General Conference and the Lake Union Conference. It was the first university to be organized by the Seventh-day Adventist church. It is located in Berrien Springs, Michigan. Its predecessor known as Battle Creek College, was founded in 1874, and grew from a “select” private school established in 1868 by G. H. Bell.

===d. Joseph Bates=== 
[[File:Joseph Bates.jpg|thumb|right|Joseph Bates]]
Joseph Bates (1792-1872) a former sea captain and a reformer, was one of the founders of the SDA Church. Bates experienced the disappointment of 1844 without losing faith. He wrote about the 7th Day Sabbath and the 3rd Angel's message. He played a prominent part in the "Sabbath Conferences." He was an evangelist, a leader, and an example in healthful living.
{{clear}}

===e. John Byington=== 
[[File:John Byington.jpg|thumb|right|John Byington]]
John Byington (1798-1887) was a pioneer minister and first president of the General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination. He was active in the antislavery movement and maintained a station of the Underground Railroad at Buck’s Bridge, New York, where he lived on a farm.
{{clear}}

===f. M. B. Czechowski=== 
[[File:Michał Belina - Czechowski.jpg|thumb|right|Michał Belina Czechowski]]
Michael Belina Czechowski (1818-1876) was a former Catholic priest. He joined the Advent Church in 1857 and in 1864 became a self-supporting missionary to Italy and Switzerland and established the first SDA church in Europe.
{{clear}}

===g. A.G. Daniells=== 
[[File:Daniells.JPG|thumb|right|Arthur G. Daniells]] Arthur G. Daniells (1858-1935), was a minister, administrator and author. At the age of 10 he was converted to the Seventh-day Adventist faith, and in 1875 entered Battle Creek College. He began his ministry in 1878 in Texas. In 1886 he was called as pioneer SDA missionary to New Zealand. He was president of the New Zealand Conference (1889-1891) and of the Australian Conference (1892-1895). He worked closely with Ellen White in Australia, and served as president of the Central Australian Conference and later president of the Australian Union Conference. He assumed the presidency of the General Conference in 1901 at a difficult period in the history of the church, and helped move the headquarters of the denomination to Washington, D. C. During his time in office the church grew greatly throughout the world. He relinquished the presidency of the General Conference in 1922. He authored four books, two of which standout as classics: “Christ Our Righteousness,” and “The Abiding Gift of Prophecy.”
{{clear}}

===h. Hiram Edson=== 
[[File:Hiram Edson.jpg|thumb|right|Hiram Edson]]
Hiram Edson (1806-1882) was a layman, later ordained, of Port Gibson, New York. He was the pioneer responsible for introducing, among those who became Seventh-day Adventists, the fuller understanding of the sanctuary and its cleansing. Edson was not only a thoughtful Bible student and an earnest evangelistic helper, but also a self-sacrificing contributor, putting his possessions into building of the church he loved. Consider visiting Hiram Edson's farm in upstate New York. <ref>http://www.adventistheritage.org/article/27/historic-sites/edson-farm</ref>
{{clear}}

===i. Harry Fenner=== 
[[File:Henry Fenner.jpg|thumb|right|Henry Fenner]]
Harry Fenner was only 17 years old when he and his 14 year old friend, Luther Warren decided the church needed an organization to encourage and support the youth. They called their new group a “young people’s society.” Within ten years the church structure was beginning to follow their lead. In 1889 the Ohio Conference became the first to form a conference-wide youth organization. It was known as Christian Volunteers. And in 1907 the General Conference Youth Department was formally organized.
{{clear}}

===j. Eduardo Francisco Forga=== 
[[File:Eduardo Forga.png|thumb|right|Eduardo Francisco Forga]]
Before he was converted to Adventism, Eduardo F. Forga, a wealthy young Peruvian, founded the first evangelical church in Arequipa, Peru. A health and temperance reformer, a vegetarian, and a defender of religious liberty, he had to flee his native country to England for his outspokenness. There he joined the Seventhday Adventist Church and married Marguerite Lacey, whose sister was married to W. C. White, Ellen White's son. An author in his own right, Mr. Forga translated some of Mrs. White's books and articles into Spanish and had a major impact on the growth of the Adventist Church in Peru, South America.
{{clear}}

===k. A.T. Jones / E.J. Waggoner=== 
[[File:Alonzo T. Jones.jpg|thumb|right|Alonzo T. Jones]]
[[File:Ellet Joseph Waggoner.jpg|thumb|right|Ellet. J. Waggoner]]Alonzo T. Jones, (1850-1923) was a minister, editor, and author. At the age of 20 he enlisted in the Army and for three years served his country. He loved reading, and read large historical works, Seventh-day Adventist publications, and the Bible. After being discharged from the Army in 1873, he was baptized and began preaching on the West Coast for the church. In May 1885 he became assistant editor of the ''Signs of the Times'', and a few months later he and E. J. Waggoner became editors. This position he held until 1889. From 1897 to 1901 he was editor in chief of the ''Review and Herald''. He became recognized as the denomination’s most prominent speaker for religious freedom. His association with Dr. J. H. Kellogg in 1903, who was actively seeking to separate the Battle Creek Sanitarium from denominational control, resulted in separation from denominational employment and, finally, in loss of church membership.
Ellet J. Waggonner, (1855-1916) was an editor, minister, and physician. He attended Battle Creek College in the earliest years of the institution, and obtained a medical degree from the Bellevue Medical College, New York. He served on the staff of the Battle Creek Sanitarium for a few years. Later he left the practice of medicine and entered the ministry. In 1884 he worked at Pacific Press as assistant editor of the ''Signs of the Times''. Two years later (1886) he and A. T. Jones became editors of the paper. This post Waggoner held until May 1891. He became editor of ''Present Truth'' in England in 1892, and in 1902 was elected the first president of the South England Conference. He returned to the United States in the summer of 1902, and served briefly on the staff of Emmanuel Missionary College.


In 1888 Waggoner and A. T. Jones gave a memorable series of sermons on righteousness by faith that stirred the General Conference session in Minneapolis, and for several years afterward were sent by the General Conference Committee to preach on that subject from coast to coast at camp meetings and other large gatherings. Ellen White accompanied them to many of these places until she left for Australia in December 1891.
{{clear}}

===l. Charles M. Kenney=== 
[[File:Charles Kinney.jpg|thumb|right|Charles M. Kinney]]
Charles M. Kinny was born in Richmond, Virginia in 1855, eleven years after the Disappointment of 1844. He was ten years old by the end of the Civil War. It was in Reno, Nevada, in 1878 at the age of 23 that Kinny attended a series of evangelistic sermons by J. N. Loughborough. Ellen White visited during the meetings and spoke to about four hundred listeners on the subject of the “Love of God.” Her message was well received and her presence added much to the interest of the people and “left a favorable impression upon the public mind.” Charles M. Kinny experienced conversion during those meetings. He never forgot Sister White’s sermon and joyfully embraced the love of God and accepted the truth about the Sabbath and the Second Advent. He kept his first Sabbath on the last Saturday of September, 1878, at the age of 23. He was one of the seven charter members and the only Black member of the Reno Seventh-day Adventist church. He was welcomed warmly by the church and was later appointed secretary of their tract society. Charles Kinny would become a prominent figure in early African American Adventism and most of what Adventists learned about the early progress of the work among African Americans they learned from the writings of Charles Kinny. Church leaders looked to him to develop the best methods of evangelism among African Americans. As such Charles M. Kinny was the first African American ordained minister in the Seventh-day Adventist church and is known as the The Father of Black Adventism.
{{clear}}

===m. George King=== 
[[File:George King SDA Pioneer.jpg|thumb|right|George Albert King]]
George Albert King (1847-1906) was a pioneer canvasser who developed the idea of subscription sale of Seventh-day Adventist books. A native of Canada, he came to the United States where as a young man he accepted SDA beliefs and desired to be a preacher. Because of a speech impediment he was encouraged to try selling SDA tracts and magazines and books. Throughout his life he was an enthusiastic recruiter and instructor of other canvassers.
{{clear}}

===n. Anna Knight=== 
[[File:Anna Knight.jpg|thumb|right|Anna Knight]]
Anna Knight (1874-1972) was self-taught until the age of 20 when she attended Mount Vernon Academy in Ohio in 1894. In 1898 she graduated from Battle Creek College as a missionary nurse. She operated a self-supporting school in Jasper County, Mississippi for Black children. In 1901 she was appointed as a missionary to India where she served 6 years. She served in the Educational Department for Southeastern Conference and Southern Conference when they merged, and served until the regional Conferences were formed. She authored the book ''Mississippi Girl,<ref>http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0006ATC4O/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B0006ATC4O&linkCode=as2&tag=wwwjadedragon-20</ref>'' the story of her life.
{{clear}}

===o. Abram LaRue=== 
[[File:Abram LaRue.jpg|thumb|right|Abram LaRue]]
Abram LaRue (1822-1903) was a pioneer, self-supporting lay missionary in eastern Asia. While working as a sheepherder in California he accepted the Seventh-day Adventist faith. Immediately he requested a mission appointment to China. Because of his advanced age the General Conference declined but after attending Healdsburg College one term he worked his way to Honolulu and sold books in the city and on the ships in port. In 1888 at the age of 66, La Rue went to Hong Kong where he worked for 14 years with Europeans and the Chinese. He died in Hong Kong in 1903 where he had been a tireless worker with a rare gift in meeting people and conveying his own religious convictions to them.
{{clear}}

===p. Kate Lindsay=== 
Katherine Lindsay (1842-1923) was a physician and founder of the first Seventh-day Adventist nurse’s training school. In 1875 she graduated at the head of her class from the University of Michigan Medical College. She joined the staff of the Battle Creek Sanitarium. Dr. Kate, as she was known, introduced thorough classwork and became known as a foremost teacher of student nurses.

===q. William Miller=== 
[[File:William Miller.jpg|thumb|right|William Miller]]
William Miller (1782-1849) was an American farmer and a Baptist preacher who announced the imminent coming of Christ and founded the movement popularly know as Millerism or the Millerite movement. He was a convincing preacher in the logical way he appealed in earnestness. After the “Great Disappointment” he built a chapel on his property so Advent Believers would have a place to worship.
{{clear}}

===r. W.W. Prescott=== 
[[File:W._W._Prescott.jpg|thumb|right|William W. Prescott]]William W. Prescott, (1855-1944) was an educator and administrator. His parents were Millerites in New England. While in his last year at South Berwick Academy, he taught Latin and Greek. He was principal of high schools in Northfield and Montpelier, Vermont (1877 to 1880). With his acceptance of the presidency of Battle Creek College (1885-1894), he entered upon a career unique in many respects in Seventh-day Adventist history. While still president of Battle Creek College, he helped found Union College and became its first president in 1891. He appointed principals for the two institutions to act while he was absent from one or the other. Then late in 1892 he assumed the presidency of the newly founded Walla Walla College. Thus, he was simultaneously president of three colleges in the year. During a world tour (1894-1895), he helped to found the Avondale School in Australia. In 1901 he became the vice president of the General Conference, chair of the Review and Herald Publishing Association board, and editor of the Review and Herald. Later in his career, he served as head of the Bible Department of Emmanuel Missionary College, a post he held until 1934. Whether teacher, editor, administrator, or secretary of the General Conference Department of Education, Prescott left a strong impression on the entire educational work of the denomination.
{{clear}}

===s. Rachel Oakes-Preston=== 
[[File:Rachel Oakes.jpg|thumb|right|Rachel Oakes]]
Rachel Oakes-Preston (1809-1868) was a Seventh-day Baptist who persuaded a group of Adventists to accept the Sabbath in Washington, New Hampshire, and thus to become, in that sense, the first Seventh-day Adventists. Due to Rachel's influence, Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910), an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and promoter of the prophetic teachings of William Miller, preached his first sermon on seventh-day Sabbath to his "Christian Brethren" congregation on March 16, 1844.


Further due to Rachel's influence, William Farnsworth (1807-1888), after the Great Disappointment of October 22, 1844, stated publicly to the "Christian Brethren" congregation his conviction that Saturday, being the seventh day of the week, was Sabbath. His brother Cyrus (who became the husband of Rachel’s daughter Delight), and several others, also made their convictions known.
{{clear}}

===t. Annie Smith=== 
[[File:Annie Rebekah Smith.JPG|thumb|right|Anna Rebekah Smith]]
Annie Rebekah Smith (1828-1855) was a poet and editorial assistant. She joined the Baptist Church at the age of 10 and became an Adventist in 1844. She gave up teaching in 1850 because of eye trouble and in 1851 she attended a meeting by Joseph Bates and was convinced of the Seventh-day Adventist faith. She sent a poem, ''"Fear Not, Little Flock"'' to the Review and Herald. James White employed her to read proof, edit copy and take charge in White’s absence. She wrote many poems. Ten of her hymns appear in the Church Hymnal. She died of Tuberculosis in 1855.
{{clear}}

===u. Uriah Smith=== 
[[File:Uriah Smith.jpg|thumb|Uriah Smith]]
Uriah Smith (1832-1903) was an editor and author who gave 50 years of service to the Seventh-day Adventist cause. At age 13 his left leg was amputated above the knee due to an infection. In 1863 he patented a improved model artificial leg with fully flexible knee and ankle joints. He became a Sabbath-keeping Adventist in 1852. He wrote poems and articles that were printed in the Review & Herald and in 1853 joined his sister, Annie, as a worker at the office of the Advent Review and Sabbath Herald in Rochester, New York. He was one of the most fluent writers for the young denomination. His pen could be incisive. He is best known for the book Daniel and Revelation. In 1874 he patented a school desk with an improved folding seat. The last words he ever wrote, in 1903, to the General Conference epitomized his lifelong purpose: "I am with you in the endeavor to send forth in this generation this gospel of the kingdom, for a witness to all nations. And when this is completed, it will be the signal for the coronation of our Coming King."
{{clear}}

===v. Luther Warren=== 
[[File:Luther Warren.jpg|thumb|right|Luther Warren]]
Luther Warren (1864-1940) was a youth leader and evangelist. At the age of 14, in 1879, he with his friend Harry Fenner, organized at Hazelton, Michigan one of the first Seventh-day Adventist young people’s societies. His formal education was limited but he was an insatiable reader, keenly interested in the development of church schools. He began his evangelistic career in 1888 as a tent master in Michigan, a career that took him to many centers throughout North America. He powerfully influenced thousands of young people in schools and churches where he conducted revivals. Mary Boucher has written a biography on Warren under the title ''Luther Warren'' (Review and Herald, 1959).
'''[See the history given here.][https://adventisthistory.wordpress.com/category/people/luther-warren-people/].'''
{{clear}}

===w. F. H. Westphal=== 
[[File:Frank H. Westphal.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Frank H. Westphal]]
Frank Henry Westphal (1858-1944) was a pioneer missionary to South America. He was converted to the Seventh-day Adventist faith at the age of 19 and in 1878 he was made leader of the newly organized church in New London, Wisconsin. In 1894 he was called to South America and became the first ordained SDA minister assigned to the South America Continent. He worked with success in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil and Chili.
{{clear}}

===x. Frederick Wheeler=== 
[[File:Frederick Wheeler.jpg|thumb|right|Frederick Wheeler]]
Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910) was a pioneer Adventist minister, reputed to be the first ordained Adventist minister to preach in favor of the seventh-day Sabbath. In 1840 he was an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church and became its circuit rider in the vicinity of Washington and Hillsboro in New Hampshire. In 1842 he became acquainted with the Millerite views and was active in the propagation of the Adventist views. In March of 1844, after a discussion with Rachel Oakes (later Preston), he became convinced through study that the seventh-day Sabbath was sacred. He preached and farmed in the neighborhood until James White invited him to go farther afield with his ministry.

===y. James White=== 
[[File:James Springer White.jpg|thumb|James White]]
James Springer White (1821-1881), a co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, was the fifth of nine children. He was baptized, at age 15, in the denomination called Christian Connection to which his parents belonged. After teaching for two winters he heard of the Millerite Movement and was persuaded to attend a meeting. He became convinced of the importance of what he had heard and of the shortness of time. He resigned from his school to join in heralding the Advent message. He suffered keenly during the Great Disappointment in October 1844, but he clung in confidence to God’s Word. He married Ellen Gould Harmon on August 30, 1846 and soon after, the two of them began to keep the seventh-day Sabbath. He wrote encouragement to the believers and worked to spread the gospel of Jesus' soon coming until his death in 1881.


Ellen G. White, (1827-1915) was co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, together with James White and Joseph Bates. She was a writer, lecturer, and counselor to the church, who possessed what Seventh-day Adventists have accepted as the prophetic gift described in the Bible; also known as the Spirit of prophecy. In her early teens Ellen and her family were faithful Methodists in Portland, Maine, and accepted William Miller’s view on the second advent of Christ about the year 1843, after hearing his lecture in March 1840. She was baptized into the Methodist Church in June 26, 1842. In September 1843, because of their Adventist views, she and her parents and other members of the family were disfellowshipped from the Methodist Church. Expecting Christ’s return in October 22, 1844, she and her family experienced the Millerites’ great disappointment. At the age of 17, in December 1844, Ellen Harmon joined four other women in family worship, and while they were praying, she experienced her first vision, in which she witnessed a representation of the travels of the Adventist people to the City of God. It was one of many visions she received during her lifelong ministry. Ellen White died on July 16, 1915, at the ripe age of 87 years.
{{clear}}

===z. Any other pioneers of your preference from your own Union/Division.=== 

==3. Dates: Explore and summarize the importance of each of the following event dates to Adventist history:== 

===a. Great Disappointment (October 22, 1844)=== 
The day of the Great Disappointment was when Jesus did not come as those awaiting His Advent had calculated and waited for with much prayer.

===b. Adventist Church incorporated (May 21, 1863)=== 
The Adventist Church incorporated on May 21, 1863. This is considered the date of the official organization of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. This move was significant since it gave the church the right to own property and ordain ministers. Many of the founders had to “grow” significantly in order to “organize” since many had come from backgrounds that felt that organizing was not consistent with scripture.

===c. Health Reform begins - 1863=== 

===d. J.N. Andrews: First Missionary - 1874=== 

===e. General Conference of 1888 (Righteousness by Faith Conference)=== 
Held in Minneapolis, Minnesota October of 1888 this conference was notable as E. J. Waggoner and A. T. Jones presented the concept of Righteousness by Faith in Jesus Christ. Ellen White joined the two men in their presentations.

Many of the General Conference leaders held that works-based righteousness was the key to salvation in Jesus. The arguments and exchanges were heated and lengthy. Eventually, God-led individuals voted in favor of the church operating under a premise of righteousness by faith, but this "win" would not come easy. EJ Waggoner, A.T. Jones both eventually left Adventism, and Ellen White was "sent" to Australia.

===f. Reorganization of 1901 / Fires in Battle Creek 1902=== 
These events decentralized the very centralized administration of the General Conference at the time.

A.G. Daniels helped lead a charge to create UNIONS in 1901, thus allowing many decisions that primarily affected one local field to be made by leaders within the field. This left global decisions to the General Conference, and even eventually led to a delegate-based approach to decision making on such issues as the Fundamental beliefs that define Adventism (3 h.)

Ellen White had warned that there needed to be more people involved in the process of decision making AND that having all the major "arms" of the church work all in one city was not the "salt and light" God intended. The Battle Creek Sanitarium (medical) burned February 18 and Review and Herald (publishing) burned December 30, both in the same year - 1902. (article http://archives.adventistreview.org/2004-1513/story1.html)

All of these events helped decentralize the power and influence of the administration of the Adventist work. Currently, there are over 100 medical facilities operated by the Adventist Church and more than 70 publishing houses worldwide (http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmFieldSubEntities.aspx?EntityType=P&AdmFieldID=GC)

===g. Gland, Switzerland, 1907=== 
Gland, Switzerland was the site of the General Conference Session where the Young People’s Department of Missionary Volunteers was officially adopted. This later became the Pathfinders.

===h. 27 Fundamental Beliefs document adopted 1980=== 

Fundamental Principles of Adventist belief had been published as early as 1872 (by James White) and supported by the General Conference as early as 1889. However, the formal statement of Fundamental Beliefs published in 1980 as voted in General Conference session was a significant step in formalizing what beliefs set apart Seventh-day Adventists as a distinctive branch of Christianity AND also demonstrates the Christ-centric nature of the Adventist church. In 2005, a 28th belief (inserted as #11) was added.

===i. Other significant dates in the history of Adventism in your division, conference, or region=== 

==4. Publications: Describe the origins, publication details, and purpose of each of the following Adventist Publications:== 

Many historical publications can be accessed on the Office of Archives, Statistics, and Research website[https://documents.adventistarchives.org/Periodicals/Forms/AllFolders.aspx], or their history explored in the online version of the Encyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventists [https://encyclopedia.adventist.org/].

===a. Adventist Review and Sabbath Herald=== 
The Adventist Review was founded by James and Ellen White in July 1849 as The Present Truth, but the name was changed to The Advent Review and then Second Advent Review and Sabbath Herald (with variations) after being combined with the Advent Herald publication. The name was changed to Adventist Review in 1978. Throughout its history it has been commonly referred to as the Review

===b. Advent Tidende=== 
Advent Tidende was a Danish monthly paper which John G. Matteson, a native son of Denmark, started for the Scandinavian people in the United States, Denmark, and Norway.

===c. Les Signes des Temps / Signs of the Times=== 
French ''Signs of the Times'' magazine

===d. Liberty Magazine / Liberty=== 
Liberty was first called American Sentinel (1886-1900) and then Sentinel of Liberty (1900-1903) before being shortened to its current name (1906-Present). Not sure what it was called from 1903-1906, doesn't seem to say.

===e. Medical Evangelist / Medical Evangelism=== 
Published by the College of Evangelists, then the College of Medical Evangelists and finally Loma Linda University. Publication began in June 1908 and continued through June 1962.

===f. Present Truth=== 
Present Truth was an illustrated evangelistic periodical devoted to the presentation of various facets of doctrine. It was begun by James White in July of 1849 and was the forerunner of the Review and Herald.

===g. Youth’s Instructor=== 
The Youth's Instructor was the name of the first magazine the Seventh-day Adventists had for youth. It was later renamed ''Junior Guide'' and later ''Guide Magazine'' which is still in print today.

===h. Equivalent publications in your division, conference, or region=== 

==5. Church Organization:== 

===a. Briefly explain the significance of the 1901 General Conference and describe the organizational structure that resulted from it. Indicate how your conference, association, or mission fits into the overall church structure.=== 


Ellen White, recently back from Australia, stood up at the 1901 GC Session in Battle Creek and urged that the Administrative structure of the church be modified. The goal was to increase the effectiveness of the church in ministry, move decision making out of the GC office (then in Battle Creek) and closer to the front line.


The most significant action in 1901 was perhaps the organization of Union Conferences. Originally the 'State' conferences had joined together to form the General Conference. While many in leadership came to view Unions as unnecessary overhead by 2000 (a hundred years later), the debate over gender equality in ministry has brought Unions forward again as a primary place where policy and change happens.


The Adventist Church is studying restructuring actively. Economic realities will likely see a reduction of at least one of the levels of church governance. Different people wish to strengthen or weaken the power of the General Conference (and its Divisions) vs the Unions and Local Conferences. Time will tell how the church can best structure to finish the gospel commission.

===b. Point out on a map where the church offices are located from your conference level to the General Conference.=== 
Generally (there are exceptions) there will be 4 levels of administration serving your local church and its members:


Local Conference or Local Mission. Sometimes for areas with few Adventists this level is called a Field or Section. Increasingly this level is being dispensed with in favor of the Union of Churches model. Conferences usually cover a province or state, or part of or several such political units. Regional Conferences in much of the USA provide support to mainly black churches.


Union or Union Mission or Union of Churches. Increasingly the Union level is termed SDA Church in Place Name. In part of Europe in particular the Union of Churches model is dispensing with the local conference model and simply representing churches in a geographic area. The Union is the building block off the General Conference. There are 124 Unions in the world as of 2014. A few Conferences are not attached to a Union for various reasons (Guam-Micronesia in the NAD is one example).


Divisions of the General Conference are administrative units that group Unions together. There are 13 Divisions and 1 Union (Middle East North Africa Union) that exists outside any Division. Divisions have no independent constituency.


The General Conference is the grouping of all the Unions. New Unions are voted into the worldwide sisterhood of churches at each GC Session (5 years apart).

===c. Illustrate the organizational structure of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and prepare an ecclesiastical organization chart to demonstrate your learning.=== 

A helpful resource could be the Church Structure video series developed by The Scratch News and posted on [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzafYVHG38GHrqxn8xg-wkQ/playlists YouTube].

From the North American Division Perspective - your illustration would show the General Conference, then the North American Division (Canada, United States, Bermuda, Guam, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Northern Mariana Islands and Palau). ([https://news.adventist.org/en/all-news/news/go/2011-10-11/guam-micronesia-mission-now-part-of-north-american-division/])
Following that is the Union structure. Your illustration would vary based on which Union your Conference and church is located in.


'''The Unions & Conferences in the NAD are:'''
[http://www.nadadventist.org/article/54/directory/area-headquarters]
[https://www.nadadventist.org/about-our-church/north-american-division-map] 
''Atlantic Union'' - Conferences: Bermuda, Greater New York, New York, Northeastern, Northern New England, and Southern New England Conferences. 
''Seventh-day Adventist Church in Canada'' - Conferences: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba-Saskatchewan, Maritime, Ontario, and Quebec (French website) Conferences and the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Newfoundland and Labrador. 
''Columbia Union'' - Conferences: Allegheny East, Allegheny West, Chesapeake, Mountain View, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Potomac Conferences. 
''Guam-Micronesia Mission'' - Became part of North American Division in February, 2012 Missions do not have conferences. 
''Lake Union'' - Conferences: Illinois, Indiana, Lake Region, Michigan, and Wisconsin Conferences. 
''Mid-America Union'' - Conferences: Central States, Dakota, Iowa-Missouri, Kansas-Nebraska, Minnesota, and Rocky Mountain Conferences. 
''North Pacific Union'' - Conferences: Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Upper Columbia, and Washington Conferences. 
''Pacific Union'' - Conferences: Arizona, Central California, Hawaii, Nevada-Utah, Northern California, Southeastern California, and Southern California Conferences. 
''Southern Union'' - Conferences: Carolina, Florida, Georgia-Cumberland, Gulf States, Kentucky-Tennessee, South Atlantic, South Central, and Southeastern Conferences. 
''Southwestern Union'' - Conferences: Arkansas-Louisiana, Oklahoma, Southwest Region, Texas, and Texico Conferences. 

==6. Miscellaneous: Tell the importance of at least ten (10) of the following locations, organizations, or concepts or their equivalent.== 

===a. Avondale College=== 
Avondale University College is an Australian tertiary education provider affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system. Avondale University College has two campuses, the Lake Macquarie campus being the primary campus situated in Cooranbong, New South Wales. The other campus is located at Sydney Adventist Hospital in the Sydney suburb of Wahroonga and is the main campus of the nursing school.
Avondale University College primarily focuses in the areas of teaching, theology, and nursing, but also offers bachelor's degrees in business, science and the arts as well as certificate studies in outdoor recreation. The nursing programme commences at the Cooranbong campus for one or two semesters and is completed at the Sydney Adventist Hospital with hands-on experience gained in the hospital. Master's degrees are offered in theology, education, nursing, ministry, and some business related fields by distance education, including a one-month on-campus component in the winter semester.

===b. Battle Creek Sanitarium=== 
The Battle Creek Sanitarium was opened in 1866. It was a pioneer Seventh-day Adventist Medical institution.

===c. Dime Tabernacle=== 
Dime Tabernacle was the name for the church built in Battle Creek and paid for from dimes that were saved and turned in for the church building. It was destroyed by fire on January 3, 1922.

===d. Norsk Bokforlag=== 
Norsk Bokforlag was a Norwegian Publishing House established in 1932.

===e. Pitcairn Missionary Ship=== 
The Pitcairn was a vessel built as a schooner, refitted as a brigantine, and used by Seventh-day Adventists for transporting missionaries across the Pacific Ocean from 1890 to 1900. The ship was paid for by Sabbath School Offerings and made six missionary voyages whose missionaries established missions in many of the islands of the South Pacific. The first voyage went directly to Pitcairn Island arriving there November 25, 1890. Pitcairn was a remote British island possession in the southeastern Pacific Ocean about 3,500 miles north-east of New Zealand. Because maintenance of the ship was expensive, The Pitcairn was sold in 1900, by which time steamship connections with the islands had improved.

===f. Sabbath Conferences=== 
The Sabbath Conferences were a series of meetings of “friends of the Sabbath” held in various places in New England and New York. Beginning in April of 1848, during the formative period when James and Ellen White, Joseph Bates, and others began the work of "uniting the brethren on the great truths connected with the message of the third angel."

===g. Sanitarium Health Food Co.=== 
The Sanitarium Health & Wellbeing Company is a chain of health food factories, wholesale branches, and retail shops in Australia and New Zealand, operated by the Health Food Department of the South Pacific Division of the Adventist Church. Products include Weets-Bix, a flaked-wheat breakfast-food biscuit; cornflakes, and other cereal foods; Marmite, a yeast-extract flavoring; peanut butter, vegetarian meats and textured vegetable protein, and So Good, a nondairy soy milk. It has subsidiaries in Canada and other countries and exports worldwide. Part of the Adventist focus on healthy living. <ref>http://www.sanitarium.co.nz/about-us/our-history</ref>

===h. Solusi College=== 
First (heathen) Adventist Mission Station 1894.


The General Conference chose Elder W.H. Anderson and two other men to go to the new mission station 1895. They were given $5,000 dollars for one year and were told that was all they had. They were to become self-supporting as soon as possible. They had no expense allowance. They landed at Cape Town and traveled by train to the north to Mafeking. From there they traveled 600 miles using two oxcarts and 36 oxen. They averaged about 15 miles a day and the river beds were dry. They learned later that in the dry season the water was under the river bed and not in sight. When the monsoon season comes the river beds are full.


At first the church services were held under the trees. On their first first Sabbath there, the Chief Solusi came with many of his people.


Solusi College is an institution of higher learning now operated by the Zimbabwe Union Conference. It was established in 1894 as Solusi Mission and is headquartered in Bulilimamangwe, Zimbabwe. An [http://www.solusi.ac.zw/history/ interesting brief history].

===i. Systematic Benevolence=== 
Systematic Benevolence was a system by which the first Adventist pastors were paid. Contributions were "systematic" meaning they were determined by one's wealth and were regularly made. Before this plan the preachers of the Seventh-day Adventist doctrines were largely self-supporting.

===j. Tract Society=== 
The Tract Society began in 1869 with a group of ladies at South Lancaster, Massachusetts. The society members visited the sick and needy and distributed tracts and wrote letters sharing their faith. In 1870 S. N. Haskell organized the first Conference-wide society in New England. By 1924 their scope of influence having long since reached beyond the small literature state, the name was changed to Book and Bible Houses. In 1972 the name Adventist Book Center (ABC) was adopted. The ABC is a distribution and service outlet for the Seventh-day Adventist publishing house products and other church-approved materials.

===k. Universidad de Montemorelos=== 
Universidad de Montemorelos is a coeducational institution of higher learning established in 1942 near the city of Montemorelos, State of Nuevo León, México.

===l. Voice of Prophecy=== 
The radio broadcast founded by H. M. S. Richards. See ''H. M. S. Richards, Near to the Heart of God|[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0828013322/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0828013322&linkCode=as2&tag=wwwjadedragon-20]]'' by Robert E. Edwards Review & Herald, 1998 for a great read.

===m. Washington hand press=== 
The Washington hand press (a brand or style of hand operated printing press) was purchased by James White with money from Hiram Edson in 1852, the first press purchased to print SDA materials<ref>http://news.adventist.org/all-news/news/go/2013-04-10/publishing-work-was-central-to-early-adventist-church/</ref>. Prior to that, all printed materials were printed by commercial print shops. From that small beginning in a rented house in Rochester, New York, the church established a worldwide network of publishing houses printing in numerous languages.

===n. Other significant locations, organizations, or concepts in your division, conference, or region=== 

==7. Read about, watch, or research the story of Ellen G. White. Explain what her role was in the beginnings of the Adventist Church. Include in your research significant factors such as:== 

===a. First vision (June 6, 1863)=== 
Ellen had a vision on Health Reform.

===b. “Elmshaven”=== 
Ellen White’s home in St. Helena, California in the Napa Valley. It can be toured for free in person or online. http://www.elmshaven.org/

===c. Visions=== 
Messages from God that Ellen was to share.

===d. Gorham, Maine=== 
Ellen's birthplace <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorham,_Maine</ref>.

===e. Lord’s Messenger=== 
The name that Ellen White gave herself.

===f. “Conflict of the Ages” series=== 
A series of five books that E. G. White wrote which helped people to understand the Bible. The five books are: The Great Controversy, Patriarchs and Prophets, The Desire of Ages, The Acts of the Apostles, and Prophets and Kings <ref>http://www.ellenwhite.info/books/books-by-egw-coa.htm</ref>

===g. Ellen G. White Estate, Inc.=== 
In her will, Ellen G. White left her literary estate to a board of five church leaders so that her papers and books would be preserved. This corporation was organized after her death in 1915. It is now headquartered in the basement of the General Conference building, Silver Spring, Maryland, where free tours are offered.

===h. Lovett’s Grove, Ohio=== 
Two hour Vision on events in the great conflict between the forces of righteousness and the forces of evil which she was instructed to write out. Later it was written in full in a book called ''The Great Controversy''.

===i. “Sunnyside”=== 
The name of Ellen G. White's home in Cooranbong, Australia near Avondale College. Photo <ref>http://nas.egwwritings.org/galleries/Institutions/637.3b.1.jpg.php</ref>

===j. Testimonies for the Church=== 
A collection of writings that Ellen authored giving instruction, reproof and guidance for church members and leaders. The Testimonies series was released and published over time, eventually taking the 9 volume set we use today. While the individual letters were addressed to specific people, the principals outlined have broad application in the church. Ellen White recognized this and arranged for their wider publication.

==8. Discovery of Heritage Stories:== 

===a. Discover how the Adventist movement started in your country. Give special attention to the things the pioneers did in the process within your country or region.=== 

The Your Story Hour series on Adventist Pioneers, called Pathways of the Pioneers, tells of Adventist beginnings mainly in the USA, but some other countries as well. The series is available in [https://whiteestate.org/resources/pioneers-stories/ MP3 format] on the White Estate website for free online listening.

===b. Discover some of the stories of how Pathfinders, Adventist Youth Groups, or AY Societies began in your conference or division.=== 

===c. Present your finding to a group or as part of requirement 9 or 10.=== 

==9. Know and tell for school, Sabbath School, or Pathfinder worship three stories about Adventist history. At least one story must be about an Adventist youth.== 

==10. As an individual or with a group complete one of the following:== 

===a. Create and present a detailed poster or multimedia display (video/presentation) covering a portion of Adventist Heritage that you have learned.=== 

===b. Write and perform a skit that tells part of the Adventist Heritage story. Present it to younger Pathfinders, Adventurers or other younger group of individuals.=== 

===c. Create a completely playable game about Adventist Heritage. Demonstrate the game to your instructor or a group.=== 

===d. Visit an official Adventist Heritage site within your conference, union, or division and go on a tour. Debrief your experience with a group. If feasible, create a multimedia report of your experience.=== 

==References== 
[http://pathfinders.adventistconnect.org/site_data/86/assets/0024/9222/Chuch_Heritage_Manual.pdf Church Heritage Manual]


<references/>
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AY Honors/Adventist Pioneer Heritage/Answer Key

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{{honor desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Adventist Pioneer Heritage
|skill=2
|year=2014
|category=Outreach
|authority=General Conference
|reqpdf=Adventist_Heritage_Requirements.pdf
|insignia=Adventist_Heritage.png}}
{{Honor Master|honor={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|3}}|master=Family, Origins, and Heritage|group=required}}

==Note== 


This honor reflects the best requirements of two pre-existing honors, one from the North American Division and the other from the South American Division.


<big>'''Complete a minimum of a 9-week Academy or semester college Adventist History course OR complete the following requirements.'''</big>

==1. Origins:== 
===a. Read about, watch, or research the origins and development of the Millerite Movement and its role in the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.===


[https://telltheworld.adventist.org/ Tell the World] 6 Video's of the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

===b. Explain the Great Disappointment based on the prophecy of Daniel 8.=== 

===c. Share your finding with a group.=== 

==2. Pioneers: Be able to identify and explain the significance of at least fifteen (15) of the following individuals:== 

===a. Martha Amadon=== 
[[File:Martha Byington.jpg|thumb|right|Martha Byington]]
Martha Amadon (1843-1937) was the eldest daughter of John Byington, the first teacher of the first school organized for Seventh-day Adventist Children. She married George W. Amadon in 1860. She became the first Dorcas Society (Adventist Community Service) president in October, 1874.
{{clear}}

===b. W. H. Anderson=== 
[[File:William H. Anderson.jpg|thumb|right|William H. Anderson]]
William H. Anderson (1870-1950) was a pioneer missionary to Africa from 1895-1944. "Harry," as he was affectionately known to his friends, graduated in 1895 from Battle Creek College, where he was converted. Anderson’s book, ''On The Trail of Livingston'' (1919) did much to stimulate interest in African Missions where he served for 50 years.
{{clear}}

===c. J. N. Andrews=== 
[[File:John Nevins Andrews.jpg|thumb|right|John Nevins Andrews]]
John Nevins Andrews (1829-1883) was the first official Seventh-day Adventist missionary outside of North America. He and his children Charles and Mary sailed on September 15, 1874 to Switzerland. His wife had died 18 March 1872. As a theologian, Andrews made significant contributions to the development of various doctrines of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination. He wrote extensively on the Seventh-day Sabbath.
{{clear}}


Andrews University, named for J. N. Andrews, is an institution operated jointly by the General Conference and the Lake Union Conference. It was the first university to be organized by the Seventh-day Adventist church. It is located in Berrien Springs, Michigan. Its predecessor known as Battle Creek College, was founded in 1874, and grew from a “select” private school established in 1868 by G. H. Bell.

===d. Joseph Bates=== 
[[File:Joseph Bates.jpg|thumb|right|Joseph Bates]]
Joseph Bates (1792-1872) a former sea captain and a reformer, was one of the founders of the SDA Church. Bates experienced the disappointment of 1844 without losing faith. He wrote about the 7th Day Sabbath and the 3rd Angel's message. He played a prominent part in the "Sabbath Conferences." He was an evangelist, a leader, and an example in healthful living.
{{clear}}

===e. John Byington=== 
[[File:John Byington.jpg|thumb|right|John Byington]]
John Byington (1798-1887) was a pioneer minister and first president of the General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination. He was active in the antislavery movement and maintained a station of the Underground Railroad at Buck’s Bridge, New York, where he lived on a farm.
{{clear}}

===f. M. B. Czechowski=== 
[[File:Michał Belina - Czechowski.jpg|thumb|right|Michał Belina Czechowski]]
Michael Belina Czechowski (1818-1876) was a former Catholic priest. He joined the Advent Church in 1857 and in 1864 became a self-supporting missionary to Italy and Switzerland and established the first SDA church in Europe.
{{clear}}

===g. A.G. Daniells=== 
[[File:Daniells.JPG|thumb|right|Arthur G. Daniells]] Arthur G. Daniells (1858-1935), was a minister, administrator and author. At the age of 10 he was converted to the Seventh-day Adventist faith, and in 1875 entered Battle Creek College. He began his ministry in 1878 in Texas. In 1886 he was called as pioneer SDA missionary to New Zealand. He was president of the New Zealand Conference (1889-1891) and of the Australian Conference (1892-1895). He worked closely with Ellen White in Australia, and served as president of the Central Australian Conference and later president of the Australian Union Conference. He assumed the presidency of the General Conference in 1901 at a difficult period in the history of the church, and helped move the headquarters of the denomination to Washington, D. C. During his time in office the church grew greatly throughout the world. He relinquished the presidency of the General Conference in 1922. He authored four books, two of which standout as classics: “Christ Our Righteousness,” and “The Abiding Gift of Prophecy.”
{{clear}}

===h. Hiram Edson=== 
[[File:Hiram Edson.jpg|thumb|right|Hiram Edson]]
Hiram Edson (1806-1882) was a layman, later ordained, of Port Gibson, New York. He was the pioneer responsible for introducing, among those who became Seventh-day Adventists, the fuller understanding of the sanctuary and its cleansing. Edson was not only a thoughtful Bible student and an earnest evangelistic helper, but also a self-sacrificing contributor, putting his possessions into building of the church he loved. Consider visiting Hiram Edson's farm in upstate New York. <ref>http://www.adventistheritage.org/article/27/historic-sites/edson-farm</ref>
{{clear}}

===i. Harry Fenner=== 
[[File:Henry Fenner.jpg|thumb|right|Henry Fenner]]
Harry Fenner was only 17 years old when he and his 14 year old friend, Luther Warren decided the church needed an organization to encourage and support the youth. They called their new group a “young people’s society.” Within ten years the church structure was beginning to follow their lead. In 1889 the Ohio Conference became the first to form a conference-wide youth organization. It was known as Christian Volunteers. And in 1907 the General Conference Youth Department was formally organized.
{{clear}}

===j. Eduardo Francisco Forga=== 
[[File:Eduardo Forga.png|thumb|right|Eduardo Francisco Forga]]
Before he was converted to Adventism, Eduardo F. Forga, a wealthy young Peruvian, founded the first evangelical church in Arequipa, Peru. A health and temperance reformer, a vegetarian, and a defender of religious liberty, he had to flee his native country to England for his outspokenness. There he joined the Seventhday Adventist Church and married Marguerite Lacey, whose sister was married to W. C. White, Ellen White's son. An author in his own right, Mr. Forga translated some of Mrs. White's books and articles into Spanish and had a major impact on the growth of the Adventist Church in Peru, South America.
{{clear}}

===k. A.T. Jones / E.J. Waggoner=== 
[[File:Alonzo T. Jones.jpg|thumb|right|Alonzo T. Jones]]
[[File:Ellet Joseph Waggoner.jpg|thumb|right|Ellet. J. Waggoner]]Alonzo T. Jones, (1850-1923) was a minister, editor, and author. At the age of 20 he enlisted in the Army and for three years served his country. He loved reading, and read large historical works, Seventh-day Adventist publications, and the Bible. After being discharged from the Army in 1873, he was baptized and began preaching on the West Coast for the church. In May 1885 he became assistant editor of the ''Signs of the Times'', and a few months later he and E. J. Waggoner became editors. This position he held until 1889. From 1897 to 1901 he was editor in chief of the ''Review and Herald''. He became recognized as the denomination’s most prominent speaker for religious freedom. His association with Dr. J. H. Kellogg in 1903, who was actively seeking to separate the Battle Creek Sanitarium from denominational control, resulted in separation from denominational employment and, finally, in loss of church membership.
Ellet J. Waggonner, (1855-1916) was an editor, minister, and physician. He attended Battle Creek College in the earliest years of the institution, and obtained a medical degree from the Bellevue Medical College, New York. He served on the staff of the Battle Creek Sanitarium for a few years. Later he left the practice of medicine and entered the ministry. In 1884 he worked at Pacific Press as assistant editor of the ''Signs of the Times''. Two years later (1886) he and A. T. Jones became editors of the paper. This post Waggoner held until May 1891. He became editor of ''Present Truth'' in England in 1892, and in 1902 was elected the first president of the South England Conference. He returned to the United States in the summer of 1902, and served briefly on the staff of Emmanuel Missionary College.


In 1888 Waggoner and A. T. Jones gave a memorable series of sermons on righteousness by faith that stirred the General Conference session in Minneapolis, and for several years afterward were sent by the General Conference Committee to preach on that subject from coast to coast at camp meetings and other large gatherings. Ellen White accompanied them to many of these places until she left for Australia in December 1891.
{{clear}}

===l. Charles M. Kenney=== 
[[File:Charles Kinney.jpg|thumb|right|Charles M. Kinney]]
Charles M. Kinny was born in Richmond, Virginia in 1855, eleven years after the Disappointment of 1844. He was ten years old by the end of the Civil War. It was in Reno, Nevada, in 1878 at the age of 23 that Kinny attended a series of evangelistic sermons by J. N. Loughborough. Ellen White visited during the meetings and spoke to about four hundred listeners on the subject of the “Love of God.” Her message was well received and her presence added much to the interest of the people and “left a favorable impression upon the public mind.” Charles M. Kinny experienced conversion during those meetings. He never forgot Sister White’s sermon and joyfully embraced the love of God and accepted the truth about the Sabbath and the Second Advent. He kept his first Sabbath on the last Saturday of September, 1878, at the age of 23. He was one of the seven charter members and the only Black member of the Reno Seventh-day Adventist church. He was welcomed warmly by the church and was later appointed secretary of their tract society. Charles Kinny would become a prominent figure in early African American Adventism and most of what Adventists learned about the early progress of the work among African Americans they learned from the writings of Charles Kinny. Church leaders looked to him to develop the best methods of evangelism among African Americans. As such Charles M. Kinny was the first African American ordained minister in the Seventh-day Adventist church and is known as the The Father of Black Adventism.
{{clear}}

===m. George King=== 
[[File:George King SDA Pioneer.jpg|thumb|right|George Albert King]]
George Albert King (1847-1906) was a pioneer canvasser who developed the idea of subscription sale of Seventh-day Adventist books. A native of Canada, he came to the United States where as a young man he accepted SDA beliefs and desired to be a preacher. Because of a speech impediment he was encouraged to try selling SDA tracts and magazines and books. Throughout his life he was an enthusiastic recruiter and instructor of other canvassers.
{{clear}}

===n. Anna Knight=== 
[[File:Anna Knight.jpg|thumb|right|Anna Knight]]
Anna Knight (1874-1972) was self-taught until the age of 20 when she attended Mount Vernon Academy in Ohio in 1894. In 1898 she graduated from Battle Creek College as a missionary nurse. She operated a self-supporting school in Jasper County, Mississippi for Black children. In 1901 she was appointed as a missionary to India where she served 6 years. She served in the Educational Department for Southeastern Conference and Southern Conference when they merged, and served until the regional Conferences were formed. She authored the book ''Mississippi Girl,<ref>http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0006ATC4O/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B0006ATC4O&linkCode=as2&tag=wwwjadedragon-20</ref>'' the story of her life.
{{clear}}

===o. Abram LaRue=== 
[[File:Abram LaRue.jpg|thumb|right|Abram LaRue]]
Abram LaRue (1822-1903) was a pioneer, self-supporting lay missionary in eastern Asia. While working as a sheepherder in California he accepted the Seventh-day Adventist faith. Immediately he requested a mission appointment to China. Because of his advanced age the General Conference declined but after attending Healdsburg College one term he worked his way to Honolulu and sold books in the city and on the ships in port. In 1888 at the age of 66, La Rue went to Hong Kong where he worked for 14 years with Europeans and the Chinese. He died in Hong Kong in 1903 where he had been a tireless worker with a rare gift in meeting people and conveying his own religious convictions to them.
{{clear}}

===p. Kate Lindsay=== 
Katherine Lindsay (1842-1923) was a physician and founder of the first Seventh-day Adventist nurse’s training school. In 1875 she graduated at the head of her class from the University of Michigan Medical College. She joined the staff of the Battle Creek Sanitarium. Dr. Kate, as she was known, introduced thorough classwork and became known as a foremost teacher of student nurses.

===q. William Miller=== 
[[File:William Miller.jpg|thumb|right|William Miller]]
William Miller (1782-1849) was an American farmer and a Baptist preacher who announced the imminent coming of Christ and founded the movement popularly know as Millerism or the Millerite movement. He was a convincing preacher in the logical way he appealed in earnestness. After the “Great Disappointment” he built a chapel on his property so Advent Believers would have a place to worship.
{{clear}}

===r. W.W. Prescott=== 
[[File:W._W._Prescott.jpg|thumb|right|William W. Prescott]]William W. Prescott, (1855-1944) was an educator and administrator. His parents were Millerites in New England. While in his last year at South Berwick Academy, he taught Latin and Greek. He was principal of high schools in Northfield and Montpelier, Vermont (1877 to 1880). With his acceptance of the presidency of Battle Creek College (1885-1894), he entered upon a career unique in many respects in Seventh-day Adventist history. While still president of Battle Creek College, he helped found Union College and became its first president in 1891. He appointed principals for the two institutions to act while he was absent from one or the other. Then late in 1892 he assumed the presidency of the newly founded Walla Walla College. Thus, he was simultaneously president of three colleges in the year. During a world tour (1894-1895), he helped to found the Avondale School in Australia. In 1901 he became the vice president of the General Conference, chair of the Review and Herald Publishing Association board, and editor of the Review and Herald. Later in his career, he served as head of the Bible Department of Emmanuel Missionary College, a post he held until 1934. Whether teacher, editor, administrator, or secretary of the General Conference Department of Education, Prescott left a strong impression on the entire educational work of the denomination.
{{clear}}

===s. Rachel Oakes-Preston=== 
[[File:Rachel Oakes.jpg|thumb|right|Rachel Oakes]]
Rachel Oakes-Preston (1809-1868) was a Seventh-day Baptist who persuaded a group of Adventists to accept the Sabbath in Washington, New Hampshire, and thus to become, in that sense, the first Seventh-day Adventists. Due to Rachel's influence, Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910), an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and promoter of the prophetic teachings of William Miller, preached his first sermon on seventh-day Sabbath to his "Christian Brethren" congregation on March 16, 1844.


Further due to Rachel's influence, William Farnsworth (1807-1888), after the Great Disappointment of October 22, 1844, stated publicly to the "Christian Brethren" congregation his conviction that Saturday, being the seventh day of the week, was Sabbath. His brother Cyrus (who became the husband of Rachel’s daughter Delight), and several others, also made their convictions known.
{{clear}}

===t. Annie Smith=== 
[[File:Annie Rebekah Smith.JPG|thumb|right|Anna Rebekah Smith]]
Annie Rebekah Smith (1828-1855) was a poet and editorial assistant. She joined the Baptist Church at the age of 10 and became an Adventist in 1844. She gave up teaching in 1850 because of eye trouble and in 1851 she attended a meeting by Joseph Bates and was convinced of the Seventh-day Adventist faith. She sent a poem, ''"Fear Not, Little Flock"'' to the Review and Herald. James White employed her to read proof, edit copy and take charge in White’s absence. She wrote many poems. Ten of her hymns appear in the Church Hymnal. She died of Tuberculosis in 1855.
{{clear}}

===u. Uriah Smith=== 
[[File:Uriah Smith.jpg|thumb|Uriah Smith]]
Uriah Smith (1832-1903) was an editor and author who gave 50 years of service to the Seventh-day Adventist cause. At age 13 his left leg was amputated above the knee due to an infection. In 1863 he patented a improved model artificial leg with fully flexible knee and ankle joints. He became a Sabbath-keeping Adventist in 1852. He wrote poems and articles that were printed in the Review & Herald and in 1853 joined his sister, Annie, as a worker at the office of the Advent Review and Sabbath Herald in Rochester, New York. He was one of the most fluent writers for the young denomination. His pen could be incisive. He is best known for the book Daniel and Revelation. In 1874 he patented a school desk with an improved folding seat. The last words he ever wrote, in 1903, to the General Conference epitomized his lifelong purpose: "I am with you in the endeavor to send forth in this generation this gospel of the kingdom, for a witness to all nations. And when this is completed, it will be the signal for the coronation of our Coming King."
{{clear}}

===v. Luther Warren=== 
[[File:Luther Warren.jpg|thumb|right|Luther Warren]]
Luther Warren (1864-1940) was a youth leader and evangelist. At the age of 14, in 1879, he with his friend Harry Fenner, organized at Hazelton, Michigan one of the first Seventh-day Adventist young people’s societies. His formal education was limited but he was an insatiable reader, keenly interested in the development of church schools. He began his evangelistic career in 1888 as a tent master in Michigan, a career that took him to many centers throughout North America. He powerfully influenced thousands of young people in schools and churches where he conducted revivals. Mary Boucher has written a biography on Warren under the title ''Luther Warren'' (Review and Herald, 1959).
'''[See the history given here.][https://adventisthistory.wordpress.com/category/people/luther-warren-people/].'''
{{clear}}

===w. F. H. Westphal=== 
[[File:Frank H. Westphal.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Frank H. Westphal]]
Frank Henry Westphal (1858-1944) was a pioneer missionary to South America. He was converted to the Seventh-day Adventist faith at the age of 19 and in 1878 he was made leader of the newly organized church in New London, Wisconsin. In 1894 he was called to South America and became the first ordained SDA minister assigned to the South America Continent. He worked with success in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil and Chili.
{{clear}}

===x. Frederick Wheeler=== 
[[File:Frederick Wheeler.jpg|thumb|right|Frederick Wheeler]]
Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910) was a pioneer Adventist minister, reputed to be the first ordained Adventist minister to preach in favor of the seventh-day Sabbath. In 1840 he was an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church and became its circuit rider in the vicinity of Washington and Hillsboro in New Hampshire. In 1842 he became acquainted with the Millerite views and was active in the propagation of the Adventist views. In March of 1844, after a discussion with Rachel Oakes (later Preston), he became convinced through study that the seventh-day Sabbath was sacred. He preached and farmed in the neighborhood until James White invited him to go farther afield with his ministry.

===y. James White=== 
[[File:James Springer White.jpg|thumb|James White]]
James Springer White (1821-1881), a co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, was the fifth of nine children. He was baptized, at age 15, in the denomination called Christian Connection to which his parents belonged. After teaching for two winters he heard of the Millerite Movement and was persuaded to attend a meeting. He became convinced of the importance of what he had heard and of the shortness of time. He resigned from his school to join in heralding the Advent message. He suffered keenly during the Great Disappointment in October 1844, but he clung in confidence to God’s Word. He married Ellen Gould Harmon on August 30, 1846 and soon after, the two of them began to keep the seventh-day Sabbath. He wrote encouragement to the believers and worked to spread the gospel of Jesus' soon coming until his death in 1881.


Ellen G. White, (1827-1915) was co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, together with James White and Joseph Bates. She was a writer, lecturer, and counselor to the church, who possessed what Seventh-day Adventists have accepted as the prophetic gift described in the Bible; also known as the Spirit of prophecy. In her early teens Ellen and her family were faithful Methodists in Portland, Maine, and accepted William Miller’s view on the second advent of Christ about the year 1843, after hearing his lecture in March 1840. She was baptized into the Methodist Church in June 26, 1842. In September 1843, because of their Adventist views, she and her parents and other members of the family were disfellowshipped from the Methodist Church. Expecting Christ’s return in October 22, 1844, she and her family experienced the Millerites’ great disappointment. At the age of 17, in December 1844, Ellen Harmon joined four other women in family worship, and while they were praying, she experienced her first vision, in which she witnessed a representation of the travels of the Adventist people to the City of God. It was one of many visions she received during her lifelong ministry. Ellen White died on July 16, 1915, at the ripe age of 87 years.
{{clear}}

===z. Any other pioneers of your preference from your own Union/Division.=== 

==3. Dates: Explore and summarize the importance of each of the following event dates to Adventist history:== 

===a. Great Disappointment (October 22, 1844)=== 
The day of the Great Disappointment was when Jesus did not come as those awaiting His Advent had calculated and waited for with much prayer.

===b. Adventist Church incorporated (May 21, 1863)=== 
The Adventist Church incorporated on May 21, 1863. This is considered the date of the official organization of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. This move was significant since it gave the church the right to own property and ordain ministers. Many of the founders had to “grow” significantly in order to “organize” since many had come from backgrounds that felt that organizing was not consistent with scripture.

===c. Health Reform begins - 1863=== 

===d. J.N. Andrews: First Missionary - 1874=== 

===e. General Conference of 1888 (Righteousness by Faith Conference)=== 
Held in Minneapolis, Minnesota October of 1888 this conference was notable as E. J. Waggoner and A. T. Jones presented the concept of Righteousness by Faith in Jesus Christ. Ellen White joined the two men in their presentations.

Many of the General Conference leaders held that works-based righteousness was the key to salvation in Jesus. The arguments and exchanges were heated and lengthy. Eventually, God-led individuals voted in favor of the church operating under a premise of righteousness by faith, but this "win" would not come easy. EJ Waggoner, A.T. Jones both eventually left Adventism, and Ellen White was "sent" to Australia.

===f. Reorganization of 1901 / Fires in Battle Creek 1902=== 
These events decentralized the very centralized administration of the General Conference at the time.

A.G. Daniels helped lead a charge to create UNIONS in 1901, thus allowing many decisions that primarily affected one local field to be made by leaders within the field. This left global decisions to the General Conference, and even eventually led to a delegate-based approach to decision making on such issues as the Fundamental beliefs that define Adventism (3 h.)

Ellen White had warned that there needed to be more people involved in the process of decision making AND that having all the major "arms" of the church work all in one city was not the "salt and light" God intended. The Battle Creek Sanitarium (medical) burned February 18 and Review and Herald (publishing) burned December 30, both in the same year - 1902. (article http://archives.adventistreview.org/2004-1513/story1.html)

All of these events helped decentralize the power and influence of the administration of the Adventist work. Currently, there are over 100 medical facilities operated by the Adventist Church and more than 70 publishing houses worldwide (http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmFieldSubEntities.aspx?EntityType=P&AdmFieldID=GC)

===g. Gland, Switzerland, 1907=== 
Gland, Switzerland was the site of the General Conference Session where the Young People’s Department of Missionary Volunteers was officially adopted. This later became the Pathfinders.

===h. 27 Fundamental Beliefs document adopted 1980=== 

Fundamental Principles of Adventist belief had been published as early as 1872 (by James White) and supported by the General Conference as early as 1889. However, the formal statement of Fundamental Beliefs published in 1980 as voted in General Conference session was a significant step in formalizing what beliefs set apart Seventh-day Adventists as a distinctive branch of Christianity AND also demonstrates the Christ-centric nature of the Adventist church. In 2005, a 28th belief (inserted as #11) was added.

===i. Other significant dates in the history of Adventism in your division, conference, or region=== 

==4. Publications: Describe the origins, publication details, and purpose of each of the following Adventist Publications:== 

Many historical publications can be accessed on the Office of Archives, Statistics, and Research website[https://documents.adventistarchives.org/Periodicals/Forms/AllFolders.aspx], or their history explored in the online version of the Encyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventists [https://encyclopedia.adventist.org/].

===a. Adventist Review and Sabbath Herald=== 
The Adventist Review was founded by James and Ellen White in July 1849 as The Present Truth, but the name was changed to The Advent Review and then Second Advent Review and Sabbath Herald (with variations) after being combined with the Advent Herald publication. The name was changed to Adventist Review in 1978. Throughout its history it has been commonly referred to as the Review

===b. Advent Tidende=== 
Advent Tidende was a Danish monthly paper which John G. Matteson, a native son of Denmark, started for the Scandinavian people in the United States, Denmark, and Norway.

===c. Les Signes des Temps / Signs of the Times=== 
French ''Signs of the Times'' magazine

===d. Liberty Magazine / Liberty=== 
Liberty was first called American Sentinel (1886-1900) and then Sentinel of Liberty (1900-1903) before being shortened to its current name (1906-Present). Not sure what it was called from 1903-1906, doesn't seem to say.

===e. Medical Evangelist / Medical Evangelism=== 
Published by the College of Evangelists, then the College of Medical Evangelists and finally Loma Linda University. Publication began in June 1908 and continued through June 1962.

===f. Present Truth=== 
Present Truth was an illustrated evangelistic periodical devoted to the presentation of various facets of doctrine. It was begun by James White in July of 1849 and was the forerunner of the Review and Herald.

===g. Youth’s Instructor=== 
The Youth's Instructor was the name of the first magazine the Seventh-day Adventists had for youth. It was later renamed ''Junior Guide'' and later ''Guide Magazine'' which is still in print today.

===h. Equivalent publications in your division, conference, or region=== 

==5. Church Organization:== 

===a. Briefly explain the significance of the 1901 General Conference and describe the organizational structure that resulted from it. Indicate how your conference, association, or mission fits into the overall church structure.=== 


Ellen White, recently back from Australia, stood up at the 1901 GC Session in Battle Creek and urged that the Administrative structure of the church be modified. The goal was to increase the effectiveness of the church in ministry, move decision making out of the GC office (then in Battle Creek) and closer to the front line.


The most significant action in 1901 was perhaps the organization of Union Conferences. Originally the 'State' conferences had joined together to form the General Conference. While many in leadership came to view Unions as unnecessary overhead by 2000 (a hundred years later), the debate over gender equality in ministry has brought Unions forward again as a primary place where policy and change happens.


The Adventist Church is studying restructuring actively. Economic realities will likely see a reduction of at least one of the levels of church governance. Different people wish to strengthen or weaken the power of the General Conference (and its Divisions) vs the Unions and Local Conferences. Time will tell how the church can best structure to finish the gospel commission.

===b. Point out on a map where the church offices are located from your conference level to the General Conference.=== 
Generally (there are exceptions) there will be 4 levels of administration serving your local church and its members:


Local Conference or Local Mission. Sometimes for areas with few Adventists this level is called a Field or Section. Increasingly this level is being dispensed with in favor of the Union of Churches model. Conferences usually cover a province or state, or part of or several such political units. Regional Conferences in much of the USA provide support to mainly black churches.


Union or Union Mission or Union of Churches. Increasingly the Union level is termed SDA Church in Place Name. In part of Europe in particular the Union of Churches model is dispensing with the local conference model and simply representing churches in a geographic area. The Union is the building block off the General Conference. There are 124 Unions in the world as of 2014. A few Conferences are not attached to a Union for various reasons (Guam-Micronesia in the NAD is one example).


Divisions of the General Conference are administrative units that group Unions together. There are 13 Divisions and 1 Union (Middle East North Africa Union) that exists outside any Division. Divisions have no independent constituency.


The General Conference is the grouping of all the Unions. New Unions are voted into the worldwide sisterhood of churches at each GC Session (5 years apart).

===c. Illustrate the organizational structure of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and prepare an ecclesiastical organization chart to demonstrate your learning.=== 

A helpful resource could be the Church Structure video series developed by The Scratch News and posted on [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzafYVHG38GHrqxn8xg-wkQ/playlists YouTube].

From the North American Division Perspective - your illustration would show the General Conference, then the North American Division (Canada, United States, Bermuda, Guam, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Northern Mariana Islands and Palau). ([https://news.adventist.org/en/all-news/news/go/2011-10-11/guam-micronesia-mission-now-part-of-north-american-division/])
Following that is the Union structure. Your illustration would vary based on which Union your Conference and church is located in.


'''The Unions & Conferences in the NAD are:'''
[http://www.nadadventist.org/article/54/directory/area-headquarters]
[https://www.nadadventist.org/about-our-church/north-american-division-map] 
''Atlantic Union'' - Conferences: Bermuda, Greater New York, New York, Northeastern, Northern New England, and Southern New England Conferences. 
''Seventh-day Adventist Church in Canada'' - Conferences: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba-Saskatchewan, Maritime, Ontario, and Quebec (French website) Conferences and the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Newfoundland and Labrador. 
''Columbia Union'' - Conferences: Allegheny East, Allegheny West, Chesapeake, Mountain View, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Potomac Conferences. 
''Guam-Micronesia Mission'' - Became part of North American Division in February, 2012 Missions do not have conferences. 
''Lake Union'' - Conferences: Illinois, Indiana, Lake Region, Michigan, and Wisconsin Conferences. 
''Mid-America Union'' - Conferences: Central States, Dakota, Iowa-Missouri, Kansas-Nebraska, Minnesota, and Rocky Mountain Conferences. 
''North Pacific Union'' - Conferences: Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Upper Columbia, and Washington Conferences. 
''Pacific Union'' - Conferences: Arizona, Central California, Hawaii, Nevada-Utah, Northern California, Southeastern California, and Southern California Conferences. 
''Southern Union'' - Conferences: Carolina, Florida, Georgia-Cumberland, Gulf States, Kentucky-Tennessee, South Atlantic, South Central, and Southeastern Conferences. 
''Southwestern Union'' - Conferences: Arkansas-Louisiana, Oklahoma, Southwest Region, Texas, and Texico Conferences. 

==6. Miscellaneous: Tell the importance of at least ten (10) of the following locations, organizations, or concepts or their equivalent.== 

===a. Avondale College=== 
Avondale University College is an Australian tertiary education provider affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system. Avondale University College has two campuses, the Lake Macquarie campus being the primary campus situated in Cooranbong, New South Wales. The other campus is located at Sydney Adventist Hospital in the Sydney suburb of Wahroonga and is the main campus of the nursing school.
Avondale University College primarily focuses in the areas of teaching, theology, and nursing, but also offers bachelor's degrees in business, science and the arts as well as certificate studies in outdoor recreation. The nursing programme commences at the Cooranbong campus for one or two semesters and is completed at the Sydney Adventist Hospital with hands-on experience gained in the hospital. Master's degrees are offered in theology, education, nursing, ministry, and some business related fields by distance education, including a one-month on-campus component in the winter semester.

===b. Battle Creek Sanitarium=== 
The Battle Creek Sanitarium was opened in 1866. It was a pioneer Seventh-day Adventist Medical institution.

===c. Dime Tabernacle=== 
Dime Tabernacle was the name for the church built in Battle Creek and paid for from dimes that were saved and turned in for the church building. It was destroyed by fire on January 3, 1922.

===d. Norsk Bokforlag=== 
Norsk Bokforlag was a Norwegian Publishing House established in 1932.

===e. Pitcairn Missionary Ship=== 
The Pitcairn was a vessel built as a schooner, refitted as a brigantine, and used by Seventh-day Adventists for transporting missionaries across the Pacific Ocean from 1890 to 1900. The ship was paid for by Sabbath School Offerings and made six missionary voyages whose missionaries established missions in many of the islands of the South Pacific. The first voyage went directly to Pitcairn Island arriving there November 25, 1890. Pitcairn was a remote British island possession in the southeastern Pacific Ocean about 3,500 miles north-east of New Zealand. Because maintenance of the ship was expensive, The Pitcairn was sold in 1900, by which time steamship connections with the islands had improved.

===f. Sabbath Conferences=== 
The Sabbath Conferences were a series of meetings of “friends of the Sabbath” held in various places in New England and New York. Beginning in April of 1848, during the formative period when James and Ellen White, Joseph Bates, and others began the work of "uniting the brethren on the great truths connected with the message of the third angel."

===g. Sanitarium Health Food Co.=== 
The Sanitarium Health & Wellbeing Company is a chain of health food factories, wholesale branches, and retail shops in Australia and New Zealand, operated by the Health Food Department of the South Pacific Division of the Adventist Church. Products include Weets-Bix, a flaked-wheat breakfast-food biscuit; cornflakes, and other cereal foods; Marmite, a yeast-extract flavoring; peanut butter, vegetarian meats and textured vegetable protein, and So Good, a nondairy soy milk. It has subsidiaries in Canada and other countries and exports worldwide. Part of the Adventist focus on healthy living. <ref>http://www.sanitarium.co.nz/about-us/our-history</ref>

===h. Solusi College=== 
First (heathen) Adventist Mission Station 1894.


The General Conference chose Elder W.H. Anderson and two other men to go to the new mission station 1895. They were given $5,000 dollars for one year and were told that was all they had. They were to become self-supporting as soon as possible. They had no expense allowance. They landed at Cape Town and traveled by train to the north to Mafeking. From there they traveled 600 miles using two oxcarts and 36 oxen. They averaged about 15 miles a day and the river beds were dry. They learned later that in the dry season the water was under the river bed and not in sight. When the monsoon season comes the river beds are full.


At first the church services were held under the trees. On their first first Sabbath there, the Chief Solusi came with many of his people.


Solusi College is an institution of higher learning now operated by the Zimbabwe Union Conference. It was established in 1894 as Solusi Mission and is headquartered in Bulilimamangwe, Zimbabwe. An [http://solusi.ac.zw/?page_id=1576 interesting brief history].

===i. Systematic Benevolence=== 
Systematic Benevolence was a system by which the first Adventist pastors were paid. Contributions were "systematic" meaning they were determined by one's wealth and were regularly made. Before this plan the preachers of the Seventh-day Adventist doctrines were largely self-supporting.

===j. Tract Society=== 
The Tract Society began in 1869 with a group of ladies at South Lancaster, Massachusetts. The society members visited the sick and needy and distributed tracts and wrote letters sharing their faith. In 1870 S. N. Haskell organized the first Conference-wide society in New England. By 1924 their scope of influence having long since reached beyond the small literature state, the name was changed to Book and Bible Houses. In 1972 the name Adventist Book Center (ABC) was adopted. The ABC is a distribution and service outlet for the Seventh-day Adventist publishing house products and other church-approved materials.

===k. Universidad de Montemorelos=== 
Universidad de Montemorelos is a coeducational institution of higher learning established in 1942 near the city of Montemorelos, State of Nuevo León, México.

===l. Voice of Prophecy=== 
The radio broadcast founded by H. M. S. Richards. See ''H. M. S. Richards, Near to the Heart of God|[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0828013322/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0828013322&linkCode=as2&tag=wwwjadedragon-20]]'' by Robert E. Edwards Review & Herald, 1998 for a great read.

===m. Washington hand press=== 
The Washington hand press (a brand or style of hand operated printing press) was purchased by James White with money from Hiram Edson in 1852, the first press purchased to print SDA materials<ref>http://news.adventist.org/all-news/news/go/2013-04-10/publishing-work-was-central-to-early-adventist-church/</ref>. Prior to that, all printed materials were printed by commercial print shops. From that small beginning in a rented house in Rochester, New York, the church established a worldwide network of publishing houses printing in numerous languages.

===n. Other significant locations, organizations, or concepts in your division, conference, or region=== 

==7. Read about, watch, or research the story of Ellen G. White. Explain what her role was in the beginnings of the Adventist Church. Include in your research significant factors such as:== 

===a. First vision (June 6, 1863)=== 
Ellen had a vision on Health Reform.

===b. “Elmshaven”=== 
Ellen White’s home in St. Helena, California in the Napa Valley. It can be toured for free in person or online. http://www.elmshaven.org/

===c. Visions=== 
Messages from God that Ellen was to share.

===d. Gorham, Maine=== 
Ellen's birthplace <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorham,_Maine</ref>.

===e. Lord’s Messenger=== 
The name that Ellen White gave herself.

===f. “Conflict of the Ages” series=== 
A series of five books that E. G. White wrote which helped people to understand the Bible. The five books are: The Great Controversy, Patriarchs and Prophets, The Desire of Ages, The Acts of the Apostles, and Prophets and Kings <ref>http://www.ellenwhite.info/books/books-by-egw-coa.htm</ref>

===g. Ellen G. White Estate, Inc.=== 
In her will, Ellen G. White left her literary estate to a board of five church leaders so that her papers and books would be preserved. This corporation was organized after her death in 1915. It is now headquartered in the basement of the General Conference building, Silver Spring, Maryland, where free tours are offered.

===h. Lovett’s Grove, Ohio=== 
Two hour Vision on events in the great conflict between the forces of righteousness and the forces of evil which she was instructed to write out. Later it was written in full in a book called ''The Great Controversy''.

===i. “Sunnyside”=== 
The name of Ellen G. White's home in Cooranbong, Australia near Avondale College. Photo <ref>http://nas.egwwritings.org/galleries/Institutions/637.3b.1.jpg.php</ref>

===j. Testimonies for the Church=== 
A collection of writings that Ellen authored giving instruction, reproof and guidance for church members and leaders. The Testimonies series was released and published over time, eventually taking the 9 volume set we use today. While the individual letters were addressed to specific people, the principals outlined have broad application in the church. Ellen White recognized this and arranged for their wider publication.

==8. Discovery of Heritage Stories:== 

===a. Discover how the Adventist movement started in your country. Give special attention to the things the pioneers did in the process within your country or region.=== 

The Your Story Hour series on Adventist Pioneers, called Pathways of the Pioneers, tells of Adventist beginnings mainly in the USA, but some other countries as well. The series is available in [https://whiteestate.org/resources/pioneers-stories/ MP3 format] on the White Estate website for free online listening.

===b. Discover some of the stories of how Pathfinders, Adventist Youth Groups, or AY Societies began in your conference or division.=== 

===c. Present your finding to a group or as part of requirement 9 or 10.=== 

==9. Know and tell for school, Sabbath School, or Pathfinder worship three stories about Adventist history. At least one story must be about an Adventist youth.== 

==10. As an individual or with a group complete one of the following:== 

===a. Create and present a detailed poster or multimedia display (video/presentation) covering a portion of Adventist Heritage that you have learned.=== 

===b. Write and perform a skit that tells part of the Adventist Heritage story. Present it to younger Pathfinders, Adventurers or other younger group of individuals.=== 

===c. Create a completely playable game about Adventist Heritage. Demonstrate the game to your instructor or a group.=== 

===d. Visit an official Adventist Heritage site within your conference, union, or division and go on a tour. Debrief your experience with a group. If feasible, create a multimedia report of your experience.=== 

==References== 
[http://pathfinders.adventistconnect.org/site_data/86/assets/0024/9222/Chuch_Heritage_Manual.pdf Church Heritage Manual]


<references/>
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AY Honors/Adventist Pioneer Heritage/Answer Key

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{{honor desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Adventist Pioneer Heritage
|skill=2
|year=2014
|category=Outreach
|authority=General Conference
|reqpdf=Adventist_Heritage_Requirements.pdf
|insignia=Adventist_Heritage.png}}
{{Honor Master|honor={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|3}}|master=Family, Origins, and Heritage|group=required}}

==Note== 


This honor reflects the best requirements of two pre-existing honors, one from the North American Division and the other from the South American Division.


<big>'''Complete a minimum of a 9-week Academy or semester college Adventist History course OR complete the following requirements.'''</big>

==1. Origins:== 
===a. Read about, watch, or research the origins and development of the Millerite Movement and its role in the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.===


[https://telltheworld.adventist.org/ Tell the World] 6 Video's of the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

===b. Explain the Great Disappointment based on the prophecy of Daniel 8.=== 

===c. Share your finding with a group.=== 

==2. Pioneers: Be able to identify and explain the significance of at least fifteen (15) of the following individuals:== 

===a. Martha Amadon=== 
[[File:Martha Byington.jpg|thumb|right|Martha Byington]]
Martha Amadon (1843-1937) was the eldest daughter of John Byington, the first teacher of the first school organized for Seventh-day Adventist Children. She married George W. Amadon in 1860. She became the first Dorcas Society (Adventist Community Service) president in October, 1874.
{{clear}}

===b. W. H. Anderson=== 
[[File:William H. Anderson.jpg|thumb|right|William H. Anderson]]
William H. Anderson (1870-1950) was a pioneer missionary to Africa from 1895-1944. "Harry," as he was affectionately known to his friends, graduated in 1895 from Battle Creek College, where he was converted. Anderson’s book, ''On The Trail of Livingston'' (1919) did much to stimulate interest in African Missions where he served for 50 years.
{{clear}}

===c. J. N. Andrews=== 
[[File:John Nevins Andrews.jpg|thumb|right|John Nevins Andrews]]
John Nevins Andrews (1829-1883) was the first official Seventh-day Adventist missionary outside of North America. He and his children Charles and Mary sailed on September 15, 1874 to Switzerland. His wife had died 18 March 1872. As a theologian, Andrews made significant contributions to the development of various doctrines of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination. He wrote extensively on the Seventh-day Sabbath.
{{clear}}


Andrews University, named for J. N. Andrews, is an institution operated jointly by the General Conference and the Lake Union Conference. It was the first university to be organized by the Seventh-day Adventist church. It is located in Berrien Springs, Michigan. Its predecessor known as Battle Creek College, was founded in 1874, and grew from a “select” private school established in 1868 by G. H. Bell.

===d. Joseph Bates=== 
[[File:Joseph Bates.jpg|thumb|right|Joseph Bates]]
Joseph Bates (1792-1872) a former sea captain and a reformer, was one of the founders of the SDA Church. Bates experienced the disappointment of 1844 without losing faith. He wrote about the 7th Day Sabbath and the 3rd Angel's message. He played a prominent part in the "Sabbath Conferences." He was an evangelist, a leader, and an example in healthful living.
{{clear}}

===e. John Byington=== 
[[File:John Byington.jpg|thumb|right|John Byington]]
John Byington (1798-1887) was a pioneer minister and first president of the General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination. He was active in the antislavery movement and maintained a station of the Underground Railroad at Buck’s Bridge, New York, where he lived on a farm.
{{clear}}

===f. M. B. Czechowski=== 
[[File:Michał Belina - Czechowski.jpg|thumb|right|Michał Belina Czechowski]]
Michael Belina Czechowski (1818-1876) was a former Catholic priest. He joined the Advent Church in 1857 and in 1864 became a self-supporting missionary to Italy and Switzerland and established the first SDA church in Europe.
{{clear}}

===g. A.G. Daniells=== 
[[File:Daniells.JPG|thumb|right|Arthur G. Daniells]] Arthur G. Daniells (1858-1935), was a minister, administrator and author. At the age of 10 he was converted to the Seventh-day Adventist faith, and in 1875 entered Battle Creek College. He began his ministry in 1878 in Texas. In 1886 he was called as pioneer SDA missionary to New Zealand. He was president of the New Zealand Conference (1889-1891) and of the Australian Conference (1892-1895). He worked closely with Ellen White in Australia, and served as president of the Central Australian Conference and later president of the Australian Union Conference. He assumed the presidency of the General Conference in 1901 at a difficult period in the history of the church, and helped move the headquarters of the denomination to Washington, D. C. During his time in office the church grew greatly throughout the world. He relinquished the presidency of the General Conference in 1922. He authored four books, two of which standout as classics: “Christ Our Righteousness,” and “The Abiding Gift of Prophecy.”
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===h. Hiram Edson=== 
[[File:Hiram Edson.jpg|thumb|right|Hiram Edson]]
Hiram Edson (1806-1882) was a layman, later ordained, of Port Gibson, New York. He was the pioneer responsible for introducing, among those who became Seventh-day Adventists, the fuller understanding of the sanctuary and its cleansing. Edson was not only a thoughtful Bible student and an earnest evangelistic helper, but also a self-sacrificing contributor, putting his possessions into building of the church he loved. Consider visiting Hiram Edson's farm in upstate New York. <ref>http://www.adventistheritage.org/article/27/historic-sites/edson-farm</ref>
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===i. Harry Fenner=== 
[[File:Henry Fenner.jpg|thumb|right|Henry Fenner]]
Harry Fenner was only 17 years old when he and his 14 year old friend, Luther Warren decided the church needed an organization to encourage and support the youth. They called their new group a “young people’s society.” Within ten years the church structure was beginning to follow their lead. In 1889 the Ohio Conference became the first to form a conference-wide youth organization. It was known as Christian Volunteers. And in 1907 the General Conference Youth Department was formally organized.
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===j. Eduardo Francisco Forga=== 
[[File:Eduardo Forga.png|thumb|right|Eduardo Francisco Forga]]
Before he was converted to Adventism, Eduardo F. Forga, a wealthy young Peruvian, founded the first evangelical church in Arequipa, Peru. A health and temperance reformer, a vegetarian, and a defender of religious liberty, he had to flee his native country to England for his outspokenness. There he joined the Seventhday Adventist Church and married Marguerite Lacey, whose sister was married to W. C. White, Ellen White's son. An author in his own right, Mr. Forga translated some of Mrs. White's books and articles into Spanish and had a major impact on the growth of the Adventist Church in Peru, South America.
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===k. A.T. Jones / E.J. Waggoner=== 
[[File:Alonzo T. Jones.jpg|thumb|right|Alonzo T. Jones]]
[[File:Ellet Joseph Waggoner.jpg|thumb|right|Ellet. J. Waggoner]]Alonzo T. Jones, (1850-1923) was a minister, editor, and author. At the age of 20 he enlisted in the Army and for three years served his country. He loved reading, and read large historical works, Seventh-day Adventist publications, and the Bible. After being discharged from the Army in 1873, he was baptized and began preaching on the West Coast for the church. In May 1885 he became assistant editor of the ''Signs of the Times'', and a few months later he and E. J. Waggoner became editors. This position he held until 1889. From 1897 to 1901 he was editor in chief of the ''Review and Herald''. He became recognized as the denomination’s most prominent speaker for religious freedom. His association with Dr. J. H. Kellogg in 1903, who was actively seeking to separate the Battle Creek Sanitarium from denominational control, resulted in separation from denominational employment and, finally, in loss of church membership.
Ellet J. Waggonner, (1855-1916) was an editor, minister, and physician. He attended Battle Creek College in the earliest years of the institution, and obtained a medical degree from the Bellevue Medical College, New York. He served on the staff of the Battle Creek Sanitarium for a few years. Later he left the practice of medicine and entered the ministry. In 1884 he worked at Pacific Press as assistant editor of the ''Signs of the Times''. Two years later (1886) he and A. T. Jones became editors of the paper. This post Waggoner held until May 1891. He became editor of ''Present Truth'' in England in 1892, and in 1902 was elected the first president of the South England Conference. He returned to the United States in the summer of 1902, and served briefly on the staff of Emmanuel Missionary College.


In 1888 Waggoner and A. T. Jones gave a memorable series of sermons on righteousness by faith that stirred the General Conference session in Minneapolis, and for several years afterward were sent by the General Conference Committee to preach on that subject from coast to coast at camp meetings and other large gatherings. Ellen White accompanied them to many of these places until she left for Australia in December 1891.
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===l. Charles M. Kenney=== 
[[File:Charles Kinney.jpg|thumb|right|Charles M. Kinney]]
Charles M. Kinny was born in Richmond, Virginia in 1855, eleven years after the Disappointment of 1844. He was ten years old by the end of the Civil War. It was in Reno, Nevada, in 1878 at the age of 23 that Kinny attended a series of evangelistic sermons by J. N. Loughborough. Ellen White visited during the meetings and spoke to about four hundred listeners on the subject of the “Love of God.” Her message was well received and her presence added much to the interest of the people and “left a favorable impression upon the public mind.” Charles M. Kinny experienced conversion during those meetings. He never forgot Sister White’s sermon and joyfully embraced the love of God and accepted the truth about the Sabbath and the Second Advent. He kept his first Sabbath on the last Saturday of September, 1878, at the age of 23. He was one of the seven charter members and the only Black member of the Reno Seventh-day Adventist church. He was welcomed warmly by the church and was later appointed secretary of their tract society. Charles Kinny would become a prominent figure in early African American Adventism and most of what Adventists learned about the early progress of the work among African Americans they learned from the writings of Charles Kinny. Church leaders looked to him to develop the best methods of evangelism among African Americans. As such Charles M. Kinny was the first African American ordained minister in the Seventh-day Adventist church and is known as the The Father of Black Adventism.
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===m. George King=== 
[[File:George King SDA Pioneer.jpg|thumb|right|George Albert King]]
George Albert King (1847-1906) was a pioneer canvasser who developed the idea of subscription sale of Seventh-day Adventist books. A native of Canada, he came to the United States where as a young man he accepted SDA beliefs and desired to be a preacher. Because of a speech impediment he was encouraged to try selling SDA tracts and magazines and books. Throughout his life he was an enthusiastic recruiter and instructor of other canvassers.
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===n. Anna Knight=== 
[[File:Anna Knight.jpg|thumb|right|Anna Knight]]
Anna Knight (1874-1972) was self-taught until the age of 20 when she attended Mount Vernon Academy in Ohio in 1894. In 1898 she graduated from Battle Creek College as a missionary nurse. She operated a self-supporting school in Jasper County, Mississippi for Black children. In 1901 she was appointed as a missionary to India where she served 6 years. She served in the Educational Department for Southeastern Conference and Southern Conference when they merged, and served until the regional Conferences were formed. She authored the book ''Mississippi Girl,<ref>http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0006ATC4O/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B0006ATC4O&linkCode=as2&tag=wwwjadedragon-20</ref>'' the story of her life.
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===o. Abram LaRue=== 
[[File:Abram LaRue.jpg|thumb|right|Abram LaRue]]
Abram LaRue (1822-1903) was a pioneer, self-supporting lay missionary in eastern Asia. While working as a sheepherder in California he accepted the Seventh-day Adventist faith. Immediately he requested a mission appointment to China. Because of his advanced age the General Conference declined but after attending Healdsburg College one term he worked his way to Honolulu and sold books in the city and on the ships in port. In 1888 at the age of 66, La Rue went to Hong Kong where he worked for 14 years with Europeans and the Chinese. He died in Hong Kong in 1903 where he had been a tireless worker with a rare gift in meeting people and conveying his own religious convictions to them.
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===p. Kate Lindsay=== 
Katherine Lindsay (1842-1923) was a physician and founder of the first Seventh-day Adventist nurse’s training school. In 1875 she graduated at the head of her class from the University of Michigan Medical College. She joined the staff of the Battle Creek Sanitarium. Dr. Kate, as she was known, introduced thorough classwork and became known as a foremost teacher of student nurses.

===q. William Miller=== 
[[File:William Miller.jpg|thumb|right|William Miller]]
William Miller (1782-1849) was an American farmer and a Baptist preacher who announced the imminent coming of Christ and founded the movement popularly know as Millerism or the Millerite movement. He was a convincing preacher in the logical way he appealed in earnestness. After the “Great Disappointment” he built a chapel on his property so Advent Believers would have a place to worship.
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===r. W.W. Prescott=== 
[[File:W._W._Prescott.jpg|thumb|right|William W. Prescott]]William W. Prescott, (1855-1944) was an educator and administrator. His parents were Millerites in New England. While in his last year at South Berwick Academy, he taught Latin and Greek. He was principal of high schools in Northfield and Montpelier, Vermont (1877 to 1880). With his acceptance of the presidency of Battle Creek College (1885-1894), he entered upon a career unique in many respects in Seventh-day Adventist history. While still president of Battle Creek College, he helped found Union College and became its first president in 1891. He appointed principals for the two institutions to act while he was absent from one or the other. Then late in 1892 he assumed the presidency of the newly founded Walla Walla College. Thus, he was simultaneously president of three colleges in the year. During a world tour (1894-1895), he helped to found the Avondale School in Australia. In 1901 he became the vice president of the General Conference, chair of the Review and Herald Publishing Association board, and editor of the Review and Herald. Later in his career, he served as head of the Bible Department of Emmanuel Missionary College, a post he held until 1934. Whether teacher, editor, administrator, or secretary of the General Conference Department of Education, Prescott left a strong impression on the entire educational work of the denomination.
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===s. Rachel Oakes-Preston=== 
[[File:Rachel Oakes.jpg|thumb|right|Rachel Oakes]]
Rachel Oakes-Preston (1809-1868) was a Seventh-day Baptist who persuaded a group of Adventists to accept the Sabbath in Washington, New Hampshire, and thus to become, in that sense, the first Seventh-day Adventists. Due to Rachel's influence, Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910), an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and promoter of the prophetic teachings of William Miller, preached his first sermon on seventh-day Sabbath to his "Christian Brethren" congregation on March 16, 1844.


Further due to Rachel's influence, William Farnsworth (1807-1888), after the Great Disappointment of October 22, 1844, stated publicly to the "Christian Brethren" congregation his conviction that Saturday, being the seventh day of the week, was Sabbath. His brother Cyrus (who became the husband of Rachel’s daughter Delight), and several others, also made their convictions known.
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===t. Annie Smith=== 
[[File:Annie Rebekah Smith.JPG|thumb|right|Anna Rebekah Smith]]
Annie Rebekah Smith (1828-1855) was a poet and editorial assistant. She joined the Baptist Church at the age of 10 and became an Adventist in 1844. She gave up teaching in 1850 because of eye trouble and in 1851 she attended a meeting by Joseph Bates and was convinced of the Seventh-day Adventist faith. She sent a poem, ''"Fear Not, Little Flock"'' to the Review and Herald. James White employed her to read proof, edit copy and take charge in White’s absence. She wrote many poems. Ten of her hymns appear in the Church Hymnal. She died of Tuberculosis in 1855.
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===u. Uriah Smith=== 
[[File:Uriah Smith.jpg|thumb|Uriah Smith]]
Uriah Smith (1832-1903) was an editor and author who gave 50 years of service to the Seventh-day Adventist cause. At age 13 his left leg was amputated above the knee due to an infection. In 1863 he patented a improved model artificial leg with fully flexible knee and ankle joints. He became a Sabbath-keeping Adventist in 1852. He wrote poems and articles that were printed in the Review & Herald and in 1853 joined his sister, Annie, as a worker at the office of the Advent Review and Sabbath Herald in Rochester, New York. He was one of the most fluent writers for the young denomination. His pen could be incisive. He is best known for the book Daniel and Revelation. In 1874 he patented a school desk with an improved folding seat. The last words he ever wrote, in 1903, to the General Conference epitomized his lifelong purpose: "I am with you in the endeavor to send forth in this generation this gospel of the kingdom, for a witness to all nations. And when this is completed, it will be the signal for the coronation of our Coming King."
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===v. Luther Warren=== 
[[File:Luther Warren.jpg|thumb|right|Luther Warren]]
Luther Warren (1864-1940) was a youth leader and evangelist. At the age of 14, in 1879, he with his friend Harry Fenner, organized at Hazelton, Michigan one of the first Seventh-day Adventist young people’s societies. His formal education was limited but he was an insatiable reader, keenly interested in the development of church schools. He began his evangelistic career in 1888 as a tent master in Michigan, a career that took him to many centers throughout North America. He powerfully influenced thousands of young people in schools and churches where he conducted revivals. Mary Boucher has written a biography on Warren under the title ''Luther Warren'' (Review and Herald, 1959).
'''[See the history given here.][https://adventisthistory.wordpress.com/category/people/luther-warren-people/].'''
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===w. F. H. Westphal=== 
[[File:Frank H. Westphal.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Frank H. Westphal]]
Frank Henry Westphal (1858-1944) was a pioneer missionary to South America. He was converted to the Seventh-day Adventist faith at the age of 19 and in 1878 he was made leader of the newly organized church in New London, Wisconsin. In 1894 he was called to South America and became the first ordained SDA minister assigned to the South America Continent. He worked with success in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil and Chili.
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===x. Frederick Wheeler=== 
[[File:Frederick Wheeler.jpg|thumb|right|Frederick Wheeler]]
Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910) was a pioneer Adventist minister, reputed to be the first ordained Adventist minister to preach in favor of the seventh-day Sabbath. In 1840 he was an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church and became its circuit rider in the vicinity of Washington and Hillsboro in New Hampshire. In 1842 he became acquainted with the Millerite views and was active in the propagation of the Adventist views. In March of 1844, after a discussion with Rachel Oakes (later Preston), he became convinced through study that the seventh-day Sabbath was sacred. He preached and farmed in the neighborhood until James White invited him to go farther afield with his ministry.

===y. James White=== 
[[File:James Springer White.jpg|thumb|James White]]
James Springer White (1821-1881), a co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, was the fifth of nine children. He was baptized, at age 15, in the denomination called Christian Connection to which his parents belonged. After teaching for two winters he heard of the Millerite Movement and was persuaded to attend a meeting. He became convinced of the importance of what he had heard and of the shortness of time. He resigned from his school to join in heralding the Advent message. He suffered keenly during the Great Disappointment in October 1844, but he clung in confidence to God’s Word. He married Ellen Gould Harmon on August 30, 1846 and soon after, the two of them began to keep the seventh-day Sabbath. He wrote encouragement to the believers and worked to spread the gospel of Jesus' soon coming until his death in 1881.


Ellen G. White, (1827-1915) was co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, together with James White and Joseph Bates. She was a writer, lecturer, and counselor to the church, who possessed what Seventh-day Adventists have accepted as the prophetic gift described in the Bible; also known as the Spirit of prophecy. In her early teens Ellen and her family were faithful Methodists in Portland, Maine, and accepted William Miller’s view on the second advent of Christ about the year 1843, after hearing his lecture in March 1840. She was baptized into the Methodist Church in June 26, 1842. In September 1843, because of their Adventist views, she and her parents and other members of the family were disfellowshipped from the Methodist Church. Expecting Christ’s return in October 22, 1844, she and her family experienced the Millerites’ great disappointment. At the age of 17, in December 1844, Ellen Harmon joined four other women in family worship, and while they were praying, she experienced her first vision, in which she witnessed a representation of the travels of the Adventist people to the City of God. It was one of many visions she received during her lifelong ministry. Ellen White died on July 16, 1915, at the ripe age of 87 years.
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===z. Any other pioneers of your preference from your own Union/Division.=== 

==3. Dates: Explore and summarize the importance of each of the following event dates to Adventist history:== 

===a. Great Disappointment (October 22, 1844)=== 
The day of the Great Disappointment was when Jesus did not come as those awaiting His Advent had calculated and waited for with much prayer.

===b. Adventist Church incorporated (May 21, 1863)=== 
The Adventist Church incorporated on May 21, 1863. This is considered the date of the official organization of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. This move was significant since it gave the church the right to own property and ordain ministers. Many of the founders had to “grow” significantly in order to “organize” since many had come from backgrounds that felt that organizing was not consistent with scripture.

===c. Health Reform begins - 1863=== 

===d. J.N. Andrews: First Missionary - 1874=== 

===e. General Conference of 1888 (Righteousness by Faith Conference)=== 
Held in Minneapolis, Minnesota October of 1888 this conference was notable as E. J. Waggoner and A. T. Jones presented the concept of Righteousness by Faith in Jesus Christ. Ellen White joined the two men in their presentations.

Many of the General Conference leaders held that works-based righteousness was the key to salvation in Jesus. The arguments and exchanges were heated and lengthy. Eventually, God-led individuals voted in favor of the church operating under a premise of righteousness by faith, but this "win" would not come easy. EJ Waggoner, A.T. Jones both eventually left Adventism, and Ellen White was "sent" to Australia.

===f. Reorganization of 1901 / Fires in Battle Creek 1902=== 
These events decentralized the very centralized administration of the General Conference at the time.

A.G. Daniels helped lead a charge to create UNIONS in 1901, thus allowing many decisions that primarily affected one local field to be made by leaders within the field. This left global decisions to the General Conference, and even eventually led to a delegate-based approach to decision making on such issues as the Fundamental beliefs that define Adventism (3 h.)

Ellen White had warned that there needed to be more people involved in the process of decision making AND that having all the major "arms" of the church work all in one city was not the "salt and light" God intended. The Battle Creek Sanitarium (medical) burned February 18 and Review and Herald (publishing) burned December 30, both in the same year - 1902. (article http://archives.adventistreview.org/2004-1513/story1.html)

All of these events helped decentralize the power and influence of the administration of the Adventist work. Currently, there are over 100 medical facilities operated by the Adventist Church and more than 70 publishing houses worldwide (http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmFieldSubEntities.aspx?EntityType=P&AdmFieldID=GC)

===g. Gland, Switzerland, 1907=== 
Gland, Switzerland was the site of the General Conference Session where the Young People’s Department of Missionary Volunteers was officially adopted. This later became the Pathfinders.

===h. 27 Fundamental Beliefs document adopted 1980=== 

Fundamental Principles of Adventist belief had been published as early as 1872 (by James White) and supported by the General Conference as early as 1889. However, the formal statement of Fundamental Beliefs published in 1980 as voted in General Conference session was a significant step in formalizing what beliefs set apart Seventh-day Adventists as a distinctive branch of Christianity AND also demonstrates the Christ-centric nature of the Adventist church. In 2005, a 28th belief (inserted as #11) was added.

===i. Other significant dates in the history of Adventism in your division, conference, or region=== 

==4. Publications: Describe the origins, publication details, and purpose of each of the following Adventist Publications:== 

===a. Adventist Review and Sabbath Herald=== 
The Adventist Review was founded by James and Ellen White in July 1849 as The Present Truth, but the name was changed to The Advent Review and then Second Advent Review and Sabbath Herald (with variations) after being combined with the Advent Herald publication. The name was changed to Adventist Review in 1978. Throughout its history it has been commonly referred to as the Review

===b. Advent Tidende=== 
Advent Tidende was a Danish monthly paper which John G. Matteson, a native son of Denmark, started for the Scandinavian people in the United States, Denmark, and Norway.

===c. Les Signes des Temps / Signs of the Times=== 
French ''Signs of the Times'' magazine

===d. Liberty Magazine / Liberty=== 
Liberty was first called American Sentinel (1886-1900) and then Sentinel of Liberty (1900-1903) before being shortened to its current name (1906-Present). Not sure what it was called from 1903-1906, doesn't seem to say.

===e. Medical Evangelist / Medical Evangelism=== 
Published by the College of Evangelists, then the College of Medical Evangelists and finally Loma Linda University. Publication began in June 1908 and continued through June 1962.

===f. Present Truth=== 
Present Truth was an illustrated evangelistic periodical devoted to the presentation of various facets of doctrine. It was begun by James White in July of 1849 and was the forerunner of the Review and Herald.

===g. Youth’s Instructor=== 
The Youth's Instructor was the name of the first magazine the Seventh-day Adventists had for youth. It was later renamed ''Junior Guide'' and later ''Guide Magazine'' which is still in print today.

===h. Equivalent publications in your division, conference, or region=== 

==5. Church Organization:== 

===a. Briefly explain the significance of the 1901 General Conference and describe the organizational structure that resulted from it. Indicate how your conference, association, or mission fits into the overall church structure.=== 


Ellen White, recently back from Australia, stood up at the 1901 GC Session in Battle Creek and urged that the Administrative structure of the church be modified. The goal was to increase the effectiveness of the church in ministry, move decision making out of the GC office (then in Battle Creek) and closer to the front line.


The most significant action in 1901 was perhaps the organization of Union Conferences. Originally the 'State' conferences had joined together to form the General Conference. While many in leadership came to view Unions as unnecessary overhead by 2000 (a hundred years later), the debate over gender equality in ministry has brought Unions forward again as a primary place where policy and change happens.


The Adventist Church is studying restructuring actively. Economic realities will likely see a reduction of at least one of the levels of church governance. Different people wish to strengthen or weaken the power of the General Conference (and its Divisions) vs the Unions and Local Conferences. Time will tell how the church can best structure to finish the gospel commission.

===b. Point out on a map where the church offices are located from your conference level to the General Conference.=== 
Generally (there are exceptions) there will be 4 levels of administration serving your local church and its members:


Local Conference or Local Mission. Sometimes for areas with few Adventists this level is called a Field or Section. Increasingly this level is being dispensed with in favor of the Union of Churches model. Conferences usually cover a province or state, or part of or several such political units. Regional Conferences in much of the USA provide support to mainly black churches.


Union or Union Mission or Union of Churches. Increasingly the Union level is termed SDA Church in Place Name. In part of Europe in particular the Union of Churches model is dispensing with the local conference model and simply representing churches in a geographic area. The Union is the building block off the General Conference. There are 124 Unions in the world as of 2014. A few Conferences are not attached to a Union for various reasons (Guam-Micronesia in the NAD is one example).


Divisions of the General Conference are administrative units that group Unions together. There are 13 Divisions and 1 Union (Middle East North Africa Union) that exists outside any Division. Divisions have no independent constituency.


The General Conference is the grouping of all the Unions. New Unions are voted into the worldwide sisterhood of churches at each GC Session (5 years apart).

===c. Illustrate the organizational structure of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and prepare an ecclesiastical organization chart to demonstrate your learning.=== 

A helpful resource could be the Church Structure video series developed by The Scratch News and posted on [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzafYVHG38GHrqxn8xg-wkQ/playlists YouTube].

From the North American Division Perspective - your illustration would show the General Conference, then the North American Division (Canada, United States, Bermuda, Guam, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Northern Mariana Islands and Palau). ([https://news.adventist.org/en/all-news/news/go/2011-10-11/guam-micronesia-mission-now-part-of-north-american-division/])
Following that is the Union structure. Your illustration would vary based on which Union your Conference and church is located in.


'''The Unions & Conferences in the NAD are:'''
[http://www.nadadventist.org/article/54/directory/area-headquarters]
[https://www.nadadventist.org/about-our-church/north-american-division-map] 
''Atlantic Union'' - Conferences: Bermuda, Greater New York, New York, Northeastern, Northern New England, and Southern New England Conferences. 
''Seventh-day Adventist Church in Canada'' - Conferences: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba-Saskatchewan, Maritime, Ontario, and Quebec (French website) Conferences and the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Newfoundland and Labrador. 
''Columbia Union'' - Conferences: Allegheny East, Allegheny West, Chesapeake, Mountain View, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Potomac Conferences. 
''Guam-Micronesia Mission'' - Became part of North American Division in February, 2012 Missions do not have conferences. 
''Lake Union'' - Conferences: Illinois, Indiana, Lake Region, Michigan, and Wisconsin Conferences. 
''Mid-America Union'' - Conferences: Central States, Dakota, Iowa-Missouri, Kansas-Nebraska, Minnesota, and Rocky Mountain Conferences. 
''North Pacific Union'' - Conferences: Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Upper Columbia, and Washington Conferences. 
''Pacific Union'' - Conferences: Arizona, Central California, Hawaii, Nevada-Utah, Northern California, Southeastern California, and Southern California Conferences. 
''Southern Union'' - Conferences: Carolina, Florida, Georgia-Cumberland, Gulf States, Kentucky-Tennessee, South Atlantic, South Central, and Southeastern Conferences. 
''Southwestern Union'' - Conferences: Arkansas-Louisiana, Oklahoma, Southwest Region, Texas, and Texico Conferences. 

==6. Miscellaneous: Tell the importance of at least ten (10) of the following locations, organizations, or concepts or their equivalent.== 

===a. Avondale College=== 
Avondale University College is an Australian tertiary education provider affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system. Avondale University College has two campuses, the Lake Macquarie campus being the primary campus situated in Cooranbong, New South Wales. The other campus is located at Sydney Adventist Hospital in the Sydney suburb of Wahroonga and is the main campus of the nursing school.
Avondale University College primarily focuses in the areas of teaching, theology, and nursing, but also offers bachelor's degrees in business, science and the arts as well as certificate studies in outdoor recreation. The nursing programme commences at the Cooranbong campus for one or two semesters and is completed at the Sydney Adventist Hospital with hands-on experience gained in the hospital. Master's degrees are offered in theology, education, nursing, ministry, and some business related fields by distance education, including a one-month on-campus component in the winter semester.

===b. Battle Creek Sanitarium=== 
The Battle Creek Sanitarium was opened in 1866. It was a pioneer Seventh-day Adventist Medical institution.

===c. Dime Tabernacle=== 
Dime Tabernacle was the name for the church built in Battle Creek and paid for from dimes that were saved and turned in for the church building. It was destroyed by fire on January 3, 1922.

===d. Norsk Bokforlag=== 
Norsk Bokforlag was a Norwegian Publishing House established in 1932.

===e. Pitcairn Missionary Ship=== 
The Pitcairn was a vessel built as a schooner, refitted as a brigantine, and used by Seventh-day Adventists for transporting missionaries across the Pacific Ocean from 1890 to 1900. The ship was paid for by Sabbath School Offerings and made six missionary voyages whose missionaries established missions in many of the islands of the South Pacific. The first voyage went directly to Pitcairn Island arriving there November 25, 1890. Pitcairn was a remote British island possession in the southeastern Pacific Ocean about 3,500 miles north-east of New Zealand. Because maintenance of the ship was expensive, The Pitcairn was sold in 1900, by which time steamship connections with the islands had improved.

===f. Sabbath Conferences=== 
The Sabbath Conferences were a series of meetings of “friends of the Sabbath” held in various places in New England and New York. Beginning in April of 1848, during the formative period when James and Ellen White, Joseph Bates, and others began the work of "uniting the brethren on the great truths connected with the message of the third angel."

===g. Sanitarium Health Food Co.=== 
The Sanitarium Health & Wellbeing Company is a chain of health food factories, wholesale branches, and retail shops in Australia and New Zealand, operated by the Health Food Department of the South Pacific Division of the Adventist Church. Products include Weets-Bix, a flaked-wheat breakfast-food biscuit; cornflakes, and other cereal foods; Marmite, a yeast-extract flavoring; peanut butter, vegetarian meats and textured vegetable protein, and So Good, a nondairy soy milk. It has subsidiaries in Canada and other countries and exports worldwide. Part of the Adventist focus on healthy living. <ref>http://www.sanitarium.co.nz/about-us/our-history</ref>

===h. Solusi College=== 
First (heathen) Adventist Mission Station 1894.


The General Conference chose Elder W.H. Anderson and two other men to go to the new mission station 1895. They were given $5,000 dollars for one year and were told that was all they had. They were to become self-supporting as soon as possible. They had no expense allowance. They landed at Cape Town and traveled by train to the north to Mafeking. From there they traveled 600 miles using two oxcarts and 36 oxen. They averaged about 15 miles a day and the river beds were dry. They learned later that in the dry season the water was under the river bed and not in sight. When the monsoon season comes the river beds are full.


At first the church services were held under the trees. On their first first Sabbath there, the Chief Solusi came with many of his people.


Solusi College is an institution of higher learning now operated by the Zimbabwe Union Conference. It was established in 1894 as Solusi Mission and is headquartered in Bulilimamangwe, Zimbabwe. An [http://solusi.ac.zw/?page_id=1576 interesting brief history].

===i. Systematic Benevolence=== 
Systematic Benevolence was a system by which the first Adventist pastors were paid. Contributions were "systematic" meaning they were determined by one's wealth and were regularly made. Before this plan the preachers of the Seventh-day Adventist doctrines were largely self-supporting.

===j. Tract Society=== 
The Tract Society began in 1869 with a group of ladies at South Lancaster, Massachusetts. The society members visited the sick and needy and distributed tracts and wrote letters sharing their faith. In 1870 S. N. Haskell organized the first Conference-wide society in New England. By 1924 their scope of influence having long since reached beyond the small literature state, the name was changed to Book and Bible Houses. In 1972 the name Adventist Book Center (ABC) was adopted. The ABC is a distribution and service outlet for the Seventh-day Adventist publishing house products and other church-approved materials.

===k. Universidad de Montemorelos=== 
Universidad de Montemorelos is a coeducational institution of higher learning established in 1942 near the city of Montemorelos, State of Nuevo León, México.

===l. Voice of Prophecy=== 
The radio broadcast founded by H. M. S. Richards. See ''H. M. S. Richards, Near to the Heart of God|[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0828013322/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0828013322&linkCode=as2&tag=wwwjadedragon-20]]'' by Robert E. Edwards Review & Herald, 1998 for a great read.

===m. Washington hand press=== 
The Washington hand press (a brand or style of hand operated printing press) was purchased by James White with money from Hiram Edson in 1852, the first press purchased to print SDA materials<ref>http://news.adventist.org/all-news/news/go/2013-04-10/publishing-work-was-central-to-early-adventist-church/</ref>. Prior to that, all printed materials were printed by commercial print shops. From that small beginning in a rented house in Rochester, New York, the church established a worldwide network of publishing houses printing in numerous languages.

===n. Other significant locations, organizations, or concepts in your division, conference, or region=== 

==7. Read about, watch, or research the story of Ellen G. White. Explain what her role was in the beginnings of the Adventist Church. Include in your research significant factors such as:== 

===a. First vision (June 6, 1863)=== 
Ellen had a vision on Health Reform.

===b. “Elmshaven”=== 
Ellen White’s home in St. Helena, California in the Napa Valley. It can be toured for free in person or online. http://www.elmshaven.org/

===c. Visions=== 
Messages from God that Ellen was to share.

===d. Gorham, Maine=== 
Ellen's birthplace <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorham,_Maine</ref>.

===e. Lord’s Messenger=== 
The name that Ellen White gave herself.

===f. “Conflict of the Ages” series=== 
A series of five books that E. G. White wrote which helped people to understand the Bible. The five books are: The Great Controversy, Patriarchs and Prophets, The Desire of Ages, The Acts of the Apostles, and Prophets and Kings <ref>http://www.ellenwhite.info/books/books-by-egw-coa.htm</ref>

===g. Ellen G. White Estate, Inc.=== 
In her will, Ellen G. White left her literary estate to a board of five church leaders so that her papers and books would be preserved. This corporation was organized after her death in 1915. It is now headquartered in the basement of the General Conference building, Silver Spring, Maryland, where free tours are offered.

===h. Lovett’s Grove, Ohio=== 
Two hour Vision on events in the great conflict between the forces of righteousness and the forces of evil which she was instructed to write out. Later it was written in full in a book called ''The Great Controversy''.

===i. “Sunnyside”=== 
The name of Ellen G. White's home in Cooranbong, Australia near Avondale College. Photo <ref>http://nas.egwwritings.org/galleries/Institutions/637.3b.1.jpg.php</ref>

===j. Testimonies for the Church=== 
A collection of writings that Ellen authored giving instruction, reproof and guidance for church members and leaders. The Testimonies series was released and published over time, eventually taking the 9 volume set we use today. While the individual letters were addressed to specific people, the principals outlined have broad application in the church. Ellen White recognized this and arranged for their wider publication.

==8. Discovery of Heritage Stories:== 

===a. Discover how the Adventist movement started in your country. Give special attention to the things the pioneers did in the process within your country or region.=== 

The Your Story Hour series on Adventist Pioneers, called Pathways of the Pioneers, tells of Adventist beginnings mainly in the USA, but some other countries as well. The series is available in [https://whiteestate.org/resources/pioneers-stories/ MP3 format] on the White Estate website for free online listening.

===b. Discover some of the stories of how Pathfinders, Adventist Youth Groups, or AY Societies began in your conference or division.=== 

===c. Present your finding to a group or as part of requirement 9 or 10.=== 

==9. Know and tell for school, Sabbath School, or Pathfinder worship three stories about Adventist history. At least one story must be about an Adventist youth.== 

==10. As an individual or with a group complete one of the following:== 

===a. Create and present a detailed poster or multimedia display (video/presentation) covering a portion of Adventist Heritage that you have learned.=== 

===b. Write and perform a skit that tells part of the Adventist Heritage story. Present it to younger Pathfinders, Adventurers or other younger group of individuals.=== 

===c. Create a completely playable game about Adventist Heritage. Demonstrate the game to your instructor or a group.=== 

===d. Visit an official Adventist Heritage site within your conference, union, or division and go on a tour. Debrief your experience with a group. If feasible, create a multimedia report of your experience.=== 

==References== 
[http://pathfinders.adventistconnect.org/site_data/86/assets/0024/9222/Chuch_Heritage_Manual.pdf Church Heritage Manual]


<references/>
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AY Honors/Adventist Pioneer Heritage/Answer Key

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{{honor desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Adventist Pioneer Heritage
|skill=2
|year=2014
|category=Outreach
|authority=General Conference
|reqpdf=Adventist_Heritage_Requirements.pdf
|insignia=Adventist_Heritage.png}}
{{Honor Master|honor={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|3}}|master=Family, Origins, and Heritage|group=required}}

==Note== 


This honor reflects the best requirements of two pre-existing honors, one from the North American Division and the other from the South American Division.


<big>'''Complete a minimum of a 9-week Academy or semester college Adventist History course OR complete the following requirements.'''</big>

==1. Origins:== 
===a. Read about, watch, or research the origins and development of the Millerite Movement and its role in the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.===


[https://telltheworld.adventist.org/ Tell the World] 6 Video's of the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

===b. Explain the Great Disappointment based on the prophecy of Daniel 8.=== 

===c. Share your finding with a group.=== 

==2. Pioneers: Be able to identify and explain the significance of at least fifteen (15) of the following individuals:== 

===a. Martha Amadon=== 
[[File:Martha Byington.jpg|thumb|right|Martha Byington]]
Martha Amadon (1843-1937) was the eldest daughter of John Byington, the first teacher of the first school organized for Seventh-day Adventist Children. She married George W. Amadon in 1860. She became the first Dorcas Society (Adventist Community Service) president in October, 1874.
{{clear}}

===b. W. H. Anderson=== 
[[File:William H. Anderson.jpg|thumb|right|William H. Anderson]]
William H. Anderson (1870-1950) was a pioneer missionary to Africa from 1895-1944. "Harry," as he was affectionately known to his friends, graduated in 1895 from Battle Creek College, where he was converted. Anderson’s book, ''On The Trail of Livingston'' (1919) did much to stimulate interest in African Missions where he served for 50 years.
{{clear}}

===c. J. N. Andrews=== 
[[File:John Nevins Andrews.jpg|thumb|right|John Nevins Andrews]]
John Nevins Andrews (1829-1883) was the first official Seventh-day Adventist missionary outside of North America. He and his children Charles and Mary sailed on September 15, 1874 to Switzerland. His wife had died 18 March 1872. As a theologian, Andrews made significant contributions to the development of various doctrines of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination. He wrote extensively on the Seventh-day Sabbath.
{{clear}}


Andrews University, named for J. N. Andrews, is an institution operated jointly by the General Conference and the Lake Union Conference. It was the first university to be organized by the Seventh-day Adventist church. It is located in Berrien Springs, Michigan. Its predecessor known as Battle Creek College, was founded in 1874, and grew from a “select” private school established in 1868 by G. H. Bell.

===d. Joseph Bates=== 
[[File:Joseph Bates.jpg|thumb|right|Joseph Bates]]
Joseph Bates (1792-1872) a former sea captain and a reformer, was one of the founders of the SDA Church. Bates experienced the disappointment of 1844 without losing faith. He wrote about the 7th Day Sabbath and the 3rd Angel's message. He played a prominent part in the "Sabbath Conferences." He was an evangelist, a leader, and an example in healthful living.
{{clear}}

===e. John Byington=== 
[[File:John Byington.jpg|thumb|right|John Byington]]
John Byington (1798-1887) was a pioneer minister and first president of the General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination. He was active in the antislavery movement and maintained a station of the Underground Railroad at Buck’s Bridge, New York, where he lived on a farm.
{{clear}}

===f. M. B. Czechowski=== 
[[File:Michał Belina - Czechowski.jpg|thumb|right|Michał Belina Czechowski]]
Michael Belina Czechowski (1818-1876) was a former Catholic priest. He joined the Advent Church in 1857 and in 1864 became a self-supporting missionary to Italy and Switzerland and established the first SDA church in Europe.
{{clear}}

===g. A.G. Daniells=== 
[[File:Daniells.JPG|thumb|right|Arthur G. Daniells]] Arthur G. Daniells (1858-1935), was a minister, administrator and author. At the age of 10 he was converted to the Seventh-day Adventist faith, and in 1875 entered Battle Creek College. He began his ministry in 1878 in Texas. In 1886 he was called as pioneer SDA missionary to New Zealand. He was president of the New Zealand Conference (1889-1891) and of the Australian Conference (1892-1895). He worked closely with Ellen White in Australia, and served as president of the Central Australian Conference and later president of the Australian Union Conference. He assumed the presidency of the General Conference in 1901 at a difficult period in the history of the church, and helped move the headquarters of the denomination to Washington, D. C. During his time in office the church grew greatly throughout the world. He relinquished the presidency of the General Conference in 1922. He authored four books, two of which standout as classics: “Christ Our Righteousness,” and “The Abiding Gift of Prophecy.”
{{clear}}

===h. Hiram Edson=== 
[[File:Hiram Edson.jpg|thumb|right|Hiram Edson]]
Hiram Edson (1806-1882) was a layman, later ordained, of Port Gibson, New York. He was the pioneer responsible for introducing, among those who became Seventh-day Adventists, the fuller understanding of the sanctuary and its cleansing. Edson was not only a thoughtful Bible student and an earnest evangelistic helper, but also a self-sacrificing contributor, putting his possessions into building of the church he loved. Consider visiting Hiram Edson's farm in upstate New York. <ref>http://www.adventistheritage.org/article/27/historic-sites/edson-farm</ref>
{{clear}}

===i. Harry Fenner=== 
[[File:Henry Fenner.jpg|thumb|right|Henry Fenner]]
Harry Fenner was only 17 years old when he and his 14 year old friend, Luther Warren decided the church needed an organization to encourage and support the youth. They called their new group a “young people’s society.” Within ten years the church structure was beginning to follow their lead. In 1889 the Ohio Conference became the first to form a conference-wide youth organization. It was known as Christian Volunteers. And in 1907 the General Conference Youth Department was formally organized.
{{clear}}

===j. Eduardo Francisco Forga=== 
[[File:Eduardo Forga.png|thumb|right|Eduardo Francisco Forga]]
Before he was converted to Adventism, Eduardo F. Forga, a wealthy young Peruvian, founded the first evangelical church in Arequipa, Peru. A health and temperance reformer, a vegetarian, and a defender of religious liberty, he had to flee his native country to England for his outspokenness. There he joined the Seventhday Adventist Church and married Marguerite Lacey, whose sister was married to W. C. White, Ellen White's son. An author in his own right, Mr. Forga translated some of Mrs. White's books and articles into Spanish and had a major impact on the growth of the Adventist Church in Peru, South America.
{{clear}}

===k. A.T. Jones / E.J. Waggoner=== 
[[File:Alonzo T. Jones.jpg|thumb|right|Alonzo T. Jones]]
[[File:Ellet Joseph Waggoner.jpg|thumb|right|Ellet. J. Waggoner]]Alonzo T. Jones, (1850-1923) was a minister, editor, and author. At the age of 20 he enlisted in the Army and for three years served his country. He loved reading, and read large historical works, Seventh-day Adventist publications, and the Bible. After being discharged from the Army in 1873, he was baptized and began preaching on the West Coast for the church. In May 1885 he became assistant editor of the ''Signs of the Times'', and a few months later he and E. J. Waggoner became editors. This position he held until 1889. From 1897 to 1901 he was editor in chief of the ''Review and Herald''. He became recognized as the denomination’s most prominent speaker for religious freedom. His association with Dr. J. H. Kellogg in 1903, who was actively seeking to separate the Battle Creek Sanitarium from denominational control, resulted in separation from denominational employment and, finally, in loss of church membership.
Ellet J. Waggonner, (1855-1916) was an editor, minister, and physician. He attended Battle Creek College in the earliest years of the institution, and obtained a medical degree from the Bellevue Medical College, New York. He served on the staff of the Battle Creek Sanitarium for a few years. Later he left the practice of medicine and entered the ministry. In 1884 he worked at Pacific Press as assistant editor of the ''Signs of the Times''. Two years later (1886) he and A. T. Jones became editors of the paper. This post Waggoner held until May 1891. He became editor of ''Present Truth'' in England in 1892, and in 1902 was elected the first president of the South England Conference. He returned to the United States in the summer of 1902, and served briefly on the staff of Emmanuel Missionary College.


In 1888 Waggoner and A. T. Jones gave a memorable series of sermons on righteousness by faith that stirred the General Conference session in Minneapolis, and for several years afterward were sent by the General Conference Committee to preach on that subject from coast to coast at camp meetings and other large gatherings. Ellen White accompanied them to many of these places until she left for Australia in December 1891.
{{clear}}

===l. Charles M. Kenney=== 
[[File:Charles Kinney.jpg|thumb|right|Charles M. Kinney]]
Charles M. Kinny was born in Richmond, Virginia in 1855, eleven years after the Disappointment of 1844. He was ten years old by the end of the Civil War. It was in Reno, Nevada, in 1878 at the age of 23 that Kinny attended a series of evangelistic sermons by J. N. Loughborough. Ellen White visited during the meetings and spoke to about four hundred listeners on the subject of the “Love of God.” Her message was well received and her presence added much to the interest of the people and “left a favorable impression upon the public mind.” Charles M. Kinny experienced conversion during those meetings. He never forgot Sister White’s sermon and joyfully embraced the love of God and accepted the truth about the Sabbath and the Second Advent. He kept his first Sabbath on the last Saturday of September, 1878, at the age of 23. He was one of the seven charter members and the only Black member of the Reno Seventh-day Adventist church. He was welcomed warmly by the church and was later appointed secretary of their tract society. Charles Kinny would become a prominent figure in early African American Adventism and most of what Adventists learned about the early progress of the work among African Americans they learned from the writings of Charles Kinny. Church leaders looked to him to develop the best methods of evangelism among African Americans. As such Charles M. Kinny was the first African American ordained minister in the Seventh-day Adventist church and is known as the The Father of Black Adventism.
{{clear}}

===m. George King=== 
[[File:George King SDA Pioneer.jpg|thumb|right|George Albert King]]
George Albert King (1847-1906) was a pioneer canvasser who developed the idea of subscription sale of Seventh-day Adventist books. A native of Canada, he came to the United States where as a young man he accepted SDA beliefs and desired to be a preacher. Because of a speech impediment he was encouraged to try selling SDA tracts and magazines and books. Throughout his life he was an enthusiastic recruiter and instructor of other canvassers.
{{clear}}

===n. Anna Knight=== 
[[File:Anna Knight.jpg|thumb|right|Anna Knight]]
Anna Knight (1874-1972) was self-taught until the age of 20 when she attended Mount Vernon Academy in Ohio in 1894. In 1898 she graduated from Battle Creek College as a missionary nurse. She operated a self-supporting school in Jasper County, Mississippi for Black children. In 1901 she was appointed as a missionary to India where she served 6 years. She served in the Educational Department for Southeastern Conference and Southern Conference when they merged, and served until the regional Conferences were formed. She authored the book ''Mississippi Girl,<ref>http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0006ATC4O/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B0006ATC4O&linkCode=as2&tag=wwwjadedragon-20</ref>'' the story of her life.
{{clear}}

===o. Abram LaRue=== 
[[File:Abram LaRue.jpg|thumb|right|Abram LaRue]]
Abram LaRue (1822-1903) was a pioneer, self-supporting lay missionary in eastern Asia. While working as a sheepherder in California he accepted the Seventh-day Adventist faith. Immediately he requested a mission appointment to China. Because of his advanced age the General Conference declined but after attending Healdsburg College one term he worked his way to Honolulu and sold books in the city and on the ships in port. In 1888 at the age of 66, La Rue went to Hong Kong where he worked for 14 years with Europeans and the Chinese. He died in Hong Kong in 1903 where he had been a tireless worker with a rare gift in meeting people and conveying his own religious convictions to them.
{{clear}}

===p. Kate Lindsay=== 
Katherine Lindsay (1842-1923) was a physician and founder of the first Seventh-day Adventist nurse’s training school. In 1875 she graduated at the head of her class from the University of Michigan Medical College. She joined the staff of the Battle Creek Sanitarium. Dr. Kate, as she was known, introduced thorough classwork and became known as a foremost teacher of student nurses.

===q. William Miller=== 
[[File:William Miller.jpg|thumb|right|William Miller]]
William Miller (1782-1849) was an American farmer and a Baptist preacher who announced the imminent coming of Christ and founded the movement popularly know as Millerism or the Millerite movement. He was a convincing preacher in the logical way he appealed in earnestness. After the “Great Disappointment” he built a chapel on his property so Advent Believers would have a place to worship.
{{clear}}

===r. W.W. Prescott=== 
[[File:W._W._Prescott.jpg|thumb|right|William W. Prescott]]William W. Prescott, (1855-1944) was an educator and administrator. His parents were Millerites in New England. While in his last year at South Berwick Academy, he taught Latin and Greek. He was principal of high schools in Northfield and Montpelier, Vermont (1877 to 1880). With his acceptance of the presidency of Battle Creek College (1885-1894), he entered upon a career unique in many respects in Seventh-day Adventist history. While still president of Battle Creek College, he helped found Union College and became its first president in 1891. He appointed principals for the two institutions to act while he was absent from one or the other. Then late in 1892 he assumed the presidency of the newly founded Walla Walla College. Thus, he was simultaneously president of three colleges in the year. During a world tour (1894-1895), he helped to found the Avondale School in Australia. In 1901 he became the vice president of the General Conference, chair of the Review and Herald Publishing Association board, and editor of the Review and Herald. Later in his career, he served as head of the Bible Department of Emmanuel Missionary College, a post he held until 1934. Whether teacher, editor, administrator, or secretary of the General Conference Department of Education, Prescott left a strong impression on the entire educational work of the denomination.
{{clear}}

===s. Rachel Oakes-Preston=== 
[[File:Rachel Oakes.jpg|thumb|right|Rachel Oakes]]
Rachel Oakes-Preston (1809-1868) was a Seventh-day Baptist who persuaded a group of Adventists to accept the Sabbath in Washington, New Hampshire, and thus to become, in that sense, the first Seventh-day Adventists. Due to Rachel's influence, Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910), an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and promoter of the prophetic teachings of William Miller, preached his first sermon on seventh-day Sabbath to his "Christian Brethren" congregation on March 16, 1844.


Further due to Rachel's influence, William Farnsworth (1807-1888), after the Great Disappointment of October 22, 1844, stated publicly to the "Christian Brethren" congregation his conviction that Saturday, being the seventh day of the week, was Sabbath. His brother Cyrus (who became the husband of Rachel’s daughter Delight), and several others, also made their convictions known.
{{clear}}

===t. Annie Smith=== 
[[File:Annie Rebekah Smith.JPG|thumb|right|Anna Rebekah Smith]]
Annie Rebekah Smith (1828-1855) was a poet and editorial assistant. She joined the Baptist Church at the age of 10 and became an Adventist in 1844. She gave up teaching in 1850 because of eye trouble and in 1851 she attended a meeting by Joseph Bates and was convinced of the Seventh-day Adventist faith. She sent a poem, ''"Fear Not, Little Flock"'' to the Review and Herald. James White employed her to read proof, edit copy and take charge in White’s absence. She wrote many poems. Ten of her hymns appear in the Church Hymnal. She died of Tuberculosis in 1855.
{{clear}}

===u. Uriah Smith=== 
[[File:Uriah Smith.jpg|thumb|Uriah Smith]]
Uriah Smith (1832-1903) was an editor and author who gave 50 years of service to the Seventh-day Adventist cause. At age 13 his left leg was amputated above the knee due to an infection. In 1863 he patented a improved model artificial leg with fully flexible knee and ankle joints. He became a Sabbath-keeping Adventist in 1852. He wrote poems and articles that were printed in the Review & Herald and in 1853 joined his sister, Annie, as a worker at the office of the Advent Review and Sabbath Herald in Rochester, New York. He was one of the most fluent writers for the young denomination. His pen could be incisive. He is best known for the book Daniel and Revelation. In 1874 he patented a school desk with an improved folding seat. The last words he ever wrote, in 1903, to the General Conference epitomized his lifelong purpose: "I am with you in the endeavor to send forth in this generation this gospel of the kingdom, for a witness to all nations. And when this is completed, it will be the signal for the coronation of our Coming King."
{{clear}}

===v. Luther Warren=== 
[[File:Luther Warren.jpg|thumb|right|Luther Warren]]
Luther Warren (1864-1940) was a youth leader and evangelist. At the age of 14, in 1879, he with his friend Harry Fenner, organized at Hazelton, Michigan one of the first Seventh-day Adventist young people’s societies. His formal education was limited but he was an insatiable reader, keenly interested in the development of church schools. He began his evangelistic career in 1888 as a tent master in Michigan, a career that took him to many centers throughout North America. He powerfully influenced thousands of young people in schools and churches where he conducted revivals. Mary Boucher has written a biography on Warren under the title ''Luther Warren'' (Review and Herald, 1959).
'''[See the history given here.][https://adventisthistory.wordpress.com/category/people/luther-warren-people/].'''
{{clear}}

===w. F. H. Westphal=== 
[[File:Frank H. Westphal.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Frank H. Westphal]]
Frank Henry Westphal (1858-1944) was a pioneer missionary to South America. He was converted to the Seventh-day Adventist faith at the age of 19 and in 1878 he was made leader of the newly organized church in New London, Wisconsin. In 1894 he was called to South America and became the first ordained SDA minister assigned to the South America Continent. He worked with success in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil and Chili.
{{clear}}

===x. Frederick Wheeler=== 
[[File:Frederick Wheeler.jpg|thumb|right|Frederick Wheeler]]
Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910) was a pioneer Adventist minister, reputed to be the first ordained Adventist minister to preach in favor of the seventh-day Sabbath. In 1840 he was an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church and became its circuit rider in the vicinity of Washington and Hillsboro in New Hampshire. In 1842 he became acquainted with the Millerite views and was active in the propagation of the Adventist views. In March of 1844, after a discussion with Rachel Oakes (later Preston), he became convinced through study that the seventh-day Sabbath was sacred. He preached and farmed in the neighborhood until James White invited him to go farther afield with his ministry.

===y. James White=== 
[[File:James Springer White.jpg|thumb|James White]]
James Springer White (1821-1881), a co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, was the fifth of nine children. He was baptized, at age 15, in the denomination called Christian Connection to which his parents belonged. After teaching for two winters he heard of the Millerite Movement and was persuaded to attend a meeting. He became convinced of the importance of what he had heard and of the shortness of time. He resigned from his school to join in heralding the Advent message. He suffered keenly during the Great Disappointment in October 1844, but he clung in confidence to God’s Word. He married Ellen Gould Harmon on August 30, 1846 and soon after, the two of them began to keep the seventh-day Sabbath. He wrote encouragement to the believers and worked to spread the gospel of Jesus' soon coming until his death in 1881.


Ellen G. White, (1827-1915) was co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, together with James White and Joseph Bates. She was a writer, lecturer, and counselor to the church, who possessed what Seventh-day Adventists have accepted as the prophetic gift described in the Bible; also known as the Spirit of prophecy. In her early teens Ellen and her family were faithful Methodists in Portland, Maine, and accepted William Miller’s view on the second advent of Christ about the year 1843, after hearing his lecture in March 1840. She was baptized into the Methodist Church in June 26, 1842. In September 1843, because of their Adventist views, she and her parents and other members of the family were disfellowshipped from the Methodist Church. Expecting Christ’s return in October 22, 1844, she and her family experienced the Millerites’ great disappointment. At the age of 17, in December 1844, Ellen Harmon joined four other women in family worship, and while they were praying, she experienced her first vision, in which she witnessed a representation of the travels of the Adventist people to the City of God. It was one of many visions she received during her lifelong ministry. Ellen White died on July 16, 1915, at the ripe age of 87 years.
{{clear}}

===z. Any other pioneers of your preference from your own Union/Division.=== 

==3. Dates: Explore and summarize the importance of each of the following event dates to Adventist history:== 

===a. Great Disappointment (October 22, 1844)=== 
The day of the Great Disappointment was when Jesus did not come as those awaiting His Advent had calculated and waited for with much prayer.

===b. Adventist Church incorporated (May 21, 1863)=== 
The Adventist Church incorporated on May 21, 1863. This is considered the date of the official organization of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. This move was significant since it gave the church the right to own property and ordain ministers. Many of the founders had to “grow” significantly in order to “organize” since many had come from backgrounds that felt that organizing was not consistent with scripture.

===c. Health Reform begins - 1863=== 

===d. J.N. Andrews: First Missionary - 1874=== 

===e. General Conference of 1888 (Righteousness by Faith Conference)=== 
Held in Minneapolis, Minnesota October of 1888 this conference was notable as E. J. Waggoner and A. T. Jones presented the concept of Righteousness by Faith in Jesus Christ. Ellen White joined the two men in their presentations.

Many of the General Conference leaders held that works-based righteousness was the key to salvation in Jesus. The arguments and exchanges were heated and lengthy. Eventually, God-led individuals voted in favor of the church operating under a premise of righteousness by faith, but this "win" would not come easy. EJ Waggoner, A.T. Jones both eventually left Adventism, and Ellen White was "sent" to Australia.

===f. Reorganization of 1901 / Fires in Battle Creek 1902=== 
These events decentralized the very centralized administration of the General Conference at the time.

A.G. Daniels helped lead a charge to create UNIONS in 1901, thus allowing many decisions that primarily affected one local field to be made by leaders within the field. This left global decisions to the General Conference, and even eventually led to a delegate-based approach to decision making on such issues as the Fundamental beliefs that define Adventism (3 h.)

Ellen White had warned that there needed to be more people involved in the process of decision making AND that having all the major "arms" of the church work all in one city was not the "salt and light" God intended. The Battle Creek Sanitarium (medical) burned February 18 and Review and Herald (publishing) burned December 30, both in the same year - 1902. (article http://archives.adventistreview.org/2004-1513/story1.html)

All of these events helped decentralize the power and influence of the administration of the Adventist work. Currently, there are over 100 medical facilities operated by the Adventist Church and more than 70 publishing houses worldwide (http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmFieldSubEntities.aspx?EntityType=P&AdmFieldID=GC)

===g. Gland, Switzerland, 1907=== 
Gland, Switzerland was the site of the General Conference Session where the Young People’s Department of Missionary Volunteers was officially adopted. This later became the Pathfinders.

===h. 27 Fundamental Beliefs document adopted 1980=== 

Fundamental Principles of Adventist belief had been published as early as 1872 (by James White) and supported by the General Conference as early as 1889. However, the formal statement of Fundamental Beliefs published in 1980 as voted in General Conference session was a significant step in formalizing what beliefs set apart Seventh-day Adventists as a distinctive branch of Christianity AND also demonstrates the Christ-centric nature of the Adventist church. In 2005, a 28th belief (inserted as #11) was added.

===i. Other significant dates in the history of Adventism in your division, conference, or region=== 

==4. Publications: Describe the origins, publication details, and purpose of each of the following Adventist Publications:== 

===a. Adventist Review and Sabbath Herald=== 
The Adventist Review was founded by James and Ellen White in July 1849 as The Present Truth, but the name was changed to The Advent Review and then Second Advent Review and Sabbath Herald (with variations) after being combined with the Advent Herald publication. The name was changed to Adventist Review in 1978. Throughout its history it has been commonly referred to as the Review

===b. Advent Tidende=== 
Advent Tidende was a Danish monthly paper which John G. Matteson, a native son of Denmark, started for the Scandinavian people in the United States, Denmark, and Norway.

===c. Les Signes des Temps / Signs of the Times=== 
French ''Signs of the Times'' magazine

===d. Liberty Magazine / Liberty=== 
Liberty was first called American Sentinel (1886-1900) and then Sentinel of Liberty (1900-1903) before being shortened to its current name (1906-Present). Not sure what it was called from 1903-1906, doesn't seem to say.

===e. Medical Evangelist / Medical Evangelism=== 
Published by the College of Evangelists, then the College of Medical Evangelists and finally Loma Linda University. Publication began in June 1908 and continued through June 1962.

===f. Present Truth=== 
Present Truth was an illustrated evangelistic periodical devoted to the presentation of various facets of doctrine. It was begun by James White in July of 1849 and was the forerunner of the Review and Herald.

===g. Youth’s Instructor=== 
The Youth's Instructor was the name of the first magazine the Seventh-day Adventists had for youth. It was later renamed ''Junior Guide'' and later ''Guide Magazine'' which is still in print today.

===h. Equivalent publications in your division, conference, or region=== 

==5. Church Organization:== 

===a. Briefly explain the significance of the 1901 General Conference and describe the organizational structure that resulted from it. Indicate how your conference, association, or mission fits into the overall church structure.=== 


Ellen White, recently back from Australia, stood up at the 1901 GC Session in Battle Creek and urged that the Administrative structure of the church be modified. The goal was to increase the effectiveness of the church in ministry, move decision making out of the GC office (then in Battle Creek) and closer to the front line.


The most significant action in 1901 was perhaps the organization of Union Conferences. Originally the 'State' conferences had joined together to form the General Conference. While many in leadership came ti view Unions as unnecessary overhead by 2000 (a hundred years later), the debate over gender equality in ministry has brought Unions forward again as a primary place where policy and change happens.


The Adventist Church is studying restructuring actively. Economic realities will likely see a reduction of at least one of the levels of church governance. Different people wish to strengthen or weaken the power of the General Conference (and its Divisions) vs the Unions and Local Conferences. Time will tell how the church can best structure to finish the gospel commission.

===b. Point out on a map where the church offices are located from your conference level to the General Conference.=== 
Generally (there are exceptions) there will be 4 levels of administration serving your local church and its members:


Local Conference or Local Mission. Sometimes for areas with few Adventists this level is called a Field or Section. Increasingly this level is being dispensed with in favor of the Union of Churches model. Conferences usually cover a province or state, or part of or several such political units. Regional Conferences in much of the USA provide support to mainly black churches.


Union or Union Mission or Union of Churches. Increasingly the Union level is termed SDA Church in Place Name. In part of Europe in particular the Union of Churches model is dispensing with the local conference model and simply representing churches in a geographic area. The Union is the building block off the General Conference. There are 124 Unions in the world as of 2014. A few Conferences are not attached to a Union for various reasons (Guam-Micronesia in the NAD is one example).


Divisions of the General Conference are administrative units that group Unions together. There are 13 Divisions and 1 Union (Middle East North Africa Union) that exists outside any Division. Divisions have no independent constituency.


The General Conference is the grouping of all the Unions. New Unions are voted into the worldwide sisterhood of churches at each GC Session (5 years apart).

===c. Illustrate the organizational structure of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and prepare an ecclesiastical organization chart to demonstrate your learning.=== 

A helpful resource could be the Church Structure video series developed by The Scratch News and posted on [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzafYVHG38GHrqxn8xg-wkQ/playlists YouTube].

From the North American Division Perspective - your illustration would show the General Conference, then the North American Division (Canada, United States, Bermuda, Guam, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Northern Mariana Islands and Palau). ([https://news.adventist.org/en/all-news/news/go/2011-10-11/guam-micronesia-mission-now-part-of-north-american-division/])
Following that is the Union structure. Your illustration would vary based on which Union your Conference and church is located in.


'''The Unions & Conferences in the NAD are:'''
[http://www.nadadventist.org/article/54/directory/area-headquarters]
[https://www.nadadventist.org/about-our-church/north-american-division-map] 
''Atlantic Union'' - Conferences: Bermuda, Greater New York, New York, Northeastern, Northern New England, and Southern New England Conferences. 
''Seventh-day Adventist Church in Canada'' - Conferences: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba-Saskatchewan, Maritime, Ontario, and Quebec (French website) Conferences and the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Newfoundland and Labrador. 
''Columbia Union'' - Conferences: Allegheny East, Allegheny West, Chesapeake, Mountain View, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Potomac Conferences. 
''Guam-Micronesia Mission'' - Became part of North American Division in February, 2012 Missions do not have conferences. 
''Lake Union'' - Conferences: Illinois, Indiana, Lake Region, Michigan, and Wisconsin Conferences. 
''Mid-America Union'' - Conferences: Central States, Dakota, Iowa-Missouri, Kansas-Nebraska, Minnesota, and Rocky Mountain Conferences. 
''North Pacific Union'' - Conferences: Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Upper Columbia, and Washington Conferences. 
''Pacific Union'' - Conferences: Arizona, Central California, Hawaii, Nevada-Utah, Northern California, Southeastern California, and Southern California Conferences. 
''Southern Union'' - Conferences: Carolina, Florida, Georgia-Cumberland, Gulf States, Kentucky-Tennessee, South Atlantic, South Central, and Southeastern Conferences. 
''Southwestern Union'' - Conferences: Arkansas-Louisiana, Oklahoma, Southwest Region, Texas, and Texico Conferences. 

==6. Miscellaneous: Tell the importance of at least ten (10) of the following locations, organizations, or concepts or their equivalent.== 

===a. Avondale College=== 
Avondale University College is an Australian tertiary education provider affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system. Avondale University College has two campuses, the Lake Macquarie campus being the primary campus situated in Cooranbong, New South Wales. The other campus is located at Sydney Adventist Hospital in the Sydney suburb of Wahroonga and is the main campus of the nursing school.
Avondale University College primarily focuses in the areas of teaching, theology, and nursing, but also offers bachelor's degrees in business, science and the arts as well as certificate studies in outdoor recreation. The nursing programme commences at the Cooranbong campus for one or two semesters and is completed at the Sydney Adventist Hospital with hands-on experience gained in the hospital. Master's degrees are offered in theology, education, nursing, ministry, and some business related fields by distance education, including a one-month on-campus component in the winter semester.

===b. Battle Creek Sanitarium=== 
The Battle Creek Sanitarium was opened in 1866. It was a pioneer Seventh-day Adventist Medical institution.

===c. Dime Tabernacle=== 
Dime Tabernacle was the name for the church built in Battle Creek and paid for from dimes that were saved and turned in for the church building. It was destroyed by fire on January 3, 1922.

===d. Norsk Bokforlag=== 
Norsk Bokforlag was a Norwegian Publishing House established in 1932.

===e. Pitcairn Missionary Ship=== 
The Pitcairn was a vessel built as a schooner, refitted as a brigantine, and used by Seventh-day Adventists for transporting missionaries across the Pacific Ocean from 1890 to 1900. The ship was paid for by Sabbath School Offerings and made six missionary voyages whose missionaries established missions in many of the islands of the South Pacific. The first voyage went directly to Pitcairn Island arriving there November 25, 1890. Pitcairn was a remote British island possession in the southeastern Pacific Ocean about 3,500 miles north-east of New Zealand. Because maintenance of the ship was expensive, The Pitcairn was sold in 1900, by which time steamship connections with the islands had improved.

===f. Sabbath Conferences=== 
The Sabbath Conferences were a series of meetings of “friends of the Sabbath” held in various places in New England and New York. Beginning in April of 1848, during the formative period when James and Ellen White, Joseph Bates, and others began the work of "uniting the brethren on the great truths connected with the message of the third angel."

===g. Sanitarium Health Food Co.=== 
The Sanitarium Health & Wellbeing Company is a chain of health food factories, wholesale branches, and retail shops in Australia and New Zealand, operated by the Health Food Department of the South Pacific Division of the Adventist Church. Products include Weets-Bix, a flaked-wheat breakfast-food biscuit; cornflakes, and other cereal foods; Marmite, a yeast-extract flavoring; peanut butter, vegetarian meats and textured vegetable protein, and So Good, a nondairy soy milk. It has subsidiaries in Canada and other countries and exports worldwide. Part of the Adventist focus on healthy living. <ref>http://www.sanitarium.co.nz/about-us/our-history</ref>

===h. Solusi College=== 
First (heathen) Adventist Mission Station 1894.


The General Conference chose Elder W.H. Anderson and two other men to go to the new mission station 1895. They were given $5,000 dollars for one year and were told that was all they had. They were to become self-supporting as soon as possible. They had no expense allowance. They landed at Cape Town and traveled by train to the north to Mafeking. From there they traveled 600 miles using two oxcarts and 36 oxen. They averaged about 15 miles a day and the river beds were dry. They learned later that in the dry season the water was under the river bed and not in sight. When the monsoon season comes the river beds are full.


At first the church services were held under the trees. On their first first Sabbath there, the Chief Solusi came with many of his people.


Solusi College is an institution of higher learning now operated by the Zimbabwe Union Conference. It was established in 1894 as Solusi Mission and is headquartered in Bulilimamangwe, Zimbabwe. An [http://solusi.ac.zw/?page_id=1576 interesting brief history].

===i. Systematic Benevolence=== 
Systematic Benevolence was a system by which the first Adventist pastors were paid. Contributions were "systematic" meaning they were determined by one's wealth and were regularly made. Before this plan the preachers of the Seventh-day Adventist doctrines were largely self-supporting.

===j. Tract Society=== 
The Tract Society began in 1869 with a group of ladies at South Lancaster, Massachusetts. The society members visited the sick and needy and distributed tracts and wrote letters sharing their faith. In 1870 S. N. Haskell organized the first Conference-wide society in New England. By 1924 their scope of influence having long since reached beyond the small literature state, the name was changed to Book and Bible Houses. In 1972 the name Adventist Book Center (ABC) was adopted. The ABC is a distribution and service outlet for the Seventh-day Adventist publishing house products and other church-approved materials.

===k. Universidad de Montemorelos=== 
Universidad de Montemorelos is a coeducational institution of higher learning established in 1942 near the city of Montemorelos, State of Nuevo León, México.

===l. Voice of Prophecy=== 
The radio broadcast founded by H. M. S. Richards. See ''H. M. S. Richards, Near to the Heart of God|[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0828013322/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0828013322&linkCode=as2&tag=wwwjadedragon-20]]'' by Robert E. Edwards Review & Herald, 1998 for a great read.

===m. Washington hand press=== 
The Washington hand press (a brand or style of hand operated printing press) was purchased by James White with money from Hiram Edson in 1852, the first press purchased to print SDA materials<ref>http://news.adventist.org/all-news/news/go/2013-04-10/publishing-work-was-central-to-early-adventist-church/</ref>. Prior to that, all printed materials were printed by commercial print shops. From that small beginning in a rented house in Rochester, New York, the church established a worldwide network of publishing houses printing in numerous languages.

===n. Other significant locations, organizations, or concepts in your division, conference, or region=== 

==7. Read about, watch, or research the story of Ellen G. White. Explain what her role was in the beginnings of the Adventist Church. Include in your research significant factors such as:== 

===a. First vision (June 6, 1863)=== 
Ellen had a vision on Health Reform.

===b. “Elmshaven”=== 
Ellen White’s home in St. Helena, California in the Napa Valley. It can be toured for free in person or online. http://www.elmshaven.org/

===c. Visions=== 
Messages from God that Ellen was to share.

===d. Gorham, Maine=== 
Ellen's birthplace <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorham,_Maine</ref>.

===e. Lord’s Messenger=== 
The name that Ellen White gave herself.

===f. “Conflict of the Ages” series=== 
A series of five books that E. G. White wrote which helped people to understand the Bible. The five books are: The Great Controversy, Patriarchs and Prophets, The Desire of Ages, The Acts of the Apostles, and Prophets and Kings <ref>http://www.ellenwhite.info/books/books-by-egw-coa.htm</ref>

===g. Ellen G. White Estate, Inc.=== 
In her will, Ellen G. White left her literary estate to a board of five church leaders so that her papers and books would be preserved. This corporation was organized after her death in 1915. It is now headquartered in the basement of the General Conference building, Silver Spring, Maryland, where free tours are offered.

===h. Lovett’s Grove, Ohio=== 
Two hour Vision on events in the great conflict between the forces of righteousness and the forces of evil which she was instructed to write out. Later it was written in full in a book called ''The Great Controversy''.

===i. “Sunnyside”=== 
The name of Ellen G. White's home in Cooranbong, Australia near Avondale College. Photo <ref>http://nas.egwwritings.org/galleries/Institutions/637.3b.1.jpg.php</ref>

===j. Testimonies for the Church=== 
A collection of writings that Ellen authored giving instruction, reproof and guidance for church members and leaders. The Testimonies series was released and published over time, eventually taking the 9 volume set we use today. While the individual letters were addressed to specific people, the principals outlined have broad application in the church. Ellen White recognized this and arranged for their wider publication.

==8. Discovery of Heritage Stories:== 

===a. Discover how the Adventist movement started in your country. Give special attention to the things the pioneers did in the process within your country or region.=== 

The Your Story Hour series on Adventist Pioneers, called Pathways of the Pioneers, tells of Adventist beginnings mainly in the USA, but some other countries as well. The series is available in [https://whiteestate.org/resources/pioneers-stories/ MP3 format] on the White Estate website for free online listening.

===b. Discover some of the stories of how Pathfinders, Adventist Youth Groups, or AY Societies began in your conference or division.=== 

===c. Present your finding to a group or as part of requirement 9 or 10.=== 

==9. Know and tell for school, Sabbath School, or Pathfinder worship three stories about Adventist history. At least one story must be about an Adventist youth.== 

==10. As an individual or with a group complete one of the following:== 

===a. Create and present a detailed poster or multimedia display (video/presentation) covering a portion of Adventist Heritage that you have learned.=== 

===b. Write and perform a skit that tells part of the Adventist Heritage story. Present it to younger Pathfinders, Adventurers or other younger group of individuals.=== 

===c. Create a completely playable game about Adventist Heritage. Demonstrate the game to your instructor or a group.=== 

===d. Visit an official Adventist Heritage site within your conference, union, or division and go on a tour. Debrief your experience with a group. If feasible, create a multimedia report of your experience.=== 

==References== 
[http://pathfinders.adventistconnect.org/site_data/86/assets/0024/9222/Chuch_Heritage_Manual.pdf Church Heritage Manual]


<references/>
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AY Honors/Adventist Pioneer Heritage/Answer Key

2020-08-15T20:02:36Z

Jrrmicro: additional NAD Union map

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{{honor desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Adventist Pioneer Heritage
|skill=2
|year=2014
|category=Outreach
|authority=General Conference
|reqpdf=Adventist_Heritage_Requirements.pdf
|insignia=Adventist_Heritage.png}}
{{Honor Master|honor={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|3}}|master=Family, Origins, and Heritage|group=required}}

==Note== 


This honor reflects the best requirements of two pre-existing honors, one from the North American Division and the other from the South American Division.


<big>'''Complete a minimum of a 9-week Academy or semester college Adventist History course OR complete the following requirements.'''</big>

==1. Origins:== 
===a. Read about, watch, or research the origins and development of the Millerite Movement and its role in the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.===


[https://telltheworld.adventist.org/ Tell the World] 6 Video's of the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

===b. Explain the Great Disappointment based on the prophecy of Daniel 8.=== 

===c. Share your finding with a group.=== 

==2. Pioneers: Be able to identify and explain the significance of at least fifteen (15) of the following individuals:== 

===a. Martha Amadon=== 
[[File:Martha Byington.jpg|thumb|right|Martha Byington]]
Martha Amadon (1843-1937) was the eldest daughter of John Byington, the first teacher of the first school organized for Seventh-day Adventist Children. She married George W. Amadon in 1860. She became the first Dorcas Society (Adventist Community Service) president in October, 1874.
{{clear}}

===b. W. H. Anderson=== 
[[File:William H. Anderson.jpg|thumb|right|William H. Anderson]]
William H. Anderson (1870-1950) was a pioneer missionary to Africa from 1895-1944. "Harry," as he was affectionately known to his friends, graduated in 1895 from Battle Creek College, where he was converted. Anderson’s book, ''On The Trail of Livingston'' (1919) did much to stimulate interest in African Missions where he served for 50 years.
{{clear}}

===c. J. N. Andrews=== 
[[File:John Nevins Andrews.jpg|thumb|right|John Nevins Andrews]]
John Nevins Andrews (1829-1883) was the first official Seventh-day Adventist missionary outside of North America. He and his children Charles and Mary sailed on September 15, 1874 to Switzerland. His wife had died 18 March 1872. As a theologian, Andrews made significant contributions to the development of various doctrines of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination. He wrote extensively on the Seventh-day Sabbath.
{{clear}}


Andrews University, named for J. N. Andrews, is an institution operated jointly by the General Conference and the Lake Union Conference. It was the first university to be organized by the Seventh-day Adventist church. It is located in Berrien Springs, Michigan. Its predecessor known as Battle Creek College, was founded in 1874, and grew from a “select” private school established in 1868 by G. H. Bell.

===d. Joseph Bates=== 
[[File:Joseph Bates.jpg|thumb|right|Joseph Bates]]
Joseph Bates (1792-1872) a former sea captain and a reformer, was one of the founders of the SDA Church. Bates experienced the disappointment of 1844 without losing faith. He wrote about the 7th Day Sabbath and the 3rd Angel's message. He played a prominent part in the "Sabbath Conferences." He was an evangelist, a leader, and an example in healthful living.
{{clear}}

===e. John Byington=== 
[[File:John Byington.jpg|thumb|right|John Byington]]
John Byington (1798-1887) was a pioneer minister and first president of the General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination. He was active in the antislavery movement and maintained a station of the Underground Railroad at Buck’s Bridge, New York, where he lived on a farm.
{{clear}}

===f. M. B. Czechowski=== 
[[File:Michał Belina - Czechowski.jpg|thumb|right|Michał Belina Czechowski]]
Michael Belina Czechowski (1818-1876) was a former Catholic priest. He joined the Advent Church in 1857 and in 1864 became a self-supporting missionary to Italy and Switzerland and established the first SDA church in Europe.
{{clear}}

===g. A.G. Daniells=== 
[[File:Daniells.JPG|thumb|right|Arthur G. Daniells]] Arthur G. Daniells (1858-1935), was a minister, administrator and author. At the age of 10 he was converted to the Seventh-day Adventist faith, and in 1875 entered Battle Creek College. He began his ministry in 1878 in Texas. In 1886 he was called as pioneer SDA missionary to New Zealand. He was president of the New Zealand Conference (1889-1891) and of the Australian Conference (1892-1895). He worked closely with Ellen White in Australia, and served as president of the Central Australian Conference and later president of the Australian Union Conference. He assumed the presidency of the General Conference in 1901 at a difficult period in the history of the church, and helped move the headquarters of the denomination to Washington, D. C. During his time in office the church grew greatly throughout the world. He relinquished the presidency of the General Conference in 1922. He authored four books, two of which standout as classics: “Christ Our Righteousness,” and “The Abiding Gift of Prophecy.”
{{clear}}

===h. Hiram Edson=== 
[[File:Hiram Edson.jpg|thumb|right|Hiram Edson]]
Hiram Edson (1806-1882) was a layman, later ordained, of Port Gibson, New York. He was the pioneer responsible for introducing, among those who became Seventh-day Adventists, the fuller understanding of the sanctuary and its cleansing. Edson was not only a thoughtful Bible student and an earnest evangelistic helper, but also a self-sacrificing contributor, putting his possessions into building of the church he loved. Consider visiting Hiram Edson's farm in upstate New York. <ref>http://www.adventistheritage.org/article/27/historic-sites/edson-farm</ref>
{{clear}}

===i. Harry Fenner=== 
[[File:Henry Fenner.jpg|thumb|right|Henry Fenner]]
Harry Fenner was only 17 years old when he and his 14 year old friend, Luther Warren decided the church needed an organization to encourage and support the youth. They called their new group a “young people’s society.” Within ten years the church structure was beginning to follow their lead. In 1889 the Ohio Conference became the first to form a conference-wide youth organization. It was known as Christian Volunteers. And in 1907 the General Conference Youth Department was formally organized.
{{clear}}

===j. Eduardo Francisco Forga=== 
[[File:Eduardo Forga.png|thumb|right|Eduardo Francisco Forga]]
Before he was converted to Adventism, Eduardo F. Forga, a wealthy young Peruvian, founded the first evangelical church in Arequipa, Peru. A health and temperance reformer, a vegetarian, and a defender of religious liberty, he had to flee his native country to England for his outspokenness. There he joined the Seventhday Adventist Church and married Marguerite Lacey, whose sister was married to W. C. White, Ellen White's son. An author in his own right, Mr. Forga translated some of Mrs. White's books and articles into Spanish and had a major impact on the growth of the Adventist Church in Peru, South America.
{{clear}}

===k. A.T. Jones / E.J. Waggoner=== 
[[File:Alonzo T. Jones.jpg|thumb|right|Alonzo T. Jones]]
[[File:Ellet Joseph Waggoner.jpg|thumb|right|Ellet. J. Waggoner]]Alonzo T. Jones, (1850-1923) was a minister, editor, and author. At the age of 20 he enlisted in the Army and for three years served his country. He loved reading, and read large historical works, Seventh-day Adventist publications, and the Bible. After being discharged from the Army in 1873, he was baptized and began preaching on the West Coast for the church. In May 1885 he became assistant editor of the ''Signs of the Times'', and a few months later he and E. J. Waggoner became editors. This position he held until 1889. From 1897 to 1901 he was editor in chief of the ''Review and Herald''. He became recognized as the denomination’s most prominent speaker for religious freedom. His association with Dr. J. H. Kellogg in 1903, who was actively seeking to separate the Battle Creek Sanitarium from denominational control, resulted in separation from denominational employment and, finally, in loss of church membership.
Ellet J. Waggonner, (1855-1916) was an editor, minister, and physician. He attended Battle Creek College in the earliest years of the institution, and obtained a medical degree from the Bellevue Medical College, New York. He served on the staff of the Battle Creek Sanitarium for a few years. Later he left the practice of medicine and entered the ministry. In 1884 he worked at Pacific Press as assistant editor of the ''Signs of the Times''. Two years later (1886) he and A. T. Jones became editors of the paper. This post Waggoner held until May 1891. He became editor of ''Present Truth'' in England in 1892, and in 1902 was elected the first president of the South England Conference. He returned to the United States in the summer of 1902, and served briefly on the staff of Emmanuel Missionary College.


In 1888 Waggoner and A. T. Jones gave a memorable series of sermons on righteousness by faith that stirred the General Conference session in Minneapolis, and for several years afterward were sent by the General Conference Committee to preach on that subject from coast to coast at camp meetings and other large gatherings. Ellen White accompanied them to many of these places until she left for Australia in December 1891.
{{clear}}

===l. Charles M. Kenney=== 
[[File:Charles Kinney.jpg|thumb|right|Charles M. Kinney]]
Charles M. Kinny was born in Richmond, Virginia in 1855, eleven years after the Disappointment of 1844. He was ten years old by the end of the Civil War. It was in Reno, Nevada, in 1878 at the age of 23 that Kinny attended a series of evangelistic sermons by J. N. Loughborough. Ellen White visited during the meetings and spoke to about four hundred listeners on the subject of the “Love of God.” Her message was well received and her presence added much to the interest of the people and “left a favorable impression upon the public mind.” Charles M. Kinny experienced conversion during those meetings. He never forgot Sister White’s sermon and joyfully embraced the love of God and accepted the truth about the Sabbath and the Second Advent. He kept his first Sabbath on the last Saturday of September, 1878, at the age of 23. He was one of the seven charter members and the only Black member of the Reno Seventh-day Adventist church. He was welcomed warmly by the church and was later appointed secretary of their tract society. Charles Kinny would become a prominent figure in early African American Adventism and most of what Adventists learned about the early progress of the work among African Americans they learned from the writings of Charles Kinny. Church leaders looked to him to develop the best methods of evangelism among African Americans. As such Charles M. Kinny was the first African American ordained minister in the Seventh-day Adventist church and is known as the The Father of Black Adventism.
{{clear}}

===m. George King=== 
[[File:George King SDA Pioneer.jpg|thumb|right|George Albert King]]
George Albert King (1847-1906) was a pioneer canvasser who developed the idea of subscription sale of Seventh-day Adventist books. A native of Canada, he came to the United States where as a young man he accepted SDA beliefs and desired to be a preacher. Because of a speech impediment he was encouraged to try selling SDA tracts and magazines and books. Throughout his life he was an enthusiastic recruiter and instructor of other canvassers.
{{clear}}

===n. Anna Knight=== 
[[File:Anna Knight.jpg|thumb|right|Anna Knight]]
Anna Knight (1874-1972) was self-taught until the age of 20 when she attended Mount Vernon Academy in Ohio in 1894. In 1898 she graduated from Battle Creek College as a missionary nurse. She operated a self-supporting school in Jasper County, Mississippi for Black children. In 1901 she was appointed as a missionary to India where she served 6 years. She served in the Educational Department for Southeastern Conference and Southern Conference when they merged, and served until the regional Conferences were formed. She authored the book ''Mississippi Girl,<ref>http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0006ATC4O/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B0006ATC4O&linkCode=as2&tag=wwwjadedragon-20</ref>'' the story of her life.
{{clear}}

===o. Abram LaRue=== 
[[File:Abram LaRue.jpg|thumb|right|Abram LaRue]]
Abram LaRue (1822-1903) was a pioneer, self-supporting lay missionary in eastern Asia. While working as a sheepherder in California he accepted the Seventh-day Adventist faith. Immediately he requested a mission appointment to China. Because of his advanced age the General Conference declined but after attending Healdsburg College one term he worked his way to Honolulu and sold books in the city and on the ships in port. In 1888 at the age of 66, La Rue went to Hong Kong where he worked for 14 years with Europeans and the Chinese. He died in Hong Kong in 1903 where he had been a tireless worker with a rare gift in meeting people and conveying his own religious convictions to them.
{{clear}}

===p. Kate Lindsay=== 
Katherine Lindsay (1842-1923) was a physician and founder of the first Seventh-day Adventist nurse’s training school. In 1875 she graduated at the head of her class from the University of Michigan Medical College. She joined the staff of the Battle Creek Sanitarium. Dr. Kate, as she was known, introduced thorough classwork and became known as a foremost teacher of student nurses.

===q. William Miller=== 
[[File:William Miller.jpg|thumb|right|William Miller]]
William Miller (1782-1849) was an American farmer and a Baptist preacher who announced the imminent coming of Christ and founded the movement popularly know as Millerism or the Millerite movement. He was a convincing preacher in the logical way he appealed in earnestness. After the “Great Disappointment” he built a chapel on his property so Advent Believers would have a place to worship.
{{clear}}

===r. W.W. Prescott=== 
[[File:W._W._Prescott.jpg|thumb|right|William W. Prescott]]William W. Prescott, (1855-1944) was an educator and administrator. His parents were Millerites in New England. While in his last year at South Berwick Academy, he taught Latin and Greek. He was principal of high schools in Northfield and Montpelier, Vermont (1877 to 1880). With his acceptance of the presidency of Battle Creek College (1885-1894), he entered upon a career unique in many respects in Seventh-day Adventist history. While still president of Battle Creek College, he helped found Union College and became its first president in 1891. He appointed principals for the two institutions to act while he was absent from one or the other. Then late in 1892 he assumed the presidency of the newly founded Walla Walla College. Thus, he was simultaneously president of three colleges in the year. During a world tour (1894-1895), he helped to found the Avondale School in Australia. In 1901 he became the vice president of the General Conference, chair of the Review and Herald Publishing Association board, and editor of the Review and Herald. Later in his career, he served as head of the Bible Department of Emmanuel Missionary College, a post he held until 1934. Whether teacher, editor, administrator, or secretary of the General Conference Department of Education, Prescott left a strong impression on the entire educational work of the denomination.
{{clear}}

===s. Rachel Oakes-Preston=== 
[[File:Rachel Oakes.jpg|thumb|right|Rachel Oakes]]
Rachel Oakes-Preston (1809-1868) was a Seventh-day Baptist who persuaded a group of Adventists to accept the Sabbath in Washington, New Hampshire, and thus to become, in that sense, the first Seventh-day Adventists. Due to Rachel's influence, Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910), an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and promoter of the prophetic teachings of William Miller, preached his first sermon on seventh-day Sabbath to his "Christian Brethren" congregation on March 16, 1844.


Further due to Rachel's influence, William Farnsworth (1807-1888), after the Great Disappointment of October 22, 1844, stated publicly to the "Christian Brethren" congregation his conviction that Saturday, being the seventh day of the week, was Sabbath. His brother Cyrus (who became the husband of Rachel’s daughter Delight), and several others, also made their convictions known.
{{clear}}

===t. Annie Smith=== 
[[File:Annie Rebekah Smith.JPG|thumb|right|Anna Rebekah Smith]]
Annie Rebekah Smith (1828-1855) was a poet and editorial assistant. She joined the Baptist Church at the age of 10 and became an Adventist in 1844. She gave up teaching in 1850 because of eye trouble and in 1851 she attended a meeting by Joseph Bates and was convinced of the Seventh-day Adventist faith. She sent a poem, ''"Fear Not, Little Flock"'' to the Review and Herald. James White employed her to read proof, edit copy and take charge in White’s absence. She wrote many poems. Ten of her hymns appear in the Church Hymnal. She died of Tuberculosis in 1855.
{{clear}}

===u. Uriah Smith=== 
[[File:Uriah Smith.jpg|thumb|Uriah Smith]]
Uriah Smith (1832-1903) was an editor and author who gave 50 years of service to the Seventh-day Adventist cause. At age 13 his left leg was amputated above the knee due to an infection. In 1863 he patented a improved model artificial leg with fully flexible knee and ankle joints. He became a Sabbath-keeping Adventist in 1852. He wrote poems and articles that were printed in the Review & Herald and in 1853 joined his sister, Annie, as a worker at the office of the Advent Review and Sabbath Herald in Rochester, New York. He was one of the most fluent writers for the young denomination. His pen could be incisive. He is best known for the book Daniel and Revelation. In 1874 he patented a school desk with an improved folding seat. The last words he ever wrote, in 1903, to the General Conference epitomized his lifelong purpose: "I am with you in the endeavor to send forth in this generation this gospel of the kingdom, for a witness to all nations. And when this is completed, it will be the signal for the coronation of our Coming King."
{{clear}}

===v. Luther Warren=== 
[[File:Luther Warren.jpg|thumb|right|Luther Warren]]
Luther Warren (1864-1940) was a youth leader and evangelist. At the age of 14, in 1879, he with his friend Harry Fenner, organized at Hazelton, Michigan one of the first Seventh-day Adventist young people’s societies. His formal education was limited but he was an insatiable reader, keenly interested in the development of church schools. He began his evangelistic career in 1888 as a tent master in Michigan, a career that took him to many centers throughout North America. He powerfully influenced thousands of young people in schools and churches where he conducted revivals. Mary Boucher has written a biography on Warren under the title ''Luther Warren'' (Review and Herald, 1959).
'''[See the history given here.][https://adventisthistory.wordpress.com/category/people/luther-warren-people/].'''
{{clear}}

===w. F. H. Westphal=== 
[[File:Frank H. Westphal.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Frank H. Westphal]]
Frank Henry Westphal (1858-1944) was a pioneer missionary to South America. He was converted to the Seventh-day Adventist faith at the age of 19 and in 1878 he was made leader of the newly organized church in New London, Wisconsin. In 1894 he was called to South America and became the first ordained SDA minister assigned to the South America Continent. He worked with success in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil and Chili.
{{clear}}

===x. Frederick Wheeler=== 
[[File:Frederick Wheeler.jpg|thumb|right|Frederick Wheeler]]
Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910) was a pioneer Adventist minister, reputed to be the first ordained Adventist minister to preach in favor of the seventh-day Sabbath. In 1840 he was an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church and became its circuit rider in the vicinity of Washington and Hillsboro in New Hampshire. In 1842 he became acquainted with the Millerite views and was active in the propagation of the Adventist views. In March of 1844, after a discussion with Rachel Oakes (later Preston), he became convinced through study that the seventh-day Sabbath was sacred. He preached and farmed in the neighborhood until James White invited him to go farther afield with his ministry.

===y. James White=== 
[[File:James Springer White.jpg|thumb|James White]]
James Springer White (1821-1881), a co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, was the fifth of nine children. He was baptized, at age 15, in the denomination called Christian Connection to which his parents belonged. After teaching for two winters he heard of the Millerite Movement and was persuaded to attend a meeting. He became convinced of the importance of what he had heard and of the shortness of time. He resigned from his school to join in heralding the Advent message. He suffered keenly during the Great Disappointment in October 1844, but he clung in confidence to God’s Word. He married Ellen Gould Harmon on August 30, 1846 and soon after, the two of them began to keep the seventh-day Sabbath. He wrote encouragement to the believers and worked to spread the gospel of Jesus' soon coming until his death in 1881.


Ellen G. White, (1827-1915) was co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, together with James White and Joseph Bates. She was a writer, lecturer, and counselor to the church, who possessed what Seventh-day Adventists have accepted as the prophetic gift described in the Bible; also known as the Spirit of prophecy. In her early teens Ellen and her family were faithful Methodists in Portland, Maine, and accepted William Miller’s view on the second advent of Christ about the year 1843, after hearing his lecture in March 1840. She was baptized into the Methodist Church in June 26, 1842. In September 1843, because of their Adventist views, she and her parents and other members of the family were disfellowshipped from the Methodist Church. Expecting Christ’s return in October 22, 1844, she and her family experienced the Millerites’ great disappointment. At the age of 17, in December 1844, Ellen Harmon joined four other women in family worship, and while they were praying, she experienced her first vision, in which she witnessed a representation of the travels of the Adventist people to the City of God. It was one of many visions she received during her lifelong ministry. Ellen White died on July 16, 1915, at the ripe age of 87 years.
{{clear}}

===z. Any other pioneers of your preference from your own Union/Division.=== 

==3. Dates: Explore and summarize the importance of each of the following event dates to Adventist history:== 

===a. Great Disappointment (October 22, 1844)=== 
The day of the Great Disappointment was when Jesus did not come as those awaiting His Advent had calculated and waited for with much prayer.

===b. Adventist Church incorporated (May 21, 1863)=== 
The Adventist Church incorporated on May 21, 1863. This is considered the date of the official organization of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. This move was significant since it gave the church the right to own property and ordain ministers. Many of the founders had to “grow” significantly in order to “organize” since many had come from backgrounds that felt that organizing was not consistent with scripture.

===c. Health Reform begins - 1863=== 

===d. J.N. Andrews: First Missionary - 1874=== 

===e. General Conference of 1888 (Righteousness by Faith Conference)=== 
Held in Minneapolis, Minnesota October of 1888 this conference was notable as E. J. Waggoner and A. T. Jones presented the concept of Righteousness by Faith in Jesus Christ. Ellen White joined the two men in their presentations.

Many of the General Conference leaders held that works-based righteousness was the key to salvation in Jesus. The arguments and exchanges were heated and lengthy. Eventually, God-led individuals voted in favor of the church operating under a premise of righteousness by faith, but this "win" would not come easy. EJ Waggoner, A.T. Jones both eventually left Adventism, and Ellen White was "sent" to Australia.

===f. Reorganization of 1901 / Fires in Battle Creek 1902=== 
These events decentralized the very centralized administration of the General Conference at the time.

A.G. Daniels helped lead a charge to create UNIONS in 1901, thus allowing many decisions that primarily affected one local field to be made by leaders within the field. This left global decisions to the General Conference, and even eventually led to a delegate-based approach to decision making on such issues as the Fundamental beliefs that define Adventism (3 h.)

Ellen White had warned that there needed to be more people involved in the process of decision making AND that having all the major "arms" of the church work all in one city was not the "salt and light" God intended. The Battle Creek Sanitarium (medical) burned February 18 and Review and Herald (publishing) burned December 30, both in the same year - 1902. (article http://archives.adventistreview.org/2004-1513/story1.html)

All of these events helped decentralize the power and influence of the administration of the Adventist work. Currently, there are over 100 medical facilities operated by the Adventist Church and more than 70 publishing houses worldwide (http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmFieldSubEntities.aspx?EntityType=P&AdmFieldID=GC)

===g. Gland, Switzerland, 1907=== 
Gland, Switzerland was the site of the General Conference Session where the Young People’s Department of Missionary Volunteers was officially adopted. This later became the Pathfinders.

===h. 27 Fundamental Beliefs document adopted 1980=== 

Fundamental Principles of Adventist belief had been published as early as 1872 (by James White) and supported by the General Conference as early as 1889. However, the formal statement of Fundamental Beliefs published in 1980 as voted in General Conference session was a significant step in formalizing what beliefs set apart Seventh-day Adventists as a distinctive branch of Christianity AND also demonstrates the Christ-centric nature of the Adventist church. In 2005, a 28th belief (inserted as #11) was added.

===i. Other significant dates in the history of Adventism in your division, conference, or region=== 

==4. Publications: Describe the origins, publication details, and purpose of each of the following Adventist Publications:== 

===a. Adventist Review and Sabbath Herald=== 
The Adventist Review was founded by James and Ellen White in July 1849 as The Present Truth, but the name was changed to The Advent Review and then Second Advent Review and Sabbath Herald (with variations) after being combined with the Advent Herald publication. The name was changed to Adventist Review in 1978. Throughout its history it has been commonly referred to as the Review

===b. Advent Tidende=== 
Advent Tidende was a Danish monthly paper which John G. Matteson, a native son of Denmark, started for the Scandinavian people in the United States, Denmark, and Norway.

===c. Les Signes des Temps / Signs of the Times=== 
French ''Signs of the Times'' magazine

===d. Liberty Magazine / Liberty=== 
Liberty was first called American Sentinel (1886-1900) and then Sentinel of Liberty (1900-1903) before being shortened to its current name (1906-Present). Not sure what it was called from 1903-1906, doesn't seem to say.

===e. Medical Evangelist / Medical Evangelism=== 
Published by the College of Evangelists, then the College of Medical Evangelists and finally Loma Linda University. Publication began in June 1908 and continued through June 1962.

===f. Present Truth=== 
Present Truth was an illustrated evangelistic periodical devoted to the presentation of various facets of doctrine. It was begun by James White in July of 1849 and was the forerunner of the Review and Herald.

===g. Youth’s Instructor=== 
The Youth's Instructor was the name of the first magazine the Seventh-day Adventists had for youth. It was later renamed ''Junior Guide'' and later ''Guide Magazine'' which is still in print today.

===h. Equivalent publications in your division, conference, or region=== 

==5. Church Organization:== 

===a. Briefly explain the significance of the 1901 General Conference and describe the organizational structure that resulted from it. Indicate how your conference, association, or mission fits into the overall church structure.=== 


Ellen White, recently back from Australia, stood up at the 1901 GC Session in Battle Creek and urged that the Administrative structure of the church be modified. The goal was to increase the effectiveness of the church in ministry, move decision making out of the GC office (then in Battle Creek) and closer to the front line.


The most significant action in 1901 was perhaps the organization of Union Conferences. Originally the 'State' conferences had joined together to form the General Conference. While many in leadership the came view Unions as unnecessary overhead by 2000 (a hundred years later) the debate over gender equality in ministry has brought Unions forward again as a primary place where policy and change happens.


The Adventist Church is studying restructuring actively. Economic realities will likely see a reduction of at least one of the levels of church governance. Different people wish to strengthen or weaken the power of the General Conference (and its Divisions) vs the Unions and Local Conferences. Time will tell how the church can best structure to finish the gospel commission.

===b. Point out on a map where the church offices are located from your conference level to the General Conference.=== 
Generally (there are exceptions) there will be 4 levels of administration serving your local church and its members:


Local Conference or Local Mission. Sometimes for areas with few Adventists this level is called a Field or Section. Increasingly this level is being dispensed with in favor of the Union of Churches model. Conferences usually cover a province or state, or part of or several such political units. Regional Conferences in much of the USA provide support to mainly black churches.


Union or Union Mission or Union of Churches. Increasingly the Union level is termed SDA Church in Place Name. In part of Europe in particular the Union of Churches model is dispensing with the local conference model and simply representing churches in a geographic area. The Union is the building block off the General Conference. There are 124 Unions in the world as of 2014. A few Conferences are not attached to a Union for various reasons (Guam-Micronesia in the NAD is one example).


Divisions of the General Conference are administrative units that group Unions together. There are 13 Divisions and 1 Union (Middle East North Africa Union) that exists outside any Division. Divisions have no independent constituency.


The General Conference is the grouping of all the Unions. New Unions are voting into the worldwide sisterhood of churches at each GC Session (5 years apart).

===c. Illustrate the organizational structure of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and prepare an ecclesiastical organization chart to demonstrate your learning.=== 

A helpful resource could be the Church Structure video series developed by The Scratch News and posted on [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzafYVHG38GHrqxn8xg-wkQ/playlists YouTube].

From the North American Division Perspective - your illustration would show the General Conference, then the North American Division (Canada, United States, Bermuda, Guam, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Northern Mariana Islands and Palau). ([https://news.adventist.org/en/all-news/news/go/2011-10-11/guam-micronesia-mission-now-part-of-north-american-division/])
Following that is the Union structure. Your illustration would vary based on which Union your Conference and church is located in.


'''The Unions & Conferences in the NAD are:'''
[http://www.nadadventist.org/article/54/directory/area-headquarters]
[https://www.nadadventist.org/about-our-church/north-american-division-map] 
''Atlantic Union'' - Conferences: Bermuda, Greater New York, New York, Northeastern, Northern New England, and Southern New England Conferences. 
''Seventh-day Adventist Church in Canada'' - Conferences: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba-Saskatchewan, Maritime, Ontario, and Quebec (French website) Conferences and the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Newfoundland and Labrador. 
''Columbia Union'' - Conferences: Allegheny East, Allegheny West, Chesapeake, Mountain View, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Potomac Conferences. 
''Guam-Micronesia Mission'' - Became part of North American Division in February, 2012 Missions do not have conferences. 
''Lake Union'' - Conferences: Illinois, Indiana, Lake Region, Michigan, and Wisconsin Conferences. 
''Mid-America Union'' - Conferences: Central States, Dakota, Iowa-Missouri, Kansas-Nebraska, Minnesota, and Rocky Mountain Conferences. 
''North Pacific Union'' - Conferences: Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Upper Columbia, and Washington Conferences. 
''Pacific Union'' - Conferences: Arizona, Central California, Hawaii, Nevada-Utah, Northern California, Southeastern California, and Southern California Conferences. 
''Southern Union'' - Conferences: Carolina, Florida, Georgia-Cumberland, Gulf States, Kentucky-Tennessee, South Atlantic, South Central, and Southeastern Conferences. 
''Southwestern Union'' - Conferences: Arkansas-Louisiana, Oklahoma, Southwest Region, Texas, and Texico Conferences. 

==6. Miscellaneous: Tell the importance of at least ten (10) of the following locations, organizations, or concepts or their equivalent.== 

===a. Avondale College=== 
Avondale University College is an Australian tertiary education provider affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system. Avondale University College has two campuses, the Lake Macquarie campus being the primary campus situated in Cooranbong, New South Wales. The other campus is located at Sydney Adventist Hospital in the Sydney suburb of Wahroonga and is the main campus of the nursing school.
Avondale University College primarily focuses in the areas of teaching, theology, and nursing, but also offers bachelor's degrees in business, science and the arts as well as certificate studies in outdoor recreation. The nursing programme commences at the Cooranbong campus for one or two semesters and is completed at the Sydney Adventist Hospital with hands-on experience gained in the hospital. Master's degrees are offered in theology, education, nursing, ministry, and some business related fields by distance education, including a one-month on-campus component in the winter semester.

===b. Battle Creek Sanitarium=== 
The Battle Creek Sanitarium was opened in 1866. It was a pioneer Seventh-day Adventist Medical institution.

===c. Dime Tabernacle=== 
Dime Tabernacle was the name for the church built in Battle Creek and paid for from dimes that were saved and turned in for the church building. It was destroyed by fire on January 3, 1922.

===d. Norsk Bokforlag=== 
Norsk Bokforlag was a Norwegian Publishing House established in 1932.

===e. Pitcairn Missionary Ship=== 
The Pitcairn was a vessel built as a schooner, refitted as a brigantine, and used by Seventh-day Adventists for transporting missionaries across the Pacific Ocean from 1890 to 1900. The ship was paid for by Sabbath School Offerings and made six missionary voyages whose missionaries established missions in many of the islands of the South Pacific. The first voyage went directly to Pitcairn Island arriving there November 25, 1890. Pitcairn was a remote British island possession in the southeastern Pacific Ocean about 3,500 miles north-east of New Zealand. Because maintenance of the ship was expensive, The Pitcairn was sold in 1900, by which time steamship connections with the islands had improved.

===f. Sabbath Conferences=== 
The Sabbath Conferences were a series of meetings of “friends of the Sabbath” held in various places in New England and New York. Beginning in April of 1848, during the formative period when James and Ellen White, Joseph Bates, and others began the work of "uniting the brethren on the great truths connected with the message of the third angel."

===g. Sanitarium Health Food Co.=== 
The Sanitarium Health & Wellbeing Company is a chain of health food factories, wholesale branches, and retail shops in Australia and New Zealand, operated by the Health Food Department of the South Pacific Division of the Adventist Church. Products include Weets-Bix, a flaked-wheat breakfast-food biscuit; cornflakes, and other cereal foods; Marmite, a yeast-extract flavoring; peanut butter, vegetarian meats and textured vegetable protein, and So Good, a nondairy soy milk. It has subsidiaries in Canada and other countries and exports worldwide. Part of the Adventist focus on healthy living. <ref>http://www.sanitarium.co.nz/about-us/our-history</ref>

===h. Solusi College=== 
First (heathen) Adventist Mission Station 1894.


The General Conference chose Elder W.H. Anderson and two other men to go to the new mission station 1895. They were given $5,000 dollars for one year and were told that was all they had. They were to become self-supporting as soon as possible. They had no expense allowance. They landed at Cape Town and traveled by train to the north to Mafeking. From there they traveled 600 miles using two oxcarts and 36 oxen. They averaged about 15 miles a day and the river beds were dry. They learned later that in the dry season the water was under the river bed and not in sight. When the monsoon season comes the river beds are full.


At first the church services were held under the trees. On their first first Sabbath there, the Chief Solusi came with many of his people.


Solusi College is an institution of higher learning now operated by the Zimbabwe Union Conference. It was established in 1894 as Solusi Mission and is headquartered in Bulilimamangwe, Zimbabwe. An [http://solusi.ac.zw/?page_id=1576 interesting brief history].

===i. Systematic Benevolence=== 
Systematic Benevolence was a system by which the first Adventist pastors were paid. Contributions were "systematic" meaning they were determined by one's wealth and were regularly made. Before this plan the preachers of the Seventh-day Adventist doctrines were largely self-supporting.

===j. Tract Society=== 
The Tract Society began in 1869 with a group of ladies at South Lancaster, Massachusetts. The society members visited the sick and needy and distributed tracts and wrote letters sharing their faith. In 1870 S. N. Haskell organized the first Conference-wide society in New England. By 1924 their scope of influence having long since reached beyond the small literature state, the name was changed to Book and Bible Houses. In 1972 the name Adventist Book Center (ABC) was adopted. The ABC is a distribution and service outlet for the Seventh-day Adventist publishing house products and other church-approved materials.

===k. Universidad de Montemorelos=== 
Universidad de Montemorelos is a coeducational institution of higher learning established in 1942 near the city of Montemorelos, State of Nuevo León, México.

===l. Voice of Prophecy=== 
The radio broadcast founded by H. M. S. Richards. See ''H. M. S. Richards, Near to the Heart of God|[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0828013322/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0828013322&linkCode=as2&tag=wwwjadedragon-20]]'' by Robert E. Edwards Review & Herald, 1998 for a great read.

===m. Washington hand press=== 
The Washington hand press (a brand or style of hand operated printing press) was purchased by James White with money from Hiram Edson in 1852, the first press purchased to print SDA materials<ref>http://news.adventist.org/all-news/news/go/2013-04-10/publishing-work-was-central-to-early-adventist-church/</ref>. Prior to that, all printed materials were printed by commercial print shops. From that small beginning in a rented house in Rochester, New York, the church established a worldwide network of publishing houses printing in numerous languages.

===n. Other significant locations, organizations, or concepts in your division, conference, or region=== 

==7. Read about, watch, or research the story of Ellen G. White. Explain what her role was in the beginnings of the Adventist Church. Include in your research significant factors such as:== 

===a. First vision (June 6, 1863)=== 
Ellen had a vision on Health Reform.

===b. “Elmshaven”=== 
Ellen White’s home in St. Helena, California in the Napa Valley. It can be toured for free in person or online. http://www.elmshaven.org/

===c. Visions=== 
Messages from God that Ellen was to share.

===d. Gorham, Maine=== 
Ellen's birthplace <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorham,_Maine</ref>.

===e. Lord’s Messenger=== 
The name that Ellen White gave herself.

===f. “Conflict of the Ages” series=== 
A series of five books that E. G. White wrote which helped people to understand the Bible. The five books are: The Great Controversy, Patriarchs and Prophets, The Desire of Ages, The Acts of the Apostles, and Prophets and Kings <ref>http://www.ellenwhite.info/books/books-by-egw-coa.htm</ref>

===g. Ellen G. White Estate, Inc.=== 
In her will, Ellen G. White left her literary estate to a board of five church leaders so that her papers and books would be preserved. This corporation was organized after her death in 1915. It is now headquartered in the basement of the General Conference building, Silver Spring, Maryland, where free tours are offered.

===h. Lovett’s Grove, Ohio=== 
Two hour Vision on events in the great conflict between the forces of righteousness and the forces of evil which she was instructed to write out. Later it was written in full in a book called ''The Great Controversy''.

===i. “Sunnyside”=== 
The name of Ellen G. White's home in Cooranbong, Australia near Avondale College. Photo <ref>http://nas.egwwritings.org/galleries/Institutions/637.3b.1.jpg.php</ref>

===j. Testimonies for the Church=== 
A collection of writings that Ellen authored giving instruction, reproof and guidance for church members and leaders. The Testimonies series was released and published over time, eventually taking the 9 volume set we use today. While the individual letters were addressed to specific people, the principals outlined have broad application in the church. Ellen White recognized this and arranged for their wider publication.

==8. Discovery of Heritage Stories:== 

===a. Discover how the Adventist movement started in your country. Give special attention to the things the pioneers did in the process within your country or region.=== 

The Your Story Hour series on Adventist Pioneers, called Pathways of the Pioneers, tells of Adventist beginnings mainly in the USA, but some other countries as well. The series is available in [https://whiteestate.org/resources/pioneers-stories/ MP3 format] on the White Estate website for free online listening.

===b. Discover some of the stories of how Pathfinders, Adventist Youth Groups, or AY Societies began in your conference or division.=== 

===c. Present your finding to a group or as part of requirement 9 or 10.=== 

==9. Know and tell for school, Sabbath School, or Pathfinder worship three stories about Adventist history. At least one story must be about an Adventist youth.== 

==10. As an individual or with a group complete one of the following:== 

===a. Create and present a detailed poster or multimedia display (video/presentation) covering a portion of Adventist Heritage that you have learned.=== 

===b. Write and perform a skit that tells part of the Adventist Heritage story. Present it to younger Pathfinders, Adventurers or other younger group of individuals.=== 

===c. Create a completely playable game about Adventist Heritage. Demonstrate the game to your instructor or a group.=== 

===d. Visit an official Adventist Heritage site within your conference, union, or division and go on a tour. Debrief your experience with a group. If feasible, create a multimedia report of your experience.=== 

==References== 
[http://pathfinders.adventistconnect.org/site_data/86/assets/0024/9222/Chuch_Heritage_Manual.pdf Church Heritage Manual]


<references/>
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[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Do at home|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Adventist Pioneer Heritage/Answer Key

2020-06-21T00:14:06Z

Jrrmicro: add Pathways of the Pioneers audio resource link

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{{honor desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Adventist Pioneer Heritage
|skill=2
|year=2014
|category=Outreach
|authority=General Conference
|reqpdf=Adventist_Heritage_Requirements.pdf
|insignia=Adventist_Heritage.png}}
{{Honor Master|honor={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|3}}|master=Family, Origins, and Heritage|group=required}}

==Note== 


This honor reflects the best requirements of two pre-existing honors, one from the North American Division and the other from the South American Division.


<big>'''Complete a minimum of a 9-week Academy or semester college Adventist History course OR complete the following requirements.'''</big>

==1. Origins:== 
===a. Read about, watch, or research the origins and development of the Millerite Movement and its role in the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.===


[https://telltheworld.adventist.org/ Tell the World] 6 Video's of the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

===b. Explain the Great Disappointment based on the prophecy of Daniel 8.=== 

===c. Share your finding with a group.=== 

==2. Pioneers: Be able to identify and explain the significance of at least fifteen (15) of the following individuals:== 

===a. Martha Amadon=== 
[[File:Martha Byington.jpg|thumb|right|Martha Byington]]
Martha Amadon (1843-1937) was the eldest daughter of John Byington, the first teacher of the first school organized for Seventh-day Adventist Children. She married George W. Amadon in 1860. She became the first Dorcas Society (Adventist Community Service) president in October, 1874.
{{clear}}

===b. W. H. Anderson=== 
[[File:William H. Anderson.jpg|thumb|right|William H. Anderson]]
William H. Anderson (1870-1950) was a pioneer missionary to Africa from 1895-1944. "Harry," as he was affectionately known to his friends, graduated in 1895 from Battle Creek College, where he was converted. Anderson’s book, ''On The Trail of Livingston'' (1919) did much to stimulate interest in African Missions where he served for 50 years.
{{clear}}

===c. J. N. Andrews=== 
[[File:John Nevins Andrews.jpg|thumb|right|John Nevins Andrews]]
John Nevins Andrews (1829-1883) was the first official Seventh-day Adventist missionary outside of North America. He and his children Charles and Mary sailed on September 15, 1874 to Switzerland. His wife had died 18 March 1872. As a theologian, Andrews made significant contributions to the development of various doctrines of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination. He wrote extensively on the Seventh-day Sabbath.
{{clear}}


Andrews University, named for J. N. Andrews, is an institution operated jointly by the General Conference and the Lake Union Conference. It was the first university to be organized by the Seventh-day Adventist church. It is located in Berrien Springs, Michigan. Its predecessor known as Battle Creek College, was founded in 1874, and grew from a “select” private school established in 1868 by G. H. Bell.

===d. Joseph Bates=== 
[[File:Joseph Bates.jpg|thumb|right|Joseph Bates]]
Joseph Bates (1792-1872) a former sea captain and a reformer, was one of the founders of the SDA Church. Bates experienced the disappointment of 1844 without losing faith. He wrote about the 7th Day Sabbath and the 3rd Angel's message. He played a prominent part in the "Sabbath Conferences." He was an evangelist, a leader, and an example in healthful living.
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===e. John Byington=== 
[[File:John Byington.jpg|thumb|right|John Byington]]
John Byington (1798-1887) was a pioneer minister and first president of the General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination. He was active in the antislavery movement and maintained a station of the Underground Railroad at Buck’s Bridge, New York, where he lived on a farm.
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===f. M. B. Czechowski=== 
[[File:Michał Belina - Czechowski.jpg|thumb|right|Michał Belina Czechowski]]
Michael Belina Czechowski (1818-1876) was a former Catholic priest. He joined the Advent Church in 1857 and in 1864 became a self-supporting missionary to Italy and Switzerland and established the first SDA church in Europe.
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===g. A.G. Daniells=== 
[[File:Daniells.JPG|thumb|right|Arthur G. Daniells]] Arthur G. Daniells (1858-1935), was a minister, administrator and author. At the age of 10 he was converted to the Seventh-day Adventist faith, and in 1875 entered Battle Creek College. He began his ministry in 1878 in Texas. In 1886 he was called as pioneer SDA missionary to New Zealand. He was president of the New Zealand Conference (1889-1891) and of the Australian Conference (1892-1895). He worked closely with Ellen White in Australia, and served as president of the Central Australian Conference and later president of the Australian Union Conference. He assumed the presidency of the General Conference in 1901 at a difficult period in the history of the church, and helped move the headquarters of the denomination to Washington, D. C. During his time in office the church grew greatly throughout the world. He relinquished the presidency of the General Conference in 1922. He authored four books, two of which standout as classics: “Christ Our Righteousness,” and “The Abiding Gift of Prophecy.”
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===h. Hiram Edson=== 
[[File:Hiram Edson.jpg|thumb|right|Hiram Edson]]
Hiram Edson (1806-1882) was a layman, later ordained, of Port Gibson, New York. He was the pioneer responsible for introducing, among those who became Seventh-day Adventists, the fuller understanding of the sanctuary and its cleansing. Edson was not only a thoughtful Bible student and an earnest evangelistic helper, but also a self-sacrificing contributor, putting his possessions into building of the church he loved. Consider visiting Hiram Edson's farm in upstate New York. <ref>http://www.adventistheritage.org/article/27/historic-sites/edson-farm</ref>
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===i. Harry Fenner=== 
[[File:Henry Fenner.jpg|thumb|right|Henry Fenner]]
Harry Fenner was only 17 years old when he and his 14 year old friend, Luther Warren decided the church needed an organization to encourage and support the youth. They called their new group a “young people’s society.” Within ten years the church structure was beginning to follow their lead. In 1889 the Ohio Conference became the first to form a conference-wide youth organization. It was known as Christian Volunteers. And in 1907 the General Conference Youth Department was formally organized.
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===j. Eduardo Francisco Forga=== 
[[File:Eduardo Forga.png|thumb|right|Eduardo Francisco Forga]]
Before he was converted to Adventism, Eduardo F. Forga, a wealthy young Peruvian, founded the first evangelical church in Arequipa, Peru. A health and temperance reformer, a vegetarian, and a defender of religious liberty, he had to flee his native country to England for his outspokenness. There he joined the Seventhday Adventist Church and married Marguerite Lacey, whose sister was married to W. C. White, Ellen White's son. An author in his own right, Mr. Forga translated some of Mrs. White's books and articles into Spanish and had a major impact on the growth of the Adventist Church in Peru, South America.
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===k. A.T. Jones / E.J. Waggoner=== 
[[File:Alonzo T. Jones.jpg|thumb|right|Alonzo T. Jones]]
[[File:Ellet Joseph Waggoner.jpg|thumb|right|Ellet. J. Waggoner]]Alonzo T. Jones, (1850-1923) was a minister, editor, and author. At the age of 20 he enlisted in the Army and for three years served his country. He loved reading, and read large historical works, Seventh-day Adventist publications, and the Bible. After being discharged from the Army in 1873, he was baptized and began preaching on the West Coast for the church. In May 1885 he became assistant editor of the ''Signs of the Times'', and a few months later he and E. J. Waggoner became editors. This position he held until 1889. From 1897 to 1901 he was editor in chief of the ''Review and Herald''. He became recognized as the denomination’s most prominent speaker for religious freedom. His association with Dr. J. H. Kellogg in 1903, who was actively seeking to separate the Battle Creek Sanitarium from denominational control, resulted in separation from denominational employment and, finally, in loss of church membership.
Ellet J. Waggonner, (1855-1916) was an editor, minister, and physician. He attended Battle Creek College in the earliest years of the institution, and obtained a medical degree from the Bellevue Medical College, New York. He served on the staff of the Battle Creek Sanitarium for a few years. Later he left the practice of medicine and entered the ministry. In 1884 he worked at Pacific Press as assistant editor of the ''Signs of the Times''. Two years later (1886) he and A. T. Jones became editors of the paper. This post Waggoner held until May 1891. He became editor of ''Present Truth'' in England in 1892, and in 1902 was elected the first president of the South England Conference. He returned to the United States in the summer of 1902, and served briefly on the staff of Emmanuel Missionary College.


In 1888 Waggoner and A. T. Jones gave a memorable series of sermons on righteousness by faith that stirred the General Conference session in Minneapolis, and for several years afterward were sent by the General Conference Committee to preach on that subject from coast to coast at camp meetings and other large gatherings. Ellen White accompanied them to many of these places until she left for Australia in December 1891.
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===l. Charles M. Kenney=== 
[[File:Charles Kinney.jpg|thumb|right|Charles M. Kinney]]
Charles M. Kinny was born in Richmond, Virginia in 1855, eleven years after the Disappointment of 1844. He was ten years old by the end of the Civil War. It was in Reno, Nevada, in 1878 at the age of 23 that Kinny attended a series of evangelistic sermons by J. N. Loughborough. Ellen White visited during the meetings and spoke to about four hundred listeners on the subject of the “Love of God.” Her message was well received and her presence added much to the interest of the people and “left a favorable impression upon the public mind.” Charles M. Kinny experienced conversion during those meetings. He never forgot Sister White’s sermon and joyfully embraced the love of God and accepted the truth about the Sabbath and the Second Advent. He kept his first Sabbath on the last Saturday of September, 1878, at the age of 23. He was one of the seven charter members and the only Black member of the Reno Seventh-day Adventist church. He was welcomed warmly by the church and was later appointed secretary of their tract society. Charles Kinny would become a prominent figure in early African American Adventism and most of what Adventists learned about the early progress of the work among African Americans they learned from the writings of Charles Kinny. Church leaders looked to him to develop the best methods of evangelism among African Americans. As such Charles M. Kinny was the first African American ordained minister in the Seventh-day Adventist church and is known as the The Father of Black Adventism.
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===m. George King=== 
[[File:George King SDA Pioneer.jpg|thumb|right|George Albert King]]
George Albert King (1847-1906) was a pioneer canvasser who developed the idea of subscription sale of Seventh-day Adventist books. A native of Canada, he came to the United States where as a young man he accepted SDA beliefs and desired to be a preacher. Because of a speech impediment he was encouraged to try selling SDA tracts and magazines and books. Throughout his life he was an enthusiastic recruiter and instructor of other canvassers.
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===n. Anna Knight=== 
[[File:Anna Knight.jpg|thumb|right|Anna Knight]]
Anna Knight (1874-1972) was self-taught until the age of 20 when she attended Mount Vernon Academy in Ohio in 1894. In 1898 she graduated from Battle Creek College as a missionary nurse. She operated a self-supporting school in Jasper County, Mississippi for Black children. In 1901 she was appointed as a missionary to India where she served 6 years. She served in the Educational Department for Southeastern Conference and Southern Conference when they merged, and served until the regional Conferences were formed. She authored the book ''Mississippi Girl,<ref>http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0006ATC4O/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B0006ATC4O&linkCode=as2&tag=wwwjadedragon-20</ref>'' the story of her life.
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===o. Abram LaRue=== 
[[File:Abram LaRue.jpg|thumb|right|Abram LaRue]]
Abram LaRue (1822-1903) was a pioneer, self-supporting lay missionary in eastern Asia. While working as a sheepherder in California he accepted the Seventh-day Adventist faith. Immediately he requested a mission appointment to China. Because of his advanced age the General Conference declined but after attending Healdsburg College one term he worked his way to Honolulu and sold books in the city and on the ships in port. In 1888 at the age of 66, La Rue went to Hong Kong where he worked for 14 years with Europeans and the Chinese. He died in Hong Kong in 1903 where he had been a tireless worker with a rare gift in meeting people and conveying his own religious convictions to them.
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===p. Kate Lindsay=== 
Katherine Lindsay (1842-1923) was a physician and founder of the first Seventh-day Adventist nurse’s training school. In 1875 she graduated at the head of her class from the University of Michigan Medical College. She joined the staff of the Battle Creek Sanitarium. Dr. Kate, as she was known, introduced thorough classwork and became known as a foremost teacher of student nurses.

===q. William Miller=== 
[[File:William Miller.jpg|thumb|right|William Miller]]
William Miller (1782-1849) was an American farmer and a Baptist preacher who announced the imminent coming of Christ and founded the movement popularly know as Millerism or the Millerite movement. He was a convincing preacher in the logical way he appealed in earnestness. After the “Great Disappointment” he built a chapel on his property so Advent Believers would have a place to worship.
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===r. W.W. Prescott=== 
[[File:W._W._Prescott.jpg|thumb|right|William W. Prescott]]William W. Prescott, (1855-1944) was an educator and administrator. His parents were Millerites in New England. While in his last year at South Berwick Academy, he taught Latin and Greek. He was principal of high schools in Northfield and Montpelier, Vermont (1877 to 1880). With his acceptance of the presidency of Battle Creek College (1885-1894), he entered upon a career unique in many respects in Seventh-day Adventist history. While still president of Battle Creek College, he helped found Union College and became its first president in 1891. He appointed principals for the two institutions to act while he was absent from one or the other. Then late in 1892 he assumed the presidency of the newly founded Walla Walla College. Thus, he was simultaneously president of three colleges in the year. During a world tour (1894-1895), he helped to found the Avondale School in Australia. In 1901 he became the vice president of the General Conference, chair of the Review and Herald Publishing Association board, and editor of the Review and Herald. Later in his career, he served as head of the Bible Department of Emmanuel Missionary College, a post he held until 1934. Whether teacher, editor, administrator, or secretary of the General Conference Department of Education, Prescott left a strong impression on the entire educational work of the denomination.
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===s. Rachel Oakes-Preston=== 
[[File:Rachel Oakes.jpg|thumb|right|Rachel Oakes]]
Rachel Oakes-Preston (1809-1868) was a Seventh-day Baptist who persuaded a group of Adventists to accept the Sabbath in Washington, New Hampshire, and thus to become, in that sense, the first Seventh-day Adventists. Due to Rachel's influence, Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910), an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and promoter of the prophetic teachings of William Miller, preached his first sermon on seventh-day Sabbath to his "Christian Brethren" congregation on March 16, 1844.


Further due to Rachel's influence, William Farnsworth (1807-1888), after the Great Disappointment of October 22, 1844, stated publicly to the "Christian Brethren" congregation his conviction that Saturday, being the seventh day of the week, was Sabbath. His brother Cyrus (who became the husband of Rachel’s daughter Delight), and several others, also made their convictions known.
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===t. Annie Smith=== 
[[File:Annie Rebekah Smith.JPG|thumb|right|Anna Rebekah Smith]]
Annie Rebekah Smith (1828-1855) was a poet and editorial assistant. She joined the Baptist Church at the age of 10 and became an Adventist in 1844. She gave up teaching in 1850 because of eye trouble and in 1851 she attended a meeting by Joseph Bates and was convinced of the Seventh-day Adventist faith. She sent a poem, ''"Fear Not, Little Flock"'' to the Review and Herald. James White employed her to read proof, edit copy and take charge in White’s absence. She wrote many poems. Ten of her hymns appear in the Church Hymnal. She died of Tuberculosis in 1855.
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===u. Uriah Smith=== 
[[File:Uriah Smith.jpg|thumb|Uriah Smith]]
Uriah Smith (1832-1903) was an editor and author who gave 50 years of service to the Seventh-day Adventist cause. At age 13 his left leg was amputated above the knee due to an infection. In 1863 he patented a improved model artificial leg with fully flexible knee and ankle joints. He became a Sabbath-keeping Adventist in 1852. He wrote poems and articles that were printed in the Review & Herald and in 1853 joined his sister, Annie, as a worker at the office of the Advent Review and Sabbath Herald in Rochester, New York. He was one of the most fluent writers for the young denomination. His pen could be incisive. He is best known for the book Daniel and Revelation. In 1874 he patented a school desk with an improved folding seat. The last words he ever wrote, in 1903, to the General Conference epitomized his lifelong purpose: "I am with you in the endeavor to send forth in this generation this gospel of the kingdom, for a witness to all nations. And when this is completed, it will be the signal for the coronation of our Coming King."
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===v. Luther Warren=== 
[[File:Luther Warren.jpg|thumb|right|Luther Warren]]
Luther Warren (1864-1940) was a youth leader and evangelist. At the age of 14, in 1879, he with his friend Harry Fenner, organized at Hazelton, Michigan one of the first Seventh-day Adventist young people’s societies. His formal education was limited but he was an insatiable reader, keenly interested in the development of church schools. He began his evangelistic career in 1888 as a tent master in Michigan, a career that took him to many centers throughout North America. He powerfully influenced thousands of young people in schools and churches where he conducted revivals. Mary Boucher has written a biography on Warren under the title ''Luther Warren'' (Review and Herald, 1959).
'''[See the history given here.][https://adventisthistory.wordpress.com/category/people/luther-warren-people/].'''
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===w. F. H. Westphal=== 
[[File:Frank H. Westphal.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Frank H. Westphal]]
Frank Henry Westphal (1858-1944) was a pioneer missionary to South America. He was converted to the Seventh-day Adventist faith at the age of 19 and in 1878 he was made leader of the newly organized church in New London, Wisconsin. In 1894 he was called to South America and became the first ordained SDA minister assigned to the South America Continent. He worked with success in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil and Chili.
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===x. Frederick Wheeler=== 
[[File:Frederick Wheeler.jpg|thumb|right|Frederick Wheeler]]
Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910) was a pioneer Adventist minister, reputed to be the first ordained Adventist minister to preach in favor of the seventh-day Sabbath. In 1840 he was an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church and became its circuit rider in the vicinity of Washington and Hillsboro in New Hampshire. In 1842 he became acquainted with the Millerite views and was active in the propagation of the Adventist views. In March of 1844, after a discussion with Rachel Oakes (later Preston), he became convinced through study that the seventh-day Sabbath was sacred. He preached and farmed in the neighborhood until James White invited him to go farther afield with his ministry.

===y. James White=== 
[[File:James Springer White.jpg|thumb|James White]]
James Springer White (1821-1881), a co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, was the fifth of nine children. He was baptized, at age 15, in the denomination called Christian Connection to which his parents belonged. After teaching for two winters he heard of the Millerite Movement and was persuaded to attend a meeting. He became convinced of the importance of what he had heard and of the shortness of time. He resigned from his school to join in heralding the Advent message. He suffered keenly during the Great Disappointment in October 1844, but he clung in confidence to God’s Word. He married Ellen Gould Harmon on August 30, 1846 and soon after, the two of them began to keep the seventh-day Sabbath. He wrote encouragement to the believers and worked to spread the gospel of Jesus' soon coming until his death in 1881.


Ellen G. White, (1827-1915) was co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, together with James White and Joseph Bates. She was a writer, lecturer, and counselor to the church, who possessed what Seventh-day Adventists have accepted as the prophetic gift described in the Bible; also known as the Spirit of prophecy. In her early teens Ellen and her family were faithful Methodists in Portland, Maine, and accepted William Miller’s view on the second advent of Christ about the year 1843, after hearing his lecture in March 1840. She was baptized into the Methodist Church in June 26, 1842. In September 1843, because of their Adventist views, she and her parents and other members of the family were disfellowshipped from the Methodist Church. Expecting Christ’s return in October 22, 1844, she and her family experienced the Millerites’ great disappointment. At the age of 17, in December 1844, Ellen Harmon joined four other women in family worship, and while they were praying, she experienced her first vision, in which she witnessed a representation of the travels of the Adventist people to the City of God. It was one of many visions she received during her lifelong ministry. Ellen White died on July 16, 1915, at the ripe age of 87 years.
{{clear}}

===z. Any other pioneers of your preference from your own Union/Division.=== 

==3. Dates: Explore and summarize the importance of each of the following event dates to Adventist history:== 

===a. Great Disappointment (October 22, 1844)=== 
The day of the Great Disappointment was when Jesus did not come as those awaiting His Advent had calculated and waited for with much prayer.

===b. Adventist Church incorporated (May 21, 1863)=== 
The Adventist Church incorporated on May 21, 1863. This is considered the date of the official organization of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. This move was significant since it gave the church the right to own property and ordain ministers. Many of the founders had to “grow” significantly in order to “organize” since many had come from backgrounds that felt that organizing was not consistent with scripture.

===c. Health Reform begins - 1863=== 

===d. J.N. Andrews: First Missionary - 1874=== 

===e. General Conference of 1888 (Righteousness by Faith Conference)=== 
Held in Minneapolis, Minnesota October of 1888 this conference was notable as E. J. Waggoner and A. T. Jones presented the concept of Righteousness by Faith in Jesus Christ. Ellen White joined the two men in their presentations.

Many of the General Conference leaders held that works-based righteousness was the key to salvation in Jesus. The arguments and exchanges were heated and lengthy. Eventually, God-led individuals voted in favor of the church operating under a premise of righteousness by faith, but this "win" would not come easy. EJ Waggoner, A.T. Jones both eventually left Adventism, and Ellen White was "sent" to Australia.

===f. Reorganization of 1901 / Fires in Battle Creek 1902=== 
These events decentralized the very centralized administration of the General Conference at the time.

A.G. Daniels helped lead a charge to create UNIONS in 1901, thus allowing many decisions that primarily affected one local field to be made by leaders within the field. This left global decisions to the General Conference, and even eventually led to a delegate-based approach to decision making on such issues as the Fundamental beliefs that define Adventism (3 h.)

Ellen White had warned that there needed to be more people involved in the process of decision making AND that having all the major "arms" of the church work all in one city was not the "salt and light" God intended. The Battle Creek Sanitarium (medical) burned February 18 and Review and Herald (publishing) burned December 30, both in the same year - 1902. (article http://archives.adventistreview.org/2004-1513/story1.html)

All of these events helped decentralize the power and influence of the administration of the Adventist work. Currently, there are over 100 medical facilities operated by the Adventist Church and more than 70 publishing houses worldwide (http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmFieldSubEntities.aspx?EntityType=P&AdmFieldID=GC)

===g. Gland, Switzerland, 1907=== 
Gland, Switzerland was the site of the General Conference Session where the Young People’s Department of Missionary Volunteers was officially adopted. This later became the Pathfinders.

===h. 27 Fundamental Beliefs document adopted 1980=== 

Fundamental Principles of Adventist belief had been published as early as 1872 (by James White) and supported by the General Conference as early as 1889. However, the formal statement of Fundamental Beliefs published in 1980 as voted in General Conference session was a significant step in formalizing what beliefs set apart Seventh-day Adventists as a distinctive branch of Christianity AND also demonstrates the Christ-centric nature of the Adventist church. In 2005, a 28th belief (inserted as #11) was added.

===i. Other significant dates in the history of Adventism in your division, conference, or region=== 

==4. Publications: Describe the origins, publication details, and purpose of each of the following Adventist Publications:== 

===a. Adventist Review and Sabbath Herald=== 
The Adventist Review was founded by James and Ellen White in July 1849 as The Present Truth, but the name was changed to The Advent Review and then Second Advent Review and Sabbath Herald (with variations) after being combined with the Advent Herald publication. The name was changed to Adventist Review in 1978. Throughout its history it has been commonly referred to as the Review

===b. Advent Tidende=== 
Advent Tidende was a Danish monthly paper which John G. Matteson, a native son of Denmark, started for the Scandinavian people in the United States, Denmark, and Norway.

===c. Les Signes des Temps / Signs of the Times=== 
French ''Signs of the Times'' magazine

===d. Liberty Magazine / Liberty=== 
Liberty was first called American Sentinel (1886-1900) and then Sentinel of Liberty (1900-1903) before being shortened to its current name (1906-Present). Not sure what it was called from 1903-1906, doesn't seem to say.

===e. Medical Evangelist / Medical Evangelism=== 
Published by the College of Evangelists, then the College of Medical Evangelists and finally Loma Linda University. Publication began in June 1908 and continued through June 1962.

===f. Present Truth=== 
Present Truth was an illustrated evangelistic periodical devoted to the presentation of various facets of doctrine. It was begun by James White in July of 1849 and was the forerunner of the Review and Herald.

===g. Youth’s Instructor=== 
The Youth's Instructor was the name of the first magazine the Seventh-day Adventists had for youth. It was later renamed ''Junior Guide'' and later ''Guide Magazine'' which is still in print today.

===h. Equivalent publications in your division, conference, or region=== 

==5. Church Organization:== 

===a. Briefly explain the significance of the 1901 General Conference and describe the organizational structure that resulted from it. Indicate how your conference, association, or mission fits into the overall church structure.=== 


Ellen White, recently back from Australia, stood up at the 1901 GC Session in Battle Creek and urged that the Administrative structure of the church be modified. The goal was to increase the effectiveness of the church in ministry, move decision making out of the GC office (then in Battle Creek) and closer to the front line.


The most significant action in 1901 was perhaps the organization of Union Conferences. Originally the 'State' conferences had joined together to form the General Conference. While many in leadership the came view Unions as unnecessary overhead by 2000 (a hundred years later) the debate over gender equality in ministry has brought Unions forward again as a primary place where policy and change happens.


The Adventist Church is studying restructuring actively. Economic realities will likely see a reduction of at least one of the levels of church governance. Different people wish to strengthen or weaken the power of the General Conference (and its Divisions) vs the Unions and Local Conferences. Time will tell how the church can best structure to finish the gospel commission.

===b. Point out on a map where the church offices are located from your conference level to the General Conference.=== 
Generally (there are exceptions) there will be 4 levels of administration serving your local church and its members:


Local Conference or Local Mission. Sometimes for areas with few Adventists this level is called a Field or Section. Increasingly this level is being dispensed with in favor of the Union of Churches model. Conferences usually cover a province or state, or part of or several such political units. Regional Conferences in much of the USA provide support to mainly black churches.


Union or Union Mission or Union of Churches. Increasingly the Union level is termed SDA Church in Place Name. In part of Europe in particular the Union of Churches model is dispensing with the local conference model and simply representing churches in a geographic area. The Union is the building block off the General Conference. There are 124 Unions in the world as of 2014. A few Conferences are not attached to a Union for various reasons (Guam-Micronesia in the NAD is one example).


Divisions of the General Conference are administrative units that group Unions together. There are 13 Divisions and 1 Union (Middle East North Africa Union) that exists outside any Division. Divisions have no independent constituency.


The General Conference is the grouping of all the Unions. New Unions are voting into the worldwide sisterhood of churches at each GC Session (5 years apart).

===c. Illustrate the organizational structure of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and prepare an ecclesiastical organization chart to demonstrate your learning.=== 

A helpful resource could be the Church Structure video series developed by The Scratch News and posted on [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzafYVHG38GHrqxn8xg-wkQ/playlists YouTube].

From the North American Division Perspective - your illustration would show the General Conference, then the North American Division (Canada, United States, Bermuda, Guam, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Northern Mariana Islands and Palau). ([https://news.adventist.org/en/all-news/news/go/2011-10-11/guam-micronesia-mission-now-part-of-north-american-division/])
Following that is the Union structure. Your illustration would vary based on which Union your Conference and church is located in.


'''The Unions & Conferences in the NAD are:'''
[http://www.nadadventist.org/article/54/directory/area-headquarters] 
''Atlantic Union'' - Conferences: Bermuda, Greater New York, New York, Northeastern, Northern New England, and Southern New England Conferences. 
''Seventh-day Adventist Church in Canada'' - Conferences: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba-Saskatchewan, Maritime, Ontario, and Quebec (French website) Conferences and the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Newfoundland and Labrador. 
''Columbia Union'' - Conferences: Allegheny East, Allegheny West, Chesapeake, Mountain View, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Potomac Conferences. 
''Guam-Micronesia Mission'' - Became part of North American Division in February, 2012 Missions do not have conferences. 
''Lake Union'' - Conferences: Illinois, Indiana, Lake Region, Michigan, and Wisconsin Conferences. 
''Mid-America Union'' - Conferences: Central States, Dakota, Iowa-Missouri, Kansas-Nebraska, Minnesota, and Rocky Mountain Conferences. 
''North Pacific Union'' - Conferences: Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Upper Columbia, and Washington Conferences. 
''Pacific Union'' - Conferences: Arizona, Central California, Hawaii, Nevada-Utah, Northern California, Southeastern California, and Southern California Conferences. 
''Southern Union'' - Conferences: Carolina, Florida, Georgia-Cumberland, Gulf States, Kentucky-Tennessee, South Atlantic, South Central, and Southeastern Conferences. 
''Southwestern Union'' - Conferences: Arkansas-Louisiana, Oklahoma, Southwest Region, Texas, and Texico Conferences. 

==6. Miscellaneous: Tell the importance of at least ten (10) of the following locations, organizations, or concepts or their equivalent.== 

===a. Avondale College=== 
Avondale University College is an Australian tertiary education provider affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system. Avondale University College has two campuses, the Lake Macquarie campus being the primary campus situated in Cooranbong, New South Wales. The other campus is located at Sydney Adventist Hospital in the Sydney suburb of Wahroonga and is the main campus of the nursing school.
Avondale University College primarily focuses in the areas of teaching, theology, and nursing, but also offers bachelor's degrees in business, science and the arts as well as certificate studies in outdoor recreation. The nursing programme commences at the Cooranbong campus for one or two semesters and is completed at the Sydney Adventist Hospital with hands-on experience gained in the hospital. Master's degrees are offered in theology, education, nursing, ministry, and some business related fields by distance education, including a one-month on-campus component in the winter semester.

===b. Battle Creek Sanitarium=== 
The Battle Creek Sanitarium was opened in 1866. It was a pioneer Seventh-day Adventist Medical institution.

===c. Dime Tabernacle=== 
Dime Tabernacle was the name for the church built in Battle Creek and paid for from dimes that were saved and turned in for the church building. It was destroyed by fire on January 3, 1922.

===d. Norsk Bokforlag=== 
Norsk Bokforlag was a Norwegian Publishing House established in 1932.

===e. Pitcairn Missionary Ship=== 
The Pitcairn was a vessel built as a schooner, refitted as a brigantine, and used by Seventh-day Adventists for transporting missionaries across the Pacific Ocean from 1890 to 1900. The ship was paid for by Sabbath School Offerings and made six missionary voyages whose missionaries established missions in many of the islands of the South Pacific. The first voyage went directly to Pitcairn Island arriving there November 25, 1890. Pitcairn was a remote British island possession in the southeastern Pacific Ocean about 3,500 miles north-east of New Zealand. Because maintenance of the ship was expensive, The Pitcairn was sold in 1900, by which time steamship connections with the islands had improved.

===f. Sabbath Conferences=== 
The Sabbath Conferences were a series of meetings of “friends of the Sabbath” held in various places in New England and New York. Beginning in April of 1848, during the formative period when James and Ellen White, Joseph Bates, and others began the work of "uniting the brethren on the great truths connected with the message of the third angel."

===g. Sanitarium Health Food Co.=== 
The Sanitarium Health & Wellbeing Company is a chain of health food factories, wholesale branches, and retail shops in Australia and New Zealand, operated by the Health Food Department of the South Pacific Division of the Adventist Church. Products include Weets-Bix, a flaked-wheat breakfast-food biscuit; cornflakes, and other cereal foods; Marmite, a yeast-extract flavoring; peanut butter, vegetarian meats and textured vegetable protein, and So Good, a nondairy soy milk. It has subsidiaries in Canada and other countries and exports worldwide. Part of the Adventist focus on healthy living. <ref>http://www.sanitarium.co.nz/about-us/our-history</ref>

===h. Solusi College=== 
First (heathen) Adventist Mission Station 1894.


The General Conference chose Elder W.H. Anderson and two other men to go to the new mission station 1895. They were given $5,000 dollars for one year and were told that was all they had. They were to become self-supporting as soon as possible. They had no expense allowance. They landed at Cape Town and traveled by train to the north to Mafeking. From there they traveled 600 miles using two oxcarts and 36 oxen. They averaged about 15 miles a day and the river beds were dry. They learned later that in the dry season the water was under the river bed and not in sight. When the monsoon season comes the river beds are full.


At first the church services were held under the trees. On their first first Sabbath there, the Chief Solusi came with many of his people.


Solusi College is an institution of higher learning now operated by the Zimbabwe Union Conference. It was established in 1894 as Solusi Mission and is headquartered in Bulilimamangwe, Zimbabwe. An [http://solusi.ac.zw/?page_id=1576 interesting brief history].

===i. Systematic Benevolence=== 
Systematic Benevolence was a system by which the first Adventist pastors were paid. Contributions were "systematic" meaning they were determined by one's wealth and were regularly made. Before this plan the preachers of the Seventh-day Adventist doctrines were largely self-supporting.

===j. Tract Society=== 
The Tract Society began in 1869 with a group of ladies at South Lancaster, Massachusetts. The society members visited the sick and needy and distributed tracts and wrote letters sharing their faith. In 1870 S. N. Haskell organized the first Conference-wide society in New England. By 1924 their scope of influence having long since reached beyond the small literature state, the name was changed to Book and Bible Houses. In 1972 the name Adventist Book Center (ABC) was adopted. The ABC is a distribution and service outlet for the Seventh-day Adventist publishing house products and other church-approved materials.

===k. Universidad de Montemorelos=== 
Universidad de Montemorelos is a coeducational institution of higher learning established in 1942 near the city of Montemorelos, State of Nuevo León, México.

===l. Voice of Prophecy=== 
The radio broadcast founded by H. M. S. Richards. See ''H. M. S. Richards, Near to the Heart of God|[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0828013322/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0828013322&linkCode=as2&tag=wwwjadedragon-20]]'' by Robert E. Edwards Review & Herald, 1998 for a great read.

===m. Washington hand press=== 
The Washington hand press (a brand or style of hand operated printing press) was purchased by James White with money from Hiram Edson in 1852, the first press purchased to print SDA materials<ref>http://news.adventist.org/all-news/news/go/2013-04-10/publishing-work-was-central-to-early-adventist-church/</ref>. Prior to that, all printed materials were printed by commercial print shops. From that small beginning in a rented house in Rochester, New York, the church established a worldwide network of publishing houses printing in numerous languages.

===n. Other significant locations, organizations, or concepts in your division, conference, or region=== 

==7. Read about, watch, or research the story of Ellen G. White. Explain what her role was in the beginnings of the Adventist Church. Include in your research significant factors such as:== 

===a. First vision (June 6, 1863)=== 
Ellen had a vision on Health Reform.

===b. “Elmshaven”=== 
Ellen White’s home in St. Helena, California in the Napa Valley. It can be toured for free in person or online. http://www.elmshaven.org/

===c. Visions=== 
Messages from God that Ellen was to share.

===d. Gorham, Maine=== 
Ellen's birthplace <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorham,_Maine</ref>.

===e. Lord’s Messenger=== 
The name that Ellen White gave herself.

===f. “Conflict of the Ages” series=== 
A series of five books that E. G. White wrote which helped people to understand the Bible. The five books are: The Great Controversy, Patriarchs and Prophets, The Desire of Ages, The Acts of the Apostles, and Prophets and Kings <ref>http://www.ellenwhite.info/books/books-by-egw-coa.htm</ref>

===g. Ellen G. White Estate, Inc.=== 
In her will, Ellen G. White left her literary estate to a board of five church leaders so that her papers and books would be preserved. This corporation was organized after her death in 1915. It is now headquartered in the basement of the General Conference building, Silver Spring, Maryland, where free tours are offered.

===h. Lovett’s Grove, Ohio=== 
Two hour Vision on events in the great conflict between the forces of righteousness and the forces of evil which she was instructed to write out. Later it was written in full in a book called ''The Great Controversy''.

===i. “Sunnyside”=== 
The name of Ellen G. White's home in Cooranbong, Australia near Avondale College. Photo <ref>http://nas.egwwritings.org/galleries/Institutions/637.3b.1.jpg.php</ref>

===j. Testimonies for the Church=== 
A collection of writings that Ellen authored giving instruction, reproof and guidance for church members and leaders. The Testimonies series was released and published over time, eventually taking the 9 volume set we use today. While the individual letters were addressed to specific people, the principals outlined have broad application in the church. Ellen White recognized this and arranged for their wider publication.

==8. Discovery of Heritage Stories:== 

===a. Discover how the Adventist movement started in your country. Give special attention to the things the pioneers did in the process within your country or region.=== 

The Your Story Hour series on Adventist Pioneers, called Pathways of the Pioneers, tells of Adventist beginnings mainly in the USA, but some other countries as well. The series is available in [https://whiteestate.org/resources/pioneers-stories/ MP3 format] on the White Estate website for free online listening.

===b. Discover some of the stories of how Pathfinders, Adventist Youth Groups, or AY Societies began in your conference or division.=== 

===c. Present your finding to a group or as part of requirement 9 or 10.=== 

==9. Know and tell for school, Sabbath School, or Pathfinder worship three stories about Adventist history. At least one story must be about an Adventist youth.== 

==10. As an individual or with a group complete one of the following:== 

===a. Create and present a detailed poster or multimedia display (video/presentation) covering a portion of Adventist Heritage that you have learned.=== 

===b. Write and perform a skit that tells part of the Adventist Heritage story. Present it to younger Pathfinders, Adventurers or other younger group of individuals.=== 

===c. Create a completely playable game about Adventist Heritage. Demonstrate the game to your instructor or a group.=== 

===d. Visit an official Adventist Heritage site within your conference, union, or division and go on a tour. Debrief your experience with a group. If feasible, create a multimedia report of your experience.=== 

==References== 
[http://pathfinders.adventistconnect.org/site_data/86/assets/0024/9222/Chuch_Heritage_Manual.pdf Church Heritage Manual]


<references/>
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AY Honors/Adventist Pioneer Heritage/Answer Key

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{{honor desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Adventist Pioneer Heritage
|skill=2
|year=2014
|category=Outreach
|authority=General Conference
|reqpdf=Adventist_Heritage_Requirements.pdf
|insignia=Adventist_Heritage.png}}
{{Honor Master|honor={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|3}}|master=Family, Origins, and Heritage|group=required}}

==Note== 


This honor reflects the best requirements of two pre-existing honors, one from the North American Division and the other from the South American Division.


<big>'''Complete a minimum of a 9-week Academy or semester college Adventist History course OR complete the following requirements.'''</big>

==1. Origins:== 
===a. Read about, watch, or research the origins and development of the Millerite Movement and its role in the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.===


[https://telltheworld.adventist.org/ Tell the World] 6 Video's of the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

===b. Explain the Great Disappointment based on the prophecy of Daniel 8.=== 

===c. Share your finding with a group.=== 

==2. Pioneers: Be able to identify and explain the significance of at least fifteen (15) of the following individuals:== 

===a. Martha Amadon=== 
[[File:Martha Byington.jpg|thumb|right|Martha Byington]]
Martha Amadon (1843-1937) was the eldest daughter of John Byington, the first teacher of the first school organized for Seventh-day Adventist Children. She married George W. Amadon in 1860. She became the first Dorcas Society (Adventist Community Service) president in October, 1874.
{{clear}}

===b. W. H. Anderson=== 
[[File:William H. Anderson.jpg|thumb|right|William H. Anderson]]
William H. Anderson (1870-1950) was a pioneer missionary to Africa from 1895-1944. "Harry," as he was affectionately known to his friends, graduated in 1895 from Battle Creek College, where he was converted. Anderson’s book, ''On The Trail of Livingston'' (1919) did much to stimulate interest in African Missions where he served for 50 years.
{{clear}}

===c. J. N. Andrews=== 
[[File:John Nevins Andrews.jpg|thumb|right|John Nevins Andrews]]
John Nevins Andrews (1829-1883) was the first official Seventh-day Adventist missionary outside of North America. He and his children Charles and Mary sailed on September 15, 1874 to Switzerland. His wife had died 18 March 1872. As a theologian, Andrews made significant contributions to the development of various doctrines of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination. He wrote extensively on the Seventh-day Sabbath.
{{clear}}


Andrews University, named for J. N. Andrews, is an institution operated jointly by the General Conference and the Lake Union Conference. It was the first university to be organized by the Seventh-day Adventist church. It is located in Berrien Springs, Michigan. Its predecessor known as Battle Creek College, was founded in 1874, and grew from a “select” private school established in 1868 by G. H. Bell.

===d. Joseph Bates=== 
[[File:Joseph Bates.jpg|thumb|right|Joseph Bates]]
Joseph Bates (1792-1872) a former sea captain and a reformer, was one of the founders of the SDA Church. Bates experienced the disappointment of 1844 without losing faith. He wrote about the 7th Day Sabbath and the 3rd Angel's message. He played a prominent part in the "Sabbath Conferences." He was an evangelist, a leader, and an example in healthful living.
{{clear}}

===e. John Byington=== 
[[File:John Byington.jpg|thumb|right|John Byington]]
John Byington (1798-1887) was a pioneer minister and first president of the General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination. He was active in the antislavery movement and maintained a station of the Underground Railroad at Buck’s Bridge, New York, where he lived on a farm.
{{clear}}

===f. M. B. Czechowski=== 
[[File:Michał Belina - Czechowski.jpg|thumb|right|Michał Belina Czechowski]]
Michael Belina Czechowski (1818-1876) was a former Catholic priest. He joined the Advent Church in 1857 and in 1864 became a self-supporting missionary to Italy and Switzerland and established the first SDA church in Europe.
{{clear}}

===g. A.G. Daniells=== 
[[File:Daniells.JPG|thumb|right|Arthur G. Daniells]] Arthur G. Daniells (1858-1935), was a minister, administrator and author. At the age of 10 he was converted to the Seventh-day Adventist faith, and in 1875 entered Battle Creek College. He began his ministry in 1878 in Texas. In 1886 he was called as pioneer SDA missionary to New Zealand. He was president of the New Zealand Conference (1889-1891) and of the Australian Conference (1892-1895). He worked closely with Ellen White in Australia, and served as president of the Central Australian Conference and later president of the Australian Union Conference. He assumed the presidency of the General Conference in 1901 at a difficult period in the history of the church, and helped move the headquarters of the denomination to Washington, D. C. During his time in office the church grew greatly throughout the world. He relinquished the presidency of the General Conference in 1922. He authored four books, two of which standout as classics: “Christ Our Righteousness,” and “The Abiding Gift of Prophecy.”
{{clear}}

===h. Hiram Edson=== 
[[File:Hiram Edson.jpg|thumb|right|Hiram Edson]]
Hiram Edson (1806-1882) was a layman, later ordained, of Port Gibson, New York. He was the pioneer responsible for introducing, among those who became Seventh-day Adventists, the fuller understanding of the sanctuary and its cleansing. Edson was not only a thoughtful Bible student and an earnest evangelistic helper, but also a self-sacrificing contributor, putting his possessions into building of the church he loved. Consider visiting Hiram Edson's farm in upstate New York. <ref>http://www.adventistheritage.org/article/27/historic-sites/edson-farm</ref>
{{clear}}

===i. Harry Fenner=== 
[[File:Henry Fenner.jpg|thumb|right|Henry Fenner]]
Harry Fenner was only 17 years old when he and his 14 year old friend, Luther Warren decided the church needed an organization to encourage and support the youth. They called their new group a “young people’s society.” Within ten years the church structure was beginning to follow their lead. In 1889 the Ohio Conference became the first to form a conference-wide youth organization. It was known as Christian Volunteers. And in 1907 the General Conference Youth Department was formally organized.
{{clear}}

===j. Eduardo Francisco Forga=== 
[[File:Eduardo Forga.png|thumb|right|Eduardo Francisco Forga]]
Before he was converted to Adventism, Eduardo F. Forga, a wealthy young Peruvian, founded the first evangelical church in Arequipa, Peru. A health and temperance reformer, a vegetarian, and a defender of religious liberty, he had to flee his native country to England for his outspokenness. There he joined the Seventhday Adventist Church and married Marguerite Lacey, whose sister was married to W. C. White, Ellen White's son. An author in his own right, Mr. Forga translated some of Mrs. White's books and articles into Spanish and had a major impact on the growth of the Adventist Church in Peru, South America.
{{clear}}

===k. A.T. Jones / E.J. Waggoner=== 
[[File:Alonzo T. Jones.jpg|thumb|right|Alonzo T. Jones]]
[[File:Ellet Joseph Waggoner.jpg|thumb|right|Ellet. J. Waggoner]]Alonzo T. Jones, (1850-1923) was a minister, editor, and author. At the age of 20 he enlisted in the Army and for three years served his country. He loved reading, and read large historical works, Seventh-day Adventist publications, and the Bible. After being discharged from the Army in 1873, he was baptized and began preaching on the West Coast for the church. In May 1885 he became assistant editor of the ''Signs of the Times'', and a few months later he and E. J. Waggoner became editors. This position he held until 1889. From 1897 to 1901 he was editor in chief of the ''Review and Herald''. He became recognized as the denomination’s most prominent speaker for religious freedom. His association with Dr. J. H. Kellogg in 1903, who was actively seeking to separate the Battle Creek Sanitarium from denominational control, resulted in separation from denominational employment and, finally, in loss of church membership.
Ellet J. Waggonner, (1855-1916) was an editor, minister, and physician. He attended Battle Creek College in the earliest years of the institution, and obtained a medical degree from the Bellevue Medical College, New York. He served on the staff of the Battle Creek Sanitarium for a few years. Later he left the practice of medicine and entered the ministry. In 1884 he worked at Pacific Press as assistant editor of the ''Signs of the Times''. Two years later (1886) he and A. T. Jones became editors of the paper. This post Waggoner held until May 1891. He became editor of ''Present Truth'' in England in 1892, and in 1902 was elected the first president of the South England Conference. He returned to the United States in the summer of 1902, and served briefly on the staff of Emmanuel Missionary College.


In 1888 Waggoner and A. T. Jones gave a memorable series of sermons on righteousness by faith that stirred the General Conference session in Minneapolis, and for several years afterward were sent by the General Conference Committee to preach on that subject from coast to coast at camp meetings and other large gatherings. Ellen White accompanied them to many of these places until she left for Australia in December 1891.
{{clear}}

===l. Charles M. Kenney=== 
[[File:Charles Kinney.jpg|thumb|right|Charles M. Kinney]]
Charles M. Kinny was born in Richmond, Virginia in 1855, eleven years after the Disappointment of 1844. He was ten years old by the end of the Civil War. It was in Reno, Nevada, in 1878 at the age of 23 that Kinny attended a series of evangelistic sermons by J. N. Loughborough. Ellen White visited during the meetings and spoke to about four hundred listeners on the subject of the “Love of God.” Her message was well received and her presence added much to the interest of the people and “left a favorable impression upon the public mind.” Charles M. Kinny experienced conversion during those meetings. He never forgot Sister White’s sermon and joyfully embraced the love of God and accepted the truth about the Sabbath and the Second Advent. He kept his first Sabbath on the last Saturday of September, 1878, at the age of 23. He was one of the seven charter members and the only Black member of the Reno Seventh-day Adventist church. He was welcomed warmly by the church and was later appointed secretary of their tract society. Charles Kinny would become a prominent figure in early African American Adventism and most of what Adventists learned about the early progress of the work among African Americans they learned from the writings of Charles Kinny. Church leaders looked to him to develop the best methods of evangelism among African Americans. As such Charles M. Kinny was the first African American ordained minister in the Seventh-day Adventist church and is known as the The Father of Black Adventism.
{{clear}}

===m. George King=== 
[[File:George King SDA Pioneer.jpg|thumb|right|George Albert King]]
George Albert King (1847-1906) was a pioneer canvasser who developed the idea of subscription sale of Seventh-day Adventist books. A native of Canada, he came to the United States where as a young man he accepted SDA beliefs and desired to be a preacher. Because of a speech impediment he was encouraged to try selling SDA tracts and magazines and books. Throughout his life he was an enthusiastic recruiter and instructor of other canvassers.
{{clear}}

===n. Anna Knight=== 
[[File:Anna Knight.jpg|thumb|right|Anna Knight]]
Anna Knight (1874-1972) was self-taught until the age of 20 when she attended Mount Vernon Academy in Ohio in 1894. In 1898 she graduated from Battle Creek College as a missionary nurse. She operated a self-supporting school in Jasper County, Mississippi for Black children. In 1901 she was appointed as a missionary to India where she served 6 years. She served in the Educational Department for Southeastern Conference and Southern Conference when they merged, and served until the regional Conferences were formed. She authored the book ''Mississippi Girl,<ref>http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0006ATC4O/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B0006ATC4O&linkCode=as2&tag=wwwjadedragon-20</ref>'' the story of her life.
{{clear}}

===o. Abram LaRue=== 
[[File:Abram LaRue.jpg|thumb|right|Abram LaRue]]
Abram LaRue (1822-1903) was a pioneer, self-supporting lay missionary in eastern Asia. While working as a sheepherder in California he accepted the Seventh-day Adventist faith. Immediately he requested a mission appointment to China. Because of his advanced age the General Conference declined but after attending Healdsburg College one term he worked his way to Honolulu and sold books in the city and on the ships in port. In 1888 at the age of 66, La Rue went to Hong Kong where he worked for 14 years with Europeans and the Chinese. He died in Hong Kong in 1903 where he had been a tireless worker with a rare gift in meeting people and conveying his own religious convictions to them.
{{clear}}

===p. Kate Lindsay=== 
Katherine Lindsay (1842-1923) was a physician and founder of the first Seventh-day Adventist nurse’s training school. In 1875 she graduated at the head of her class from the University of Michigan Medical College. She joined the staff of the Battle Creek Sanitarium. Dr. Kate, as she was known, introduced thorough classwork and became known as a foremost teacher of student nurses.

===q. William Miller=== 
[[File:William Miller.jpg|thumb|right|William Miller]]
William Miller (1782-1849) was an American farmer and a Baptist preacher who announced the imminent coming of Christ and founded the movement popularly know as Millerism or the Millerite movement. He was a convincing preacher in the logical way he appealed in earnestness. After the “Great Disappointment” he built a chapel on his property so Advent Believers would have a place to worship.
{{clear}}

===r. W.W. Prescott=== 
[[File:W._W._Prescott.jpg|thumb|right|William W. Prescott]]William W. Prescott, (1855-1944) was an educator and administrator. His parents were Millerites in New England. While in his last year at South Berwick Academy, he taught Latin and Greek. He was principal of high schools in Northfield and Montpelier, Vermont (1877 to 1880). With his acceptance of the presidency of Battle Creek College (1885-1894), he entered upon a career unique in many respects in Seventh-day Adventist history. While still president of Battle Creek College, he helped found Union College and became its first president in 1891. He appointed principals for the two institutions to act while he was absent from one or the other. Then late in 1892 he assumed the presidency of the newly founded Walla Walla College. Thus, he was simultaneously president of three colleges in the year. During a world tour (1894-1895), he helped to found the Avondale School in Australia. In 1901 he became the vice president of the General Conference, chair of the Review and Herald Publishing Association board, and editor of the Review and Herald. Later in his career, he served as head of the Bible Department of Emmanuel Missionary College, a post he held until 1934. Whether teacher, editor, administrator, or secretary of the General Conference Department of Education, Prescott left a strong impression on the entire educational work of the denomination.
{{clear}}

===s. Rachel Oakes-Preston=== 
[[File:Rachel Oakes.jpg|thumb|right|Rachel Oakes]]
Rachel Oakes-Preston (1809-1868) was a Seventh-day Baptist who persuaded a group of Adventists to accept the Sabbath in Washington, New Hampshire, and thus to become, in that sense, the first Seventh-day Adventists. Due to Rachel's influence, Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910), an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and promoter of the prophetic teachings of William Miller, preached his first sermon on seventh-day Sabbath to his "Christian Brethren" congregation on March 16, 1844.


Further due to Rachel's influence, William Farnsworth (1807-1888), after the Great Disappointment of October 22, 1844, stated publicly to the "Christian Brethren" congregation his conviction that Saturday, being the seventh day of the week, was Sabbath. His brother Cyrus (who became the husband of Rachel’s daughter Delight), and several others, also made their convictions known.
{{clear}}

===t. Annie Smith=== 
[[File:Annie Rebekah Smith.JPG|thumb|right|Anna Rebekah Smith]]
Annie Rebekah Smith (1828-1855) was a poet and editorial assistant. She joined the Baptist Church at the age of 10 and became an Adventist in 1844. She gave up teaching in 1850 because of eye trouble and in 1851 she attended a meeting by Joseph Bates and was convinced of the Seventh-day Adventist faith. She sent a poem, ''"Fear Not, Little Flock"'' to the Review and Herald. James White employed her to read proof, edit copy and take charge in White’s absence. She wrote many poems. Ten of her hymns appear in the Church Hymnal. She died of Tuberculosis in 1855.
{{clear}}

===u. Uriah Smith=== 
[[File:Uriah Smith.jpg|thumb|Uriah Smith]]
Uriah Smith (1832-1903) was an editor and author who gave 50 years of service to the Seventh-day Adventist cause. At age 13 his left leg was amputated above the knee due to an infection. In 1863 he patented a improved model artificial leg with fully flexible knee and ankle joints. He became a Sabbath-keeping Adventist in 1852. He wrote poems and articles that were printed in the Review & Herald and in 1853 joined his sister, Annie, as a worker at the office of the Advent Review and Sabbath Herald in Rochester, New York. He was one of the most fluent writers for the young denomination. His pen could be incisive. He is best known for the book Daniel and Revelation. In 1874 he patented a school desk with an improved folding seat. The last words he ever wrote, in 1903, to the General Conference epitomized his lifelong purpose: "I am with you in the endeavor to send forth in this generation this gospel of the kingdom, for a witness to all nations. And when this is completed, it will be the signal for the coronation of our Coming King."
{{clear}}

===v. Luther Warren=== 
[[File:Luther Warren.jpg|thumb|right|Luther Warren]]
Luther Warren (1864-1940) was a youth leader and evangelist. At the age of 14, in 1879, he with his friend Harry Fenner, organized at Hazelton, Michigan one of the first Seventh-day Adventist young people’s societies. His formal education was limited but he was an insatiable reader, keenly interested in the development of church schools. He began his evangelistic career in 1888 as a tent master in Michigan, a career that took him to many centers throughout North America. He powerfully influenced thousands of young people in schools and churches where he conducted revivals. Mary Boucher has written a biography on Warren under the title ''Luther Warren'' (Review and Herald, 1959).
'''[See the history given here.][https://adventisthistory.wordpress.com/category/people/luther-warren-people/].'''
{{clear}}

===w. F. H. Westphal=== 
[[File:Frank H. Westphal.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Frank H. Westphal]]
Frank Henry Westphal (1858-1944) was a pioneer missionary to South America. He was converted to the Seventh-day Adventist faith at the age of 19 and in 1878 he was made leader of the newly organized church in New London, Wisconsin. In 1894 he was called to South America and became the first ordained SDA minister assigned to the South America Continent. He worked with success in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil and Chili.
{{clear}}

===x. Frederick Wheeler=== 
[[File:Frederick Wheeler.jpg|thumb|right|Frederick Wheeler]]
Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910) was a pioneer Adventist minister, reputed to be the first ordained Adventist minister to preach in favor of the seventh-day Sabbath. In 1840 he was an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church and became its circuit rider in the vicinity of Washington and Hillsboro in New Hampshire. In 1842 he became acquainted with the Millerite views and was active in the propagation of the Adventist views. In March of 1844, after a discussion with Rachel Oakes (later Preston), he became convinced through study that the seventh-day Sabbath was sacred. He preached and farmed in the neighborhood until James White invited him to go farther afield with his ministry.

===y. James White=== 
[[File:James Springer White.jpg|thumb|James White]]
James Springer White (1821-1881), a co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, was the fifth of nine children. He was baptized, at age 15, in the denomination called Christian Connection to which his parents belonged. After teaching for two winters he heard of the Millerite Movement and was persuaded to attend a meeting. He became convinced of the importance of what he had heard and of the shortness of time. He resigned from his school to join in heralding the Advent message. He suffered keenly during the Great Disappointment in October 1844, but he clung in confidence to God’s Word. He married Ellen Gould Harmon on August 30, 1846 and soon after, the two of them began to keep the seventh-day Sabbath. He wrote encouragement to the believers and worked to spread the gospel of Jesus' soon coming until his death in 1881.


Ellen G. White, (1827-1915) was co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, together with James White and Joseph Bates. She was a writer, lecturer, and counselor to the church, who possessed what Seventh-day Adventists have accepted as the prophetic gift described in the Bible; also known as the Spirit of prophecy. In her early teens Ellen and her family were faithful Methodists in Portland, Maine, and accepted William Miller’s view on the second advent of Christ about the year 1843, after hearing his lecture in March 1840. She was baptized into the Methodist Church in June 26, 1842. In September 1843, because of their Adventist views, she and her parents and other members of the family were disfellowshipped from the Methodist Church. Expecting Christ’s return in October 22, 1844, she and her family experienced the Millerites’ great disappointment. At the age of 17, in December 1844, Ellen Harmon joined four other women in family worship, and while they were praying, she experienced her first vision, in which she witnessed a representation of the travels of the Adventist people to the City of God. It was one of many visions she received during her lifelong ministry. Ellen White died on July 16, 1915, at the ripe age of 87 years.
{{clear}}

===z. Any other pioneers of your preference from your own Union/Division.=== 

==3. Dates: Explore and summarize the importance of each of the following event dates to Adventist history:== 

===a. Great Disappointment (October 22, 1844)=== 
The day of the Great Disappointment was when Jesus did not come as those awaiting His Advent had calculated and waited for with much prayer.

===b. Adventist Church incorporated (May 21, 1863)=== 
The Adventist Church incorporated on May 21, 1863. This is considered the date of the official organization of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. This move was significant since it gave the church the right to own property and ordain ministers. Many of the founders had to “grow” significantly in order to “organize” since many had come from backgrounds that felt that organizing was not consistent with scripture.

===c. Health Reform begins - 1863=== 

===d. J.N. Andrews: First Missionary - 1874=== 

===e. General Conference of 1888 (Righteousness by Faith Conference)=== 
Held in Minneapolis, Minnesota October of 1888 this conference was notable as E. J. Waggoner and A. T. Jones presented the concept of Righteousness by Faith in Jesus Christ. Ellen White joined the two men in their presentations.

Many of the General Conference leaders held that works-based righteousness was the key to salvation in Jesus. The arguments and exchanges were heated and lengthy. Eventually, God-led individuals voted in favor of the church operating under a premise of righteousness by faith, but this "win" would not come easy. EJ Waggoner, A.T. Jones both eventually left Adventism, and Ellen White was "sent" to Australia.

===f. Reorganization of 1901 / Fires in Battle Creek 1902=== 
These events decentralized the very centralized administration of the General Conference at the time.

A.G. Daniels helped lead a charge to create UNIONS in 1901, thus allowing many decisions that primarily affected one local field to be made by leaders within the field. This left global decisions to the General Conference, and even eventually led to a delegate-based approach to decision making on such issues as the Fundamental beliefs that define Adventism (3 h.)

Ellen White had warned that there needed to be more people involved in the process of decision making AND that having all the major "arms" of the church work all in one city was not the "salt and light" God intended. The Battle Creek Sanitarium (medical) burned February 18 and Review and Herald (publishing) burned December 30, both in the same year - 1902. (article http://archives.adventistreview.org/2004-1513/story1.html)

All of these events helped decentralize the power and influence of the administration of the Adventist work. Currently, there are over 100 medical facilities operated by the Adventist Church and more than 70 publishing houses worldwide (http://www.adventistdirectory.org/ViewAdmFieldSubEntities.aspx?EntityType=P&AdmFieldID=GC)

===g. Gland, Switzerland, 1907=== 
Gland, Switzerland was the site of the General Conference Session where the Young People’s Department of Missionary Volunteers was officially adopted. This later became the Pathfinders.

===h. 27 Fundamental Beliefs document adopted 1980=== 

Fundamental Principles of Adventist belief had been published as early as 1872 (by James White) and supported by the General Conference as early as 1889. However, the formal statement of Fundamental Beliefs published in 1980 as voted in General Conference session was a significant step in formalizing what beliefs set apart Seventh-day Adventists as a distinctive branch of Christianity AND also demonstrates the Christ-centric nature of the Adventist church. In 2005, a 28th belief (inserted as #11) was added.

===i. Other significant dates in the history of Adventism in your division, conference, or region=== 

==4. Publications: Describe the origins, publication details, and purpose of each of the following Adventist Publications:== 

===a. Adventist Review and Sabbath Herald=== 
The Adventist Review was founded by James and Ellen White in July 1849 as The Present Truth, but the name was changed to The Advent Review and then Second Advent Review and Sabbath Herald (with variations) after being combined with the Advent Herald publication. The name was changed to Adventist Review in 1978. Throughout its history it has been commonly referred to as the Review

===b. Advent Tidende=== 
Advent Tidende was a Danish monthly paper which John G. Matteson, a native son of Denmark, started for the Scandinavian people in the United States, Denmark, and Norway.

===c. Les Signes des Temps / Signs of the Times=== 
French ''Signs of the Times'' magazine

===d. Liberty Magazine / Liberty=== 
Liberty was first called American Sentinel (1886-1900) and then Sentinel of Liberty (1900-1903) before being shortened to its current name (1906-Present). Not sure what it was called from 1903-1906, doesn't seem to say.

===e. Medical Evangelist / Medical Evangelism=== 
Published by the College of Evangelists, then the College of Medical Evangelists and finally Loma Linda University. Publication began in June 1908 and continued through June 1962.

===f. Present Truth=== 
Present Truth was an illustrated evangelistic periodical devoted to the presentation of various facets of doctrine. It was begun by James White in July of 1849 and was the forerunner of the Review and Herald.

===g. Youth’s Instructor=== 
The Youth's Instructor was the name of the first magazine the Seventh-day Adventists had for youth. It was later renamed ''Junior Guide'' and later ''Guide Magazine'' which is still in print today.

===h. Equivalent publications in your division, conference, or region=== 

==5. Church Organization:== 

===a. Briefly explain the significance of the 1901 General Conference and describe the organizational structure that resulted from it. Indicate how your conference, association, or mission fits into the overall church structure.=== 


Ellen White, recently back from Australia, stood up at the 1901 GC Session in Battle Creek and urged that the Administrative structure of the church be modified. The goal was to increase the effectiveness of the church in ministry, move decision making out of the GC office (then in Battle Creek) and closer to the front line.


The most significant action in 1901 was perhaps the organization of Union Conferences. Originally the 'State' conferences had joined together to form the General Conference. While many in leadership the came view Unions as unnecessary overhead by 2000 (a hundred years later) the debate over gender equality in ministry has brought Unions forward again as a primary place where policy and change happens.


The Adventist Church is studying restructuring actively. Economic realities will likely see a reduction of at least one of the levels of church governance. Different people wish to strengthen or weaken the power of the General Conference (and its Divisions) vs the Unions and Local Conferences. Time will tell how the church can best structure to finish the gospel commission.

===b. Point out on a map where the church offices are located from your conference level to the General Conference.=== 
Generally (there are exceptions) there will be 4 levels of administration serving your local church and its members:


Local Conference or Local Mission. Sometimes for areas with few Adventists this level is called a Field or Section. Increasingly this level is being dispensed with in favor of the Union of Churches model. Conferences usually cover a province or state, or part of or several such political units. Regional Conferences in much of the USA provide support to mainly black churches.


Union or Union Mission or Union of Churches. Increasingly the Union level is termed SDA Church in Place Name. In part of Europe in particular the Union of Churches model is dispensing with the local conference model and simply representing churches in a geographic area. The Union is the building block off the General Conference. There are 124 Unions in the world as of 2014. A few Conferences are not attached to a Union for various reasons (Guam-Micronesia in the NAD is one example).


Divisions of the General Conference are administrative units that group Unions together. There are 13 Divisions and 1 Union (Middle East North Africa Union) that exists outside any Division. Divisions have no independent constituency.


The General Conference is the grouping of all the Unions. New Unions are voting into the worldwide sisterhood of churches at each GC Session (5 years apart).

===c. Illustrate the organizational structure of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and prepare an ecclesiastical organization chart to demonstrate your learning.=== 

A helpful resource could be the Church Structure video series developed by The Scratch News and posted on [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzafYVHG38GHrqxn8xg-wkQ/playlists YouTube].

From the North American Division Perspective - your illustration would show the General Conference, then the North American Division (Canada, United States, Bermuda, Guam, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Northern Mariana Islands and Palau). ([https://news.adventist.org/en/all-news/news/go/2011-10-11/guam-micronesia-mission-now-part-of-north-american-division/])
Following that is the Union structure. Your illustration would vary based on which Union your Conference and church is located in.


'''The Unions & Conferences in the NAD are:'''
[http://www.nadadventist.org/article/54/directory/area-headquarters] 
''Atlantic Union'' - Conferences: Bermuda, Greater New York, New York, Northeastern, Northern New England, and Southern New England Conferences. 
''Seventh-day Adventist Church in Canada'' - Conferences: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba-Saskatchewan, Maritime, Ontario, and Quebec (French website) Conferences and the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Newfoundland and Labrador. 
''Columbia Union'' - Conferences: Allegheny East, Allegheny West, Chesapeake, Mountain View, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Potomac Conferences. 
''Guam-Micronesia Mission'' - Became part of North American Division in February, 2012 Missions do not have conferences. 
''Lake Union'' - Conferences: Illinois, Indiana, Lake Region, Michigan, and Wisconsin Conferences. 
''Mid-America Union'' - Conferences: Central States, Dakota, Iowa-Missouri, Kansas-Nebraska, Minnesota, and Rocky Mountain Conferences. 
''North Pacific Union'' - Conferences: Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Upper Columbia, and Washington Conferences. 
''Pacific Union'' - Conferences: Arizona, Central California, Hawaii, Nevada-Utah, Northern California, Southeastern California, and Southern California Conferences. 
''Southern Union'' - Conferences: Carolina, Florida, Georgia-Cumberland, Gulf States, Kentucky-Tennessee, South Atlantic, South Central, and Southeastern Conferences. 
''Southwestern Union'' - Conferences: Arkansas-Louisiana, Oklahoma, Southwest Region, Texas, and Texico Conferences. 

==6. Miscellaneous: Tell the importance of at least ten (10) of the following locations, organizations, or concepts or their equivalent.== 

===a. Avondale College=== 
Avondale University College is an Australian tertiary education provider affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system. Avondale University College has two campuses, the Lake Macquarie campus being the primary campus situated in Cooranbong, New South Wales. The other campus is located at Sydney Adventist Hospital in the Sydney suburb of Wahroonga and is the main campus of the nursing school.
Avondale University College primarily focuses in the areas of teaching, theology, and nursing, but also offers bachelor's degrees in business, science and the arts as well as certificate studies in outdoor recreation. The nursing programme commences at the Cooranbong campus for one or two semesters and is completed at the Sydney Adventist Hospital with hands-on experience gained in the hospital. Master's degrees are offered in theology, education, nursing, ministry, and some business related fields by distance education, including a one-month on-campus component in the winter semester.

===b. Battle Creek Sanitarium=== 
The Battle Creek Sanitarium was opened in 1866. It was a pioneer Seventh-day Adventist Medical institution.

===c. Dime Tabernacle=== 
Dime Tabernacle was the name for the church built in Battle Creek and paid for from dimes that were saved and turned in for the church building. It was destroyed by fire on January 3, 1922.

===d. Norsk Bokforlag=== 
Norsk Bokforlag was a Norwegian Publishing House established in 1932.

===e. Pitcairn Missionary Ship=== 
The Pitcairn was a vessel built as a schooner, refitted as a brigantine, and used by Seventh-day Adventists for transporting missionaries across the Pacific Ocean from 1890 to 1900. The ship was paid for by Sabbath School Offerings and made six missionary voyages whose missionaries established missions in many of the islands of the South Pacific. The first voyage went directly to Pitcairn Island arriving there November 25, 1890. Pitcairn was a remote British island possession in the southeastern Pacific Ocean about 3,500 miles north-east of New Zealand. Because maintenance of the ship was expensive, The Pitcairn was sold in 1900, by which time steamship connections with the islands had improved.

===f. Sabbath Conferences=== 
The Sabbath Conferences were a series of meetings of “friends of the Sabbath” held in various places in New England and New York. Beginning in April of 1848, during the formative period when James and Ellen White, Joseph Bates, and others began the work of "uniting the brethren on the great truths connected with the message of the third angel."

===g. Sanitarium Health Food Co.=== 
The Sanitarium Health & Wellbeing Company is a chain of health food factories, wholesale branches, and retail shops in Australia and New Zealand, operated by the Health Food Department of the South Pacific Division of the Adventist Church. Products include Weets-Bix, a flaked-wheat breakfast-food biscuit; cornflakes, and other cereal foods; Marmite, a yeast-extract flavoring; peanut butter, vegetarian meats and textured vegetable protein, and So Good, a nondairy soy milk. It has subsidiaries in Canada and other countries and exports worldwide. Part of the Adventist focus on healthy living. <ref>http://www.sanitarium.co.nz/about-us/our-history</ref>

===h. Solusi College=== 
First (heathen) Adventist Mission Station 1894.


The General Conference chose Elder W.H. Anderson and two other men to go to the new mission station 1895. They were given $5,000 dollars for one year and were told that was all they had. They were to become self-supporting as soon as possible. They had no expense allowance. They landed at Cape Town and traveled by train to the north to Mafeking. From there they traveled 600 miles using two oxcarts and 36 oxen. They averaged about 15 miles a day and the river beds were dry. They learned later that in the dry season the water was under the river bed and not in sight. When the monsoon season comes the river beds are full.


At first the church services were held under the trees. On their first first Sabbath there, the Chief Solusi came with many of his people.


Solusi College is an institution of higher learning now operated by the Zimbabwe Union Conference. It was established in 1894 as Solusi Mission and is headquartered in Bulilimamangwe, Zimbabwe. An [http://solusi.ac.zw/?page_id=1576 interesting brief history].

===i. Systematic Benevolence=== 
Systematic Benevolence was a system by which the first Adventist pastors were paid. Contributions were "systematic" meaning they were determined by one's wealth and were regularly made. Before this plan the preachers of the Seventh-day Adventist doctrines were largely self-supporting.

===j. Tract Society=== 
The Tract Society began in 1869 with a group of ladies at South Lancaster, Massachusetts. The society members visited the sick and needy and distributed tracts and wrote letters sharing their faith. In 1870 S. N. Haskell organized the first Conference-wide society in New England. By 1924 their scope of influence having long since reached beyond the small literature state, the name was changed to Book and Bible Houses. In 1972 the name Adventist Book Center (ABC) was adopted. The ABC is a distribution and service outlet for the Seventh-day Adventist publishing house products and other church-approved materials.

===k. Universidad de Montemorelos=== 
Universidad de Montemorelos is a coeducational institution of higher learning established in 1942 near the city of Montemorelos, State of Nuevo León, México.

===l. Voice of Prophecy=== 
The radio broadcast founded by H. M. S. Richards. See ''H. M. S. Richards, Near to the Heart of God|[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0828013322/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0828013322&linkCode=as2&tag=wwwjadedragon-20]]'' by Robert E. Edwards Review & Herald, 1998 for a great read.

===m. Washington hand press=== 
The Washington hand press (a brand or style of hand operated printing press) was purchased by James White with money from Hiram Edson in 1852, the first press purchased to print SDA materials<ref>http://news.adventist.org/all-news/news/go/2013-04-10/publishing-work-was-central-to-early-adventist-church/</ref>. Prior to that, all printed materials were printed by commercial print shops. From that small beginning in a rented house in Rochester, New York, the church established a worldwide network of publishing houses printing in numerous languages.

===n. Other significant locations, organizations, or concepts in your division, conference, or region=== 

==7. Read about, watch, or research the story of Ellen G. White. Explain what her role was in the beginnings of the Adventist Church. Include in your research significant factors such as:== 

===a. First vision (June 6, 1863)=== 
Ellen had a vision on Health Reform.

===b. “Elmshaven”=== 
Ellen White’s home in St. Helena, California in the Napa Valley. It can be toured for free in person or online. http://www.elmshaven.org/

===c. Visions=== 
Messages from God that Ellen was to share.

===d. Gorham, Maine=== 
Ellen's birthplace <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorham,_Maine</ref>.

===e. Lord’s Messenger=== 
The name that Ellen White gave herself.

===f. “Conflict of the Ages” series=== 
A series of five books that E. G. White wrote which helped people to understand the Bible. The five books are: The Great Controversy, Patriarchs and Prophets, The Desire of Ages, The Acts of the Apostles, and Prophets and Kings <ref>http://www.ellenwhite.info/books/books-by-egw-coa.htm</ref>

===g. Ellen G. White Estate, Inc.=== 
In her will, Ellen G. White left her literary estate to a board of five church leaders so that her papers and books would be preserved. This corporation was organized after her death in 1915. It is now headquartered in the basement of the General Conference building, Silver Spring, Maryland, where free tours are offered.

===h. Lovett’s Grove, Ohio=== 
Two hour Vision on events in the great conflict between the forces of righteousness and the forces of evil which she was instructed to write out. Later it was written in full in a book called ''The Great Controversy''.

===i. “Sunnyside”=== 
The name of Ellen G. White's home in Cooranbong, Australia near Avondale College. Photo <ref>http://nas.egwwritings.org/galleries/Institutions/637.3b.1.jpg.php</ref>

===j. Testimonies for the Church=== 
A collection of writings that Ellen authored giving instruction, reproof and guidance for church members and leaders. The Testimonies series was released and published over time, eventually taking the 9 volume set we use today. While the individual letters were addressed to specific people, the principals outlined have broad application in the church. Ellen White recognized this and arranged for their wider publication.

==8. Discovery of Heritage Stories:== 

===a. Discover how the Adventist movement started in your country. Give special attention to the things the pioneers did in the process within your country or region.=== 

===b. Discover some of the stories of how Pathfinders, Adventist Youth Groups, or AY Societies began in your conference or division.=== 

===c. Present your finding to a group or as part of requirement 9 or 10.=== 

==9. Know and tell for school, Sabbath School, or Pathfinder worship three stories about Adventist history. At least one story must be about an Adventist youth.== 

==10. As an individual or with a group complete one of the following:== 

===a. Create and present a detailed poster or multimedia display (video/presentation) covering a portion of Adventist Heritage that you have learned.=== 

===b. Write and perform a skit that tells part of the Adventist Heritage story. Present it to younger Pathfinders, Adventurers or other younger group of individuals.=== 

===c. Create a completely playable game about Adventist Heritage. Demonstrate the game to your instructor or a group.=== 

===d. Visit an official Adventist Heritage site within your conference, union, or division and go on a tour. Debrief your experience with a group. If feasible, create a multimedia report of your experience.=== 

==References== 
[http://pathfinders.adventistconnect.org/site_data/86/assets/0024/9222/Chuch_Heritage_Manual.pdf Church Heritage Manual]


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AY Honors/Viruses/Answer Key

2019-12-06T13:42:44Z

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{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Viruses
|skill=2
|year=2012
|category=Health and Science
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Viruses Honor.png}}
{{Honor Master|honor=Viruses|master=Health|group=C}}

==1. Describe or discuss the following with a group. If necessary research possible answers to these topics so that you can make meaningful contributions to the group.== 


The Pathfinder is encouraged to independently research online or in a high school biology textbook to get an understanding of viruses, their characteristics and effects. Independent reading, especially online where links can be followed, gives the Pathfinder the opportunity to dig deeper and explore areas of interest that will help them complete the practical Requirements #3 and #6 of this honor.


We provide introductory information to assist in teaching the honor.

===a. What does the word virus mean? Explain the controversy regarding whether it is alive or not.=== 


A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. The study of viruses is known as virology, a subspecialty of microbiology.


[[W:Dmitri_Ivanovsky|Dmitri Ivanovsky]], a Russian botanist, was the first person to discover viruses (1892) and thus one of the founders of virology. He identified a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants, which was named the tobacco mosaic virus by [[W:Martinus Beijerinck|Martinus Beijerinck]] in 1898.


About 5,000 virus species have been described in detail, although there are millions of different types. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most abundant type of biological entity.


Viruses are considered by some to be a life form, because they carry genetic material, reproduce, and evolve through natural selection (microevolution and mutation). However they lack key characteristics (such as cell structure) that are generally considered necessary to count as life. Because they possess some but not all such qualities, viruses have been described as "organisms at the edge of life".

===b. Name the distinctive characteristics of viruses and why they're not included in any kingdom.=== 


While not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles known as virions that are inert and lifeless as a rock.


Since they are not alive and do not have cells, they are not classified into any of the five life kingdoms of Protista (mostly waterborne and single celled), [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Fungi|Fungi]], Plantae (plants), Animalia (animals), and Monera (unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization including bacteria).


Instead, Virions consist of two or three parts:


(i) the genetic material made from either '''DNA or RNA''', long molecules that carry genetic information;


(ii) a '''protein coat''', called the '''capsid''', which surrounds and protects the genetic material; and


(iii) in some cases an '''envelope of lipids''' that surrounds the protein coat when they are outside a cell.


Most virus species have virions that are too small to be seen with an optical microscope. The average virion is about one one-hundredth the size of the average bacterium.


Viruses are an important means of horizontal gene transfer, which increases genetic diversity.

===c. Name some morphological shapes of viruses and give an example of each.=== 


The shapes of virus particles range from simple helical and icosahedral forms for some virus species to more complex structures for others.


Viruses come in many shapes and sizes, but these are consistent and distinct for each viral family. In general, the shapes of viruses are classified into four groups:


'''Filamentous''' viruses are long and cylindrical. Many plant viruses are filamentous, including the''TMV (tobacco mosaic virus)'' which was the first virus identified. 
[[File:TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg|200px]]
 
'''Isometric''' viruses have shapes that are roughly spherical. Examples include poliovirus (shown) and herpesviruses.
[[File:Polio.jpg|200px]]


 


'''Enveloped''' A virus that has an outer wrapping or envelope. This envelope comes from the infected cell, or host, in a process called "budding off." During the budding process, newly formed virus particles become "enveloped" or wrapped in an outer coat that is made from a small piece of the cell's plasma membrane. The envelope may play a role in helping a virus survive and infect other cells. Animal viruses, such as HIV (caused AIDS), are frequently enveloped. Chickenpox virus is shown.


[[File:Varicella_(Chickenpox)_Virus_PHIL_1878_lores.jpg|200px]]


 


'''Head and tail''' viruses infect bacteria. They have a head that is similar to icosahedral viruses and a tail shape like filamentous viruses. Here are the three families based on like shape and other characteristics:


[[File:Caudovirales.svg|400px]]


From left to right: Myoviridae, Podoviridae, and Siphoviridae


Many viruses use some sort of glycoprotein to attach to their host cells via molecules on the cell called viral receptors. For these viruses, attachment is a requirement for later penetration of the cell membrane, allowing them to complete their replication inside the cell. The receptors that viruses use are molecules that are normally found on cell surfaces and have their own physiological functions. Viruses make use of these molecules for their own replication. <ref>https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/viruses-21/viral-evolution-morphology-and-classification-136/viral-morphology-550-11760/</ref>

===d. Explain the importance of vaccines to combat viruses. How do they work?=== 


Antibiotics do not work on viruses, which leaves vaccines (and certain antiviral drugs) as the main defense against harmful virus caused diseases.


Vaccines help develop immunity by imitating an infection. This type of infection, however, does not cause illness, but it does cause the immune system to produce T-lymphocytes and antibodies. Sometimes, after getting a vaccine, the imitation infection can cause minor symptoms, such as fever. Such minor symptoms are normal and should be expected as the body builds immunity. Once the imitation infection goes away, the body is left with a supply of “memory” T-lymphocytes, as well as B-lymphocytes that will remember how to fight that disease in the future. However, it typically takes a few weeks for the body to produce T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes after vaccination. Therefore, it is possible that a person who was infected with a disease just before or just after vaccination could develop symptoms and get a disease, because the vaccine has not had enough time to provide protection.

'''Types of Vaccines'''


Scientists take many approaches to designing vaccines. These approaches are based on information about the germs (viruses or bacteria) the vaccine will prevent, such as how it infects cells and how the immune system responds to it. Practical considerations, such as regions of the world where the vaccine would be used, are also important because the strain of a virus and environmental conditions, such as temperature and risk of exposure, may be different in various parts of the world. The vaccine delivery options available may also differ geographically. Today there are five main types of vaccines that infants and young children commonly receive:


* Live, attenuated vaccines fight viruses. These vaccines contain a version of the living virus that has been weakened so that it does not cause serious disease in people with healthy immune systems. Because live, attenuated vaccines are the closest thing to a natural infection, they are good teachers for the immune system. Examples of live, attenuated vaccines include measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) and varicella (chickenpox) vaccine. Even though these vaccines are very effective, not everyone can receive them. Children with weakened immune systems—for example, those who are undergoing chemotherapy—cannot get live vaccines.


* Inactivated vaccines also fight viruses. These vaccines are made by inactivating, or killing, the virus during the process of making the vaccine. The inactivated polio vaccine is an example of this type of vaccine. Inactivated vaccines produce immune responses in different ways than live, attenuated vaccines. Often, multiple doses are necessary to build up and/or maintain immunity.


* Toxoid vaccines prevent diseases caused by bacteria that produce toxins (poisons) in the body. In the process of making these vaccines, the toxins are weakened so they cannot cause illness. Weakened toxins are called toxoids. When the immune system receives a vaccine containing a toxoid, it learns how to fight off the natural toxin. The DTaP vaccine contains diphtheria and tetanus toxoids.


* Subunit vaccines include only parts of the virus or bacteria, or subunits, instead of the entire germ. Because these vaccines contain only the essential antigens and not all the other molecules that make up the germ, side effects are less common. The pertussis (whooping cough) component of the DTaP vaccine is an example of a subunit vaccine.


* Conjugate vaccines fight a different type of bacteria and are therefore outside the scope of the question.


[http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/patient-ed/conversations/downloads/vacsafe-understand-color-office.pdf Source CDC].

===e. Describe how viruses reproduce and how the genetic modifications called mutations occur and viral resistance.=== 


[[File:Virus Replication.svg|250px]]


Viruses are classed into 7 types of genes, each of which has its own families of viruses, which in turn have differing replication strategies themselves. [[W:David Baltimore|David Baltimore]], a Nobel Prize-winning biologist, devised a system called the Baltimore Classification System to classify different viruses based on their unique replication strategy. There are seven different replication strategies based on this system (Baltimore Class I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII). These seven classes of viruses are listed here briefly and in generalities.


Class 1: Double Stranded DNA Viruses


This type of virus usually must enter the host nucleus before it is able to replicate. Some of these viruses require host cell polymerases to replicate their genome, while others, such as adenoviruses or herpes viruses, encode their own replication factors. However, in either cases, replication of the viral genome is highly dependent on a cellular state permissive to DNA replication and, thus, on the cell cycle. The virus may induce the cell to forcefully undergo cell division, which may lead to transformation of the cell and, ultimately, cancer. An example of a family within this classification is the Adenoviridae


There is only one well-studied example in which a class 1 family of viruses does not replicate within the nucleus. This is the Poxvirus family, which comprises highly pathogenic viruses that infect vertebrates.


Class 2: Single-stranded DNA viruses


Viruses that fall under this category include ones that are not as well-studied, but still do pertain highly to vertebrates. Two examples include the Circoviridae and Parvoviridae. They replicate within the nucleus, and form a double-stranded DNA intermediate during replication. A human Circovirus called TTV is included within this classification and is found in almost all humans, infecting them asymptomatically in nearly every major organ.


Class 3: Double-stranded RNA viruses


Like most viruses with RNA genomes, double-stranded RNA viruses do not rely on host polymerases for replication to the extent that viruses with DNA genomes do. Double-stranded RNA viruses are not as well-studied as other classes. This class includes two major families, the Reoviridae and Birnaviridae. Replication is monocistronic and includes individual, segmented genomes, meaning that each of the genes codes for only one protein, unlike other viruses, which exhibit more complex translation.


Classes 4 & 5: Single-stranded RNA viruses


These viruses consist of two types, however both share the fact that replication is primarily in the cytoplasm, and that replication is not as dependent on the cell cycle as that of DNA viruses. This class of viruses is also one of the most-studied types of viruses, alongside the double-stranded DNA viruses.


Class 4: Single-stranded RNA viruses - Positive-sense.


The positive-sense RNA viruses and indeed all genes defined as positive-sense can be directly accessed by host ribosomes to immediately form proteins. These can be divided into two groups, both of which replicate in the cytoplasm:


Viruses with polycistronic mRNA where the genome RNA forms the mRNA and is translated into a polyprotein product that is subsequently cleaved to form the mature proteins. This means that the gene can utilize a few methods in which to produce proteins from the same strand of RNA, all in the sake of reducing the size of its gene. Viruses with complex transcription, for which subgenomic mRNAs, ribosomal frameshifting and proteolytic processing of polyproteins may be used. All of which are different mechanisms with which to produce proteins from the same strand of RNA.


Examples of this class include the families Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Picornaviridae.


Class 5: Single-stranded RNA viruses - Negative-sense


The negative-sense RNA viruses and indeed all genes defined as negative-sense cannot be directly accessed by host ribosomes to immediately form proteins. Instead, they must be transcribed by viral polymerases into the "readable" complementary positive-sense. These can also be divided into two groups:


Viruses containing nonsegmented genomes for which the first step in replication is transcription from the negative-stranded genome by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to yield monocistronic mRNAs that code for the various viral proteins. A positive-sense genome copy that serves as template for production of the negative-strand genome is then produced. Replication is within the cytoplasm.


Viruses with segmented genomes for which replication occurs in the cytoplasm and for which the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase produces monocistronic mRNAs from each genome segment. Examples in this class include the families Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae (which includes rabies).


Class 6: Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that replicate through a DNA intermediate


A well-studied family of this class of viruses include the retroviruses. One defining feature is the use of reverse transcriptase to convert the positive-sense RNA into DNA. Instead of using the RNA for templates of proteins, they use DNA to create the templates, which is spliced into the host genome using integrase. Replication can then commence with the help of the host cell's polymerases


Class 7: Double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate through a single-stranded RNA intermediate


This small group of viruses, exemplified by the Hepatitis B virus, have a double-stranded, gapped genome that is subsequently filled in to form a covalently closed circle (ccc DNA) that serves as a template for production of viral mRNAs and a subgenomic RNA. The pregenome RNA serves as template for the viral reverse transcriptase and for production of the DNA genome.


'''Mutation'''


Any study of virus mutation quickly leads to the idea of virus evolution. Viruses do, in fact, mutate and assume new forms. Some viruses mutate within weeks or months, including the ever changing flu viruses. Does this prove the theory of evolution?


Most Seventh-day Adventists reject Darwin style macroevolution theory that says all life evolved from single celled organisms, with good reason. The Bible says that God made the heavens and the earth. However, a well read Adventist realizes that [W:Microevolution|microevolution] is true and common. Human and natural causes are responsible for the obvious diversity within and between closely related individual species. Microevolution caused the visual differences between the human races, between different types of dogs, and between many related types of viruses.


Even Wikipedia editors, ever diehard supporters of Darwin macroevolution, summarize the problems with the supposed macro-evolution of viruses and how the are supposed to tie in with . "There are three classical hypotheses on the origins of viruses: Viruses may have once been small cells that parasitised larger cells (the degeneracy hypothesis or reduction hypothesis); some viruses may have evolved from bits of DNA or RNA that "escaped" from the genes of a larger organism (the vagrancy hypothesis or escape hypothesis); or viruses could have evolved from complex molecules of protein and nucleic acid at the same time as cells first appeared on earth (the virus-first hypothesis). None of these hypotheses was fully accepted: the regressive hypothesis did not explain why even the smallest of cellular parasites do not resemble viruses in any way. The escape hypothesis did not explain the complex capsids and other structures on virus particles. The virus-first hypothesis was quickly dismissed because it contravened the definition of viruses, in that they require host cells." Virologists are beginning to reconsider and re-evaluate all three hypotheses.


The way viruses reproduce in their host cells makes them particularly susceptible to the genetic changes or mutations. The RNA viruses are especially prone to mutations. In host cells there are mechanisms for correcting mistakes when DNA replicates and these kick in whenever cells divide. These important mechanisms prevent potentially lethal mutations from being passed on to offspring. But these mechanisms do not work for RNA and when an RNA virus replicates in its host cell, changes in their genes are occasionally introduced in error, some of which are lethal. One virus particle can produce millions of progeny viruses in just one cycle of replication, therefore the production of a few "dud" viruses is not a problem. Most mutations are "silent" and do not result in any obvious changes to the progeny viruses, but others confer advantages that increase the fitness of the viruses in the environment. These could be changes to the virus particles that disguise them so they are not identified by the cells of the immune system or changes that make antiviral drugs less effective. Both of these changes occur frequently with HIV.


Many viruses (for example, influenza A virus) can "shuffle" their genes with other viruses when two similar strains infect the same cell. This phenomenon is called genetic shift, and is often the cause of new and more virulent strains appearing. Other viruses change more slowly as mutations in their genes gradually accumulate over time, a process known as genetic drift.


Through these mechanisms new viruses are constantly emerging and present a continuing challenge to attempts to control the diseases they cause.

===f. Have viral diseases ever been eradicated? Why is it difficult to treat patients with viral diseases?=== 
Eradication is the reduction of an infectious disease's prevalence in the global host population to zero. It differs from elimination, which means reducing the disease to zero cases in a regional population. Eradication is not easy to accomplish and many considerations go into selecting diseases to attempt eradication on. See [[W:Eradication_of_infectious_diseases|Eradication of infectious diseases]] for more information.


'''Successes'''


Two viral diseases (smallpox and rinderpest) have been eradicated so far and one (polio) is close to eradication. Also regional efforts are being made to eradicate viral human diseases measles and rubella. Some scientists believe that ovine rinderpest, affecting goats and sheep, can be eradicated.


[[W:Smallpox|Smallpox]] was caused by infection with variola virus. The English physician Edward Jenner discovered the first vaccine - cowpox to protect humans from smallpox in 1796, making it the first vaccine. Various attempts were made to eliminate smallpox on a regional scale starting soon after this discovery. Ultimately worldwide vaccinations combined with a isolate and containment strategy were successful in eradicating smallpox, with [[W:Ali_Maow_Maalin|Ali Maow Maalin]] of Somalia bring the last naturally occurring infection occurring in 1977. Pathfinders are urged to read about how smallpox was eradicated and the efforts to ensure it stays eradicated and is not reintroduced via weapons or accident.


[[W:Rinderpest|Rinderpest]], was a viral disease which infected cattle, domestic buffalo, and some other species of even-toed ungulates, including buffaloes, large antelope and deer, giraffes, wildebeests, and warthogs. Rinderpest belonged to the same family as measles. Mainly a live attenuated vaccine was used, starting in the early 1900s on a regional or national basis. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations gave a final push, and on 14 October 2010, with no diagnoses for nine years, the FAO announced that the disease had been completely eradicated in all countries. Rinderpest is the first (and so far the only) disease of livestock to have been eradicated by human undertakings and only the second disease of any type after smallpox.


[[W:Poliomyelitis_eradication|Polio]] is a viral disease now close to eradication, with only Pakistan and Afghanistan still reporting wild cases as of September 2015. The public health effort to eliminate all cases of poliomyelitis (polio) infection around the world, begun in 1988, led by the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF and the Rotary Foundation. This global effort has reduced the number of annual diagnosed cases from the hundreds of thousands to 291 in 2012, though case counts rose in 2013 and 2014. In 2014, Pakistan had the largest number of polio cases at 328, an increase from 43 in 2013. This increase was blamed on Al Qaeda and Taliban militants preventing aid workers from vaccinating children in rural regions of the country. Hopefully the increases are over because there were only 41 wild cases in between January and September 2015. The live vaccine, now being phased out, can trigger circulating vaccine-derived type 1 cases as well.


Of the three types of polio, and all reported cases since 11 November 2012 have been of type 1. The last recorded wild case of type 2 was in 1999 (declared eradicated in September 2015). The last recorded case of type 3 was on 11 November 2012.


'''Reasons for failure'''


Efforts to eradicate Yellow Fever have failed. Virus eradication programs have mostly relied upon vaccination in Africa where the programs have largely been unsuccessful because they were unable to break the sylvatic cycle involving wild primates. With few countries establishing regular vaccination programs, measures to fight yellow fever have been neglected, making the future spread of the virus more likely.


'''Difficulty of treatment'''


Viruses cause familiar infectious diseases such as the common cold, flu and warts. They also cause severe illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, smallpox and hemorrhagic fevers.


Viruses are like hijackers. They invade living, normal cells and use those cells to multiply and produce other viruses like themselves. This eventually kills the cells, which can make you sick.


Viral infections are hard to treat because viruses live inside your body's cells and are basically "protected" from medicines, which usually move through your bloodstream. Antibiotics do not work for viral infections, which is while you are wasting your time fighting the common cold with antibiotics. However, there are a few antiviral medicines available today. The most effective weapon against most viruses is vaccines to prevent infection in the first place.<ref>https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/viralinfections.html</ref>

==2. Through pictures, video, or detailed descriptions, explain the difference in the following exanthematous or rash diseases:== 

===a. Rubella=== 
Rubella, sometimes called German measles or three-day measles, is a contagious disease caused by a virus. The infection is usually mild with fever and rash.


'''Symptoms'''
Rubella usually causes the following symptoms in children:


Rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body
Low fever (less than 101 degrees)
These symptoms last 2 or 3 days.


Older children and adults may also have swollen glands and symptoms like a cold before the rash appears. Aching joints occur in many cases, especially among young women.


About half of the people who get rubella do not have symptoms.


'''Complications'''
Birth defects if acquired by a pregnant woman: deafness, cataracts, heart defects, mental retardation, and liver and spleen damage (at least a 20% chance of damage to the fetus if a woman is infected early in pregnancy)


'''Transmission'''
Spread by contact with an infected person, through coughing and sneezing


'''Prevention'''
Rubella vaccine (contained in MMR vaccine) can prevent this disease.

===b. Measles=== 
[[File:Measles-infographic.png|400px|left]]The symptoms of measles generally appear about seven to 14 days after a person is infected.


Measles typically begins with


high fever,
cough,
runny nose (coryza), and
red, watery eyes (conjunctivitis).
Two or three days after symptoms begin, tiny white spots (Koplik spots) may appear inside the mouth.


Three to five days after symptoms begin, a rash breaks out. It usually begins as flat red spots that appear on the face at the hairline and spread downward to the neck, trunk, arms, legs, and feet. Small raised bumps may also appear on top of the flat red spots. The spots may become joined together as they spread from the head to the rest of the body. When the rash appears, a person’s fever may spike to more than 104° Fahrenheit.


After a few days, the fever subsides and the rash fades.


Measles can be prevented with the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine. One dose of MMR vaccine is about 93% effective at preventing measles if exposed to the virus, and two doses are about 97% effective. In the United States, widespread use of measles vaccine has led to a greater than 99% reduction in measles cases compared with the pre-vaccine era. Since 2000, when measles was declared eliminated from the U.S., the annual number of people reported to have measles ranged from a low of 37 people in 2004 to a high of 668 people in 2014. Most of these originated outside the country or were linked to a case that originated outside the country.


Measles is still common in other countries. The virus is highly contagious and can spread rapidly in areas where people are not vaccinated. Worldwide, an estimated 20 million people get measles and 146,000 people die from the disease each year—that equals about 400 deaths every day or about 17 deaths every hour.

===c. Chickenpox=== 
Chickenpox is a very contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It causes a blister-like rash, itching, tiredness, and fever. Chickenpox can be serious, especially in babies, adults, and people with weakened immune systems. It spreads easily from infected people to others who have never had chickenpox or received the chickenpox vaccine. Chickenpox spreads in the air through coughing or sneezing. It can also be spread by touching or breathing in the virus particles that come from chickenpox blisters.


The best way to prevent chickenpox is to get the chickenpox vaccine. Before the vaccine, about 4 million people would get chickenpox each year in the United States. Also, about 10,600 people were hospitalized and 100 to 150 died each year as a result of chickenpox.


Anyone who hasn’t had chickenpox or received the chickenpox vaccine can get the disease. Chickenpox most commonly causes an illness that lasts about 5-10 days.


The classic symptom of chickenpox is a rash that turns into itchy, fluid-filled blisters that eventually turn into scabs. The rash may first show up on the face, chest, and back then spread to the rest of the body, including inside the mouth, eyelids, or genital area. It usually takes about one week for all the blisters to become scabs.


Other typical symptoms that may begin to appear 1-2 days before rash include:


high fever
tiredness
loss of appetite
headache
Children usually miss 5 to 6 days of school or childcare due to their chickenpox.


Vaccinated Persons
Some people who have been vaccinated against chickenpox can still get the disease. However, the symptoms are usually milder with fewer blisters and mild or no fever. About 25% to 30% of vaccinated people who get chickenpox will develop illness as serious as chickenpox in unvaccinated persons.

==3. Choose three of the following viral diseases and describe their form of infection, symptoms and prevention. Demonstrate your learning creatively through a display, presentation, or prepared speech:== 


It is impractical to fully cover each disease in depth enough for a presentation within the wiki. A good place to get an overview of each virial disease is Wikipedia and the CDC website.

===a. Cholera=== 
{{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Problematic requirement
|Cholera is caused by a bacterium, not a virus.
}}
Some alternatives could be: Ebola Virus, Varicella Zoster Virus (causes chicken pox and shingles), West Nile Virus, Zika Virus, Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Virus

===b. Herpes=== 
There are several types of herpes.
*[[W:Genital herpes|Genital herpes]] is the most common and serious threat to humans. See [http://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/default.htm|the CDC site]
*[[http://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/index.html|Shingles (Herpes Zoster)]] is caused by the same virus as chickenpox. 1 in 3 Americans will get shingles, often after age 60.
*[http://www.cdc.gov/herpesbvirus/index.html|Herpes B] virus is found in [[W:Macaque monkeys|macaque monkeys]]

===c. AIDS=== 
HIV/AIDS continues to be studied extensively, with great effort being made to find a cure. It is transmitted via exchange of bodily fluids. [http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/default.html/#|CDC site] and [[W:HIV|Wikipedia]] are good starting points.

===d. Mumps=== 
Mumps is commonly vaccinated for. [[http://www.cdc.gov/mumps/index.html|CDC on mumps]] and [[W:Mumps|Mumps on Wikipedia]]

===e. Poliomyelitis=== 
Polio is a crippling and potentially fatal infectious disease. There is no cure, but there are safe and effective vaccines. Therefore, the strategy to eradicate polio is based on preventing infection by immunizing every child to stop transmission and ultimately make the world polio free. This should happen within the next few years. Polio cases have decreased by over 99% since 1988, from an estimated more than 350 000 cases to 359 reported cases in 2014. Today, only Pakistan and Afghanistan have never stopped transmission of polio. http://www.cdc.gov/polio/ and http://www.who.int/topics/poliomyelitis/en/

===f. Meningitis=== 
Don't fall into researching Meningococcal meningitis, the bacterial form of meningitis [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs141/en/] since this is the Virus honor. Look at [[W:Viral meningitis|Viral meningitis]] on Wikipedia for an overview of this disease.

===g. Hepatitis=== 
There are 5 kinds of Hepatitis labeled A-E. Explore them here: http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/index.htm

===h. Dengue=== 


With more than one-third of the world’s population living in areas at risk for infection, dengue virus is a leading cause of illness and death in the tropics and subtropics. As many as 400 million people are infected yearly. Dengue is caused by any one of four related viruses transmitted by mosquitoes. There are not yet any vaccines to prevent infection with dengue virus and the most effective protective measures are those that avoid mosquito bites. When infected, early recognition and prompt supportive treatment can substantially lower the risk of medical complications and death. http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/

==4. Explain the difference between a cold and the flu. Why does the influenza virus cause periodic epidemics (like the Spanish flu, avian flu, H1N1, etc.)?== 


The flu and the common cold are both respiratory illnesses but they are caused by different viruses. Because these two types of illnesses have similar flu-like symptoms, it can be difficult to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone. Special tests that usually must be done within the first few days of illness can be carried out, when needed to tell if a person has the flu.


In general, the flu is worse than the common cold, and symptoms such as fever, body aches, extreme tiredness, and dry cough are more common and intense. Colds are usually milder than the flu. People with colds are more likely to have a runny or stuffy nose. Colds generally do not result in serious health problems, such as pneumonia, bacterial infections, or hospitalizations.


[Source CDC http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/coldflu.htm]


The flu continues to mutate, creating hundreds of strains a year. Therefore vaccines need to be developed with educated guesses as to which will be strain that spreads most. Sometimes the guess is wrong, or a new dangerous strain gets out of control.

==5. What is the difference between a virus and a prion? Name a disease caused by a prion.== 


The word prion, named in 1982 by [[W:Stanley B. Prusiner|Stanley B. Prusiner]], is short for “proteinaceous infectious particle” and the word is derived from the words '''pr'''otein and infect'''ion'''. While viruses (and all other known infectious agents, including bacteria, fungi, and parasites) universally contain DNA or RNA, prions contain neither. Instead they are a protein that can fold in multiple, structurally distinct ways, at least one of which is self-propagating and transmissible to other prion proteins. This form of replication leads to disease that is similar to viral infection.


The first prion protein discovered in mammals is the major prion protein (PrP). This infectious agent causes mammalian transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, also known as "mad cow disease") and scrapie in sheep. In humans, PrP causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome, Fatal Familial Insomnia and kuru.


All known prion diseases in mammals affect the structure of the brain or other neural tissue and all are currently untreatable and universally fatal.

==6. Do one of the following:== 

===a. Give a brief report about a viral pandemic and the impact it had / is having on the world.=== 


A pandemic (from Greek πᾶν pan "all" and δῆμος demos "people") is an epidemic of infectious disease that has spread through human populations across a large region; for instance multiple continents, or even worldwide. A widespread endemic disease that is stable in terms of how many people are getting sick from it is not a pandemic. Further, flu pandemics generally exclude recurrences of seasonal flu. More recent pandemics include the HIV pandemic as well as the 1918 and 2009 H1N1 pandemics. The Black Death was a devastating pandemic, killing over 75 million people.


Be sure the pandemic you cover is caused by a virus, since many pandemics are bacterial. Historic or current viral pandemics include:
*[[W:Yellow_fever|Yellow fever]] In 1927 yellow fever virus became the first human virus to be isolated. Yellow fever has been a source of several devastating epidemics.Cities as far north as New York, Philadelphia, and Boston were hit with epidemics. In 1793, one of the largest yellow fever epidemics in U.S. history killed as many as 5,000 people in Philadelphia—roughly 10% of the population. About half of the residents had fled the city, including President George Washington. In colonial times, West Africa became known as "the white man's grave" because of malaria and yellow fever. Yellow fever remains a serious problem in Africa.
*Measles is an endemic disease, meaning that it has been continually present in a community, and many people develop resistance. In populations that have not been exposed to measles, exposure to a new disease can be devastating. In 1529, a measles outbreak in Cuba killed two-thirds of the natives who had previously survived smallpox. The disease had ravaged Mexico, Central America, and the Inca civilization. Before the vaccine was introduced in 1963, there were an estimated 3–4 million cases in the U.S. each year. Measles killed around 200 million people worldwide over the last 150 years. In 2000 alone, measles killed some 777,000 worldwide out of 40 million cases globally.
*[[W:Influenza_pandemic|Influenza pandemic]]
*[[W:Ebola_virus_epidemic_in_West_Africa|Ebola]]
*[[W:Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] considered the main viral long term pandemic

===b. Create a skit, multimedia presentation, or other interactive display that informs a 3rd world audience to the danger of one or more of these viruses and gives them training in how to combat or control the virus.=== 
{{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Problematic requirement
|The term "third world" is archaic, comes from colonial times, and can be offensive.
|The reference can be changed to "audiences from developing countries."
}}


Perhaps the reason for targeting this effort at a developing country audience is that those outside developed countries are at higher risk for most of these diseases (many of which are almost wiped out in developed countries). The requirement is designed to make the Pathfinder look at the project as something practical, although in reality the presentation may never be seen by the target audience. This option encourages creativity, physical action oriented activities, and alternative learning methods from writing a report.

===c. Have an aid/relief worker give a talk or presentation about epidemics and virus control in third-world countries. Raise money as a group to support aid relief in the country/(ies) the worker tells you about.=== 


You can either invite the speaker to come to your club, or maybe go to an event organized by others that fits this description.


As with all times you invite in a speaker, be sure to be clear about what is expected (will they be teaching any other part of the honor?) Pathfinders can prepare questions in advance to enrich the learning experience. Also be sure to thank the speaker.

==References== 
<references/>
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Microscopic Life/Answer Key

2018-05-03T03:47:53Z

Jrrmicro: Updated human health and other organism sections

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Microscopic Life
|skill=2
|year=1994
|category=Nature
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Microscopic_Life_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Microscopic Life|master=Naturalist|group=Fauna}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Microscopic Life|master=Zoology|group=Fauna}}
{{Honor Master|honor=Microscopic Life|master=Health|group=C}}

==1. List four major types of microscopes. What are some of the characteristics of each? Be able to identify the different types of microscopes from pictures, or visit a laboratory in a university or industry which has these microscopes.== 
===Optical Microscope===
This is the "classic" form of a microscope which uses optical lenses to magnify the specimen for observation.

===Electron Microscope=== 
The electron microscope is a type of microscope that uses electrons to create an image of the target. It has much higher magnification or resolving power than a normal light microscope, up to two million times, allowing it to see smaller objects and details.
===Dark Field Microscope===
Dark field microscopy is an optical microscopy illumination technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained samples. It works on the principle of illuminating the sample with light that will not be collected by the objective lens, so not form part of the image. This produces the classic appearance of a dark, almost black, background with bright objects on it.
===Fluorescence Microscope===
A Fluorescence Microscope is a light microscope used to study properties of organic or inorganic substances using the phenomena of fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption.


Fluorescence is a luminescence in which the absorption of a photon triggers the release of another photon with a longer wavelength. Usually the absorbed photon is in the ultraviolet range, and the emitted light is in the visible range.


Phosphorescence is a specific type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately re-emit the radiation it absorbs. The most familiar form of phosphorescence is "glow-in-the-dark" materials such as found on the hands of a watch.

===Phase Contrast=== 
A phase contrast microscope is a microscope that does not require staining to view the slide. This microscope made it possible to study the cell cycle.


As light travels through a medium other than vacuum, interaction with this medium causes its amplitude and phase to change in a way which depends on properties of the medium. Changes in amplitude give rise to familiar absorption of light which gives rise to colours when it is wavelength dependent. The human eye measures only the energy of light arriving on the retina, so changes in phase are not easily observed, yet often these changes in phase carry a large amount of information.


The same holds in a typical microscope, i.e., although the phase variations introduced by the sample are preserved by the instrument (at least in the limit of the perfect imaging instrument) this information is lost in the process which measures the light. In order to make phase variations observable, it is necessary to combine the light passing through the sample with a reference so that the resulting interference reveals the phase structure of the sample.

==2. Be able to identify the following parts of a microscope and explain or demonstrate the function of each: eye-piece or ocular, objective, body tube, nosepiece, stage, diaphragm, base, focus knob, and arm.== 
[[Image:Mikroskop.png|frame|
1. eye-piece or ocular 
2. objective turret, or nosepiece 
3. objective lenses 
4. coarse adjustment knob 
5. fine adjustment knob 
6. object holder or stage 
7. mirror 
8. diaphragm and condenser
]]
;The eyepiece or ocular (1): The part of a microscope that a user looks into. It contains a lens called the ''ocular''.
;Objective (3): The objective is another lens. It is located near the specimen to be observed.
;Body Tube: This is a hollow tube that connects the ocular lens to the objective lens.
;Nosepiece (2): The nosepiece is the part of the microscope that the objective lenses attach to. Sometimes the nosepiece houses a prism whose function is to bend light from the image so that the user can sit comfortably instead of hunching over the microscope to look straight down on the specimen.
;Stage (6): The stage is a platform where the slides are mounted.
;Diaphragm (8): The diaphragm is an apparatus located beneath the stage. It focuses light onto the specimen.
;Base: The base is the bottom of the microscope on which the rest of the instrument rests.
;Focus knob (4 and 5): The focus knob (or knobs) adjust the distance between the ocular lens and the objective lens. This brings the specimen into focus. Microscopes often come with two focus knobs - a coarse focus and a fine focus. The coarse focus knob makes large changes in the focus. The fine focus know makes smaller adjustments.
;Arm: The arm connects to the base and other parts of the microscope (such as the stage, diaphragm, and body tube) attach to it.
{{TODO|edit the picture and renumber so the parts we need are in the order presented here}}


 

==3. Know how to calculate the magnification of a compound microscope. Calculate the magnification of the microscope you use for this honor.== 
The magnification of a compound microscope is simply the magnification of the ocular lens times the magnification of the objective lens:


<math>magnification = ocular \times objective</math>


Therefore, if a microscope's objective lens has a magnification of 10 and its objective lens has a magnification of 40, the microscope's magnification is


<math> 10 \times 40 = 400X</math>

==4. Define the following microscopic terms: slide, coverslip, wetmount, fixing, staining, oil immersion, unicellular, multicellular, cilia, flagella, plankton.== 
;slide: A slide is a small piece of rectangular glass upon which the specimen to be viewed is placed.
;coverslip: The coverslip is a piece of glass the same shape as a slide (but often thinner) used to cover the specimen. The specimen is sandwiched between the slide and the coverslip.
;wetmount: Wetmounting is when the user smears a wet specimen onto a slide.
;fixing: Fixing preserves a specimen so that it does not decompose. Once a specimen has been fixed, it can be stored away and looked at again later.
;staining: Staining colors the specimen so that it has a higher contrast and can be more easily seen under the microscope.
;oil immersion: In order to get a sharp focus at magnifications above 400X, light must be coupled between the specimen and the objective by a layer of oil. If the light travels through air it gets too distorted.
;unicellular: A unicellular organism has only one cell. This includes bacteria, many algae, amoebae, and many other organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye.
;multicellular: A multicellular organism is made up of more than one cell. This includes animals, insects, plants, and most other life that can be seen around us on a daily basis.
;cilia: Cilia are small hair-like appendages around the edge of a cell which allows the cell to propel itself through water. Cells in the human body have cilia. The cilia in the respiratory tract move mucus with particles trapped out of the air we breathe back up into the throat.
;flagella: A flagella is a whip-like structure at the end of a cell that allows it to swim through the water. This is the way that sperm swim. Many bacteria also have flagella for swimming through their environment.
;plankton: Plankton are any type unicellular marine organism at the bottom of the food chain.

==5. Collect samples of water (from ponds, streams, ditches, gutters, puddles, etc.) And search for living organisms using a microscope with at least 100X magnification. Draw five of these organisms as accurately as possible. As far as possible, identify and label your diagrams (include the magnification used.)== 
You will have better luck with this in the summer than in the winter, though it is not difficult to find microscopic life even in the winter. Still water is more likely to harbor microscope life than swift water. Often scraping 'scum' off of rocks will yield an interesting specimen. If necessary, instruct your Pathfinders to harvest a piece of ice from a frozen puddle in the woods or in a ditch, and let it thaw out before coming to the meeting. Aquariums and flower vases are good sources of water laden with microscopic life. Another option is to seed some tap water and let it "marinate" for a week. You can seed the water with hay, straw, grass, or even dirt from the floor. Just don't get ''too'' gross!


There are '''so''' many forms of microscopic life that it is highly unlikely that you will be able to identify most of what you see under the microscope. If you cannot identify what you see, draw it anyhow, and label the parts of the cell you can identify (such as the nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm).


An additional way to observe cells in multicellular life is to make an impression of plant leaves. Paint the underside of a leaf with a thin layer of clear nail polish. After it has dried, carefully peel off the thin layer and place it on a slide. Using a coverslip will flatten the nail polish layer and keep the entire viewing plane in focus. This technique allows observation of detailed impressions of stomata (the opening that allow for gas exchange in plant leaves) and the guard cells that surround the stomata opening. Detailed directions can be found at: http://www.microbehunter.com/using-clear-nail-polish-to-make-impressions-of-plant-leaves/. Start out with some sturdy, live leaves. Try different colored leaves and you can often see pigments as well.

==6. Draw and label a cell which includes the following parts: cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.== 
[[Image:Cell parts.png|thumb|400px|center|Basic parts of a cell]]
 

==7. Know the kingdoms that have microscopic life forms and know two members from each.== 
There are six kingdoms into which living organisms are divided. All of them contain microscopic forms of life, and some of them are composed exclusively of microscopic life. Prior to 1977, Eubacteria and Archaeabacteria were considered a single kingdom called ''Monera''.


;Animalia: Roundworms, flatworms, tapeworms, nematodes, flukes
;Plantia: plant spores, green algaes
;Fungi: Yeast, Penicillin, ringworms
;Protista: Algae, Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium, Toxoplasma
;Eubacteria: Streptococcus, E. Coli
;Archaeabacteria: Methanopyrus, Picrophilus

==8. Give at least one example of how microscopic life is important for: human food, human health, medicine, other organisms.== 
;Human food: Leavened bread and cheese would not be possible without microscopic fungi.
;Human health: Most bacteria is actually helpful for human health and we have many microbes on our body when we are healthy. The stomach is filled with bacteria which help break down food. The skin naturally has bacteria that crowd out unwanted bacteria.

Find more resources and teaching tools on the human microbiome at:
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/microbiome/
https://www.asm.org/index.php/colloquium-reports/item/4476-humanmicrobiome
https://commonfund.nih.gov/hmp/public

;Medicine: There are some bacteria that cause illness, including strep, staph, salmonella, and E. coli. Viruses are another form of microscopic life that can cause illness, including the flu, the common cold, and HIV-AIDS.'''Penicillin''' is a fungi that is also a powerful antibiotic. '''Vaccination''' is the process of administering weakened or dead disease-causing microscopic lifeforms to a healthy person or animal, with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent. Medical science could hardly even be called science before the discovery of microscopic life. It is through the microscope that we know anything about most diseases.
;Other organisms: '''Lichens''' are symbiotic associations of a fungus with a photosynthetic partner that can produce food for the lichen from sunlight. Both the fungus and the photosynthetic partner start out as microscopic. Most plants would not be able to grow well at all (much less produce healthy fruits and veggies) without the bacteria and fungi that live in and around their root. Most people learn that trees are what produce the oxygen that we need to live. However, cyanobacteria in the ocean play a huge role in generating that oxygen that we breathe.

==9. Give at least three health habits that have been established as a direct result of harmful microscopic life. Put these habits into practice.== 
;Hand-washing: Frequent hand-washing carries disease-causing germs away from the body. You should wash your hands every time you finish using the bathroom.
;Tooth-brushing: Brushing your teeth checks bacteria in the mouth that cause cavities and gum disease.
;Vaccinations: Vaccinations cause the body to develop immunity to deadly diseases. Smallpox was eliminated worldwide as a result of vaccination programs. Polio has been reduced to near extinction in most areas of the world due to vaccination. You can see the current status of polio eradication on the globe at http://polioeradication.org/polio-today/polio-now/.
;Clean clothing: Changing into clean clothing every day - particularly the socks and underwear - can prevent sickness such as athlete's foot and jock itch.
;Refrigeration: Keeping food cold can slow the overgrowth of microorganisms to levels that are harmful to the human body.
;Cleaning: Removing scum from showers and other moist environments, keeping counters and other surfaces free of crumbs and dust, wiping off inanimate objects (door handles, gym equipment, etc), and all the other myriad ways that we keep our living and working environments clean. This keeps harmful (or dangerously high levels of) microorganisms from entering our bodies through the air, cuts/scrapes, or through our mouth/nose/eyes/ears.

==References== 


Text for these answers was heavily borrowed from Wikipedia.
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Microscopic Life/Answer Key

2018-05-03T03:33:34Z

Jrrmicro: Add an alternative option for microscopy.

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Microscopic Life
|skill=2
|year=1994
|category=Nature
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Microscopic_Life_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Microscopic Life|master=Naturalist|group=Fauna}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Microscopic Life|master=Zoology|group=Fauna}}
{{Honor Master|honor=Microscopic Life|master=Health|group=C}}

==1. List four major types of microscopes. What are some of the characteristics of each? Be able to identify the different types of microscopes from pictures, or visit a laboratory in a university or industry which has these microscopes.== 
===Optical Microscope===
This is the "classic" form of a microscope which uses optical lenses to magnify the specimen for observation.

===Electron Microscope=== 
The electron microscope is a type of microscope that uses electrons to create an image of the target. It has much higher magnification or resolving power than a normal light microscope, up to two million times, allowing it to see smaller objects and details.
===Dark Field Microscope===
Dark field microscopy is an optical microscopy illumination technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained samples. It works on the principle of illuminating the sample with light that will not be collected by the objective lens, so not form part of the image. This produces the classic appearance of a dark, almost black, background with bright objects on it.
===Fluorescence Microscope===
A Fluorescence Microscope is a light microscope used to study properties of organic or inorganic substances using the phenomena of fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption.


Fluorescence is a luminescence in which the absorption of a photon triggers the release of another photon with a longer wavelength. Usually the absorbed photon is in the ultraviolet range, and the emitted light is in the visible range.


Phosphorescence is a specific type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately re-emit the radiation it absorbs. The most familiar form of phosphorescence is "glow-in-the-dark" materials such as found on the hands of a watch.

===Phase Contrast=== 
A phase contrast microscope is a microscope that does not require staining to view the slide. This microscope made it possible to study the cell cycle.


As light travels through a medium other than vacuum, interaction with this medium causes its amplitude and phase to change in a way which depends on properties of the medium. Changes in amplitude give rise to familiar absorption of light which gives rise to colours when it is wavelength dependent. The human eye measures only the energy of light arriving on the retina, so changes in phase are not easily observed, yet often these changes in phase carry a large amount of information.


The same holds in a typical microscope, i.e., although the phase variations introduced by the sample are preserved by the instrument (at least in the limit of the perfect imaging instrument) this information is lost in the process which measures the light. In order to make phase variations observable, it is necessary to combine the light passing through the sample with a reference so that the resulting interference reveals the phase structure of the sample.

==2. Be able to identify the following parts of a microscope and explain or demonstrate the function of each: eye-piece or ocular, objective, body tube, nosepiece, stage, diaphragm, base, focus knob, and arm.== 
[[Image:Mikroskop.png|frame|
1. eye-piece or ocular 
2. objective turret, or nosepiece 
3. objective lenses 
4. coarse adjustment knob 
5. fine adjustment knob 
6. object holder or stage 
7. mirror 
8. diaphragm and condenser
]]
;The eyepiece or ocular (1): The part of a microscope that a user looks into. It contains a lens called the ''ocular''.
;Objective (3): The objective is another lens. It is located near the specimen to be observed.
;Body Tube: This is a hollow tube that connects the ocular lens to the objective lens.
;Nosepiece (2): The nosepiece is the part of the microscope that the objective lenses attach to. Sometimes the nosepiece houses a prism whose function is to bend light from the image so that the user can sit comfortably instead of hunching over the microscope to look straight down on the specimen.
;Stage (6): The stage is a platform where the slides are mounted.
;Diaphragm (8): The diaphragm is an apparatus located beneath the stage. It focuses light onto the specimen.
;Base: The base is the bottom of the microscope on which the rest of the instrument rests.
;Focus knob (4 and 5): The focus knob (or knobs) adjust the distance between the ocular lens and the objective lens. This brings the specimen into focus. Microscopes often come with two focus knobs - a coarse focus and a fine focus. The coarse focus knob makes large changes in the focus. The fine focus know makes smaller adjustments.
;Arm: The arm connects to the base and other parts of the microscope (such as the stage, diaphragm, and body tube) attach to it.
{{TODO|edit the picture and renumber so the parts we need are in the order presented here}}


 

==3. Know how to calculate the magnification of a compound microscope. Calculate the magnification of the microscope you use for this honor.== 
The magnification of a compound microscope is simply the magnification of the ocular lens times the magnification of the objective lens:


<math>magnification = ocular \times objective</math>


Therefore, if a microscope's objective lens has a magnification of 10 and its objective lens has a magnification of 40, the microscope's magnification is


<math> 10 \times 40 = 400X</math>

==4. Define the following microscopic terms: slide, coverslip, wetmount, fixing, staining, oil immersion, unicellular, multicellular, cilia, flagella, plankton.== 
;slide: A slide is a small piece of rectangular glass upon which the specimen to be viewed is placed.
;coverslip: The coverslip is a piece of glass the same shape as a slide (but often thinner) used to cover the specimen. The specimen is sandwiched between the slide and the coverslip.
;wetmount: Wetmounting is when the user smears a wet specimen onto a slide.
;fixing: Fixing preserves a specimen so that it does not decompose. Once a specimen has been fixed, it can be stored away and looked at again later.
;staining: Staining colors the specimen so that it has a higher contrast and can be more easily seen under the microscope.
;oil immersion: In order to get a sharp focus at magnifications above 400X, light must be coupled between the specimen and the objective by a layer of oil. If the light travels through air it gets too distorted.
;unicellular: A unicellular organism has only one cell. This includes bacteria, many algae, amoebae, and many other organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye.
;multicellular: A multicellular organism is made up of more than one cell. This includes animals, insects, plants, and most other life that can be seen around us on a daily basis.
;cilia: Cilia are small hair-like appendages around the edge of a cell which allows the cell to propel itself through water. Cells in the human body have cilia. The cilia in the respiratory tract move mucus with particles trapped out of the air we breathe back up into the throat.
;flagella: A flagella is a whip-like structure at the end of a cell that allows it to swim through the water. This is the way that sperm swim. Many bacteria also have flagella for swimming through their environment.
;plankton: Plankton are any type unicellular marine organism at the bottom of the food chain.

==5. Collect samples of water (from ponds, streams, ditches, gutters, puddles, etc.) And search for living organisms using a microscope with at least 100X magnification. Draw five of these organisms as accurately as possible. As far as possible, identify and label your diagrams (include the magnification used.)== 
You will have better luck with this in the summer than in the winter, though it is not difficult to find microscopic life even in the winter. Still water is more likely to harbor microscope life than swift water. Often scraping 'scum' off of rocks will yield an interesting specimen. If necessary, instruct your Pathfinders to harvest a piece of ice from a frozen puddle in the woods or in a ditch, and let it thaw out before coming to the meeting. Aquariums and flower vases are good sources of water laden with microscopic life. Another option is to seed some tap water and let it "marinate" for a week. You can seed the water with hay, straw, grass, or even dirt from the floor. Just don't get ''too'' gross!


There are '''so''' many forms of microscopic life that it is highly unlikely that you will be able to identify most of what you see under the microscope. If you cannot identify what you see, draw it anyhow, and label the parts of the cell you can identify (such as the nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm).


An additional way to observe cells in multicellular life is to make an impression of plant leaves. Paint the underside of a leaf with a thin layer of clear nail polish. After it has dried, carefully peel off the thin layer and place it on a slide. Using a coverslip will flatten the nail polish layer and keep the entire viewing plane in focus. This technique allows observation of detailed impressions of stomata (the opening that allow for gas exchange in plant leaves) and the guard cells that surround the stomata opening. Detailed directions can be found at: http://www.microbehunter.com/using-clear-nail-polish-to-make-impressions-of-plant-leaves/. Start out with some sturdy, live leaves. Try different colored leaves and you can often see pigments as well.

==6. Draw and label a cell which includes the following parts: cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.== 
[[Image:Cell parts.png|thumb|400px|center|Basic parts of a cell]]
 

==7. Know the kingdoms that have microscopic life forms and know two members from each.== 
There are six kingdoms into which living organisms are divided. All of them contain microscopic forms of life, and some of them are composed exclusively of microscopic life. Prior to 1977, Eubacteria and Archaeabacteria were considered a single kingdom called ''Monera''.


;Animalia: Roundworms, flatworms, tapeworms, nematodes, flukes
;Plantia: plant spores, green algaes
;Fungi: Yeast, Penicillin, ringworms
;Protista: Algae, Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium, Toxoplasma
;Eubacteria: Streptococcus, E. Coli
;Archaeabacteria: Methanopyrus, Picrophilus

==8. Give at least one example of how microscopic life is important for: human food, human health, medicine, other organisms.== 
;Human food: Leavened bread and cheese would not be possible without microscopic fungi.
;Human health: Most bacteria is actually helpful for human health. The stomach is filled with bacteria which help break down food. However, there are many bacteria that cause illness, including strep, staph, salmonella, and E. coli. Viruses are another form of microscopic life that can cause illness, including the flu, the common cold, and HIV-AIDS.
;Medicine: '''Penicillin''' is a fungi that is also a powerful antibiotic. '''Vaccination''' is the process of administering weakened or dead disease-causing microscopic lifeforms to a healthy person or animal, with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent. Medical science could hardly even be called science before the discovery of microscopic life. It is through the microscope that we know anything about most diseases.
;Other organisms: '''Lichens''' are symbiotic associations of a fungus with a photosynthetic partner that can produce food for the lichen from sunlight. Both the fungus and the photosynthetic partner start out as microscopic.

==9. Give at least three health habits that have been established as a direct result of harmful microscopic life. Put these habits into practice.== 
;Hand-washing: Frequent hand-washing carries disease-causing germs away from the body. You should wash your hands every time you finish using the bathroom.
;Tooth-brushing: Brushing your teeth checks bacteria in the mouth that cause cavities and gum disease.
;Vaccinations: Vaccinations cause the body to develop immunity to deadly diseases. Smallpox was eliminated worldwide as a result of vaccination programs. Polio has been reduced to near extinction in most areas of the world due to vaccination. You can see the current status of polio eradication on the globe at http://polioeradication.org/polio-today/polio-now/.
;Clean clothing: Changing into clean clothing every day - particularly the socks and underwear - can prevent sickness such as athlete's foot and jock itch.
;Refrigeration: Keeping food cold can slow the overgrowth of microorganisms to levels that are harmful to the human body.
;Cleaning: Removing scum from showers and other moist environments, keeping counters and other surfaces free of crumbs and dust, wiping off inanimate objects (door handles, gym equipment, etc), and all the other myriad ways that we keep our living and working environments clean. This keeps harmful (or dangerously high levels of) microorganisms from entering our bodies through the air, cuts/scrapes, or through our mouth/nose/eyes/ears.

==References== 


Text for these answers was heavily borrowed from Wikipedia.
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Microscopic Life/Answer Key

2018-05-03T03:25:42Z

Jrrmicro:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Microscopic Life
|skill=2
|year=1994
|category=Nature
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Microscopic_Life_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Microscopic Life|master=Naturalist|group=Fauna}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Microscopic Life|master=Zoology|group=Fauna}}
{{Honor Master|honor=Microscopic Life|master=Health|group=C}}

==1. List four major types of microscopes. What are some of the characteristics of each? Be able to identify the different types of microscopes from pictures, or visit a laboratory in a university or industry which has these microscopes.== 
===Optical Microscope===
This is the "classic" form of a microscope which uses optical lenses to magnify the specimen for observation.

===Electron Microscope=== 
The electron microscope is a type of microscope that uses electrons to create an image of the target. It has much higher magnification or resolving power than a normal light microscope, up to two million times, allowing it to see smaller objects and details.
===Dark Field Microscope===
Dark field microscopy is an optical microscopy illumination technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained samples. It works on the principle of illuminating the sample with light that will not be collected by the objective lens, so not form part of the image. This produces the classic appearance of a dark, almost black, background with bright objects on it.
===Fluorescence Microscope===
A Fluorescence Microscope is a light microscope used to study properties of organic or inorganic substances using the phenomena of fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption.


Fluorescence is a luminescence in which the absorption of a photon triggers the release of another photon with a longer wavelength. Usually the absorbed photon is in the ultraviolet range, and the emitted light is in the visible range.


Phosphorescence is a specific type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately re-emit the radiation it absorbs. The most familiar form of phosphorescence is "glow-in-the-dark" materials such as found on the hands of a watch.

===Phase Contrast=== 
A phase contrast microscope is a microscope that does not require staining to view the slide. This microscope made it possible to study the cell cycle.


As light travels through a medium other than vacuum, interaction with this medium causes its amplitude and phase to change in a way which depends on properties of the medium. Changes in amplitude give rise to familiar absorption of light which gives rise to colours when it is wavelength dependent. The human eye measures only the energy of light arriving on the retina, so changes in phase are not easily observed, yet often these changes in phase carry a large amount of information.


The same holds in a typical microscope, i.e., although the phase variations introduced by the sample are preserved by the instrument (at least in the limit of the perfect imaging instrument) this information is lost in the process which measures the light. In order to make phase variations observable, it is necessary to combine the light passing through the sample with a reference so that the resulting interference reveals the phase structure of the sample.

==2. Be able to identify the following parts of a microscope and explain or demonstrate the function of each: eye-piece or ocular, objective, body tube, nosepiece, stage, diaphragm, base, focus knob, and arm.== 
[[Image:Mikroskop.png|frame|
1. eye-piece or ocular 
2. objective turret, or nosepiece 
3. objective lenses 
4. coarse adjustment knob 
5. fine adjustment knob 
6. object holder or stage 
7. mirror 
8. diaphragm and condenser
]]
;The eyepiece or ocular (1): The part of a microscope that a user looks into. It contains a lens called the ''ocular''.
;Objective (3): The objective is another lens. It is located near the specimen to be observed.
;Body Tube: This is a hollow tube that connects the ocular lens to the objective lens.
;Nosepiece (2): The nosepiece is the part of the microscope that the objective lenses attach to. Sometimes the nosepiece houses a prism whose function is to bend light from the image so that the user can sit comfortably instead of hunching over the microscope to look straight down on the specimen.
;Stage (6): The stage is a platform where the slides are mounted.
;Diaphragm (8): The diaphragm is an apparatus located beneath the stage. It focuses light onto the specimen.
;Base: The base is the bottom of the microscope on which the rest of the instrument rests.
;Focus knob (4 and 5): The focus knob (or knobs) adjust the distance between the ocular lens and the objective lens. This brings the specimen into focus. Microscopes often come with two focus knobs - a coarse focus and a fine focus. The coarse focus knob makes large changes in the focus. The fine focus know makes smaller adjustments.
;Arm: The arm connects to the base and other parts of the microscope (such as the stage, diaphragm, and body tube) attach to it.
{{TODO|edit the picture and renumber so the parts we need are in the order presented here}}


 

==3. Know how to calculate the magnification of a compound microscope. Calculate the magnification of the microscope you use for this honor.== 
The magnification of a compound microscope is simply the magnification of the ocular lens times the magnification of the objective lens:


<math>magnification = ocular \times objective</math>


Therefore, if a microscope's objective lens has a magnification of 10 and its objective lens has a magnification of 40, the microscope's magnification is


<math> 10 \times 40 = 400X</math>

==4. Define the following microscopic terms: slide, coverslip, wetmount, fixing, staining, oil immersion, unicellular, multicellular, cilia, flagella, plankton.== 
;slide: A slide is a small piece of rectangular glass upon which the specimen to be viewed is placed.
;coverslip: The coverslip is a piece of glass the same shape as a slide (but often thinner) used to cover the specimen. The specimen is sandwiched between the slide and the coverslip.
;wetmount: Wetmounting is when the user smears a wet specimen onto a slide.
;fixing: Fixing preserves a specimen so that it does not decompose. Once a specimen has been fixed, it can be stored away and looked at again later.
;staining: Staining colors the specimen so that it has a higher contrast and can be more easily seen under the microscope.
;oil immersion: In order to get a sharp focus at magnifications above 400X, light must be coupled between the specimen and the objective by a layer of oil. If the light travels through air it gets too distorted.
;unicellular: A unicellular organism has only one cell. This includes bacteria, many algae, amoebae, and many other organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye.
;multicellular: A multicellular organism is made up of more than one cell. This includes animals, insects, plants, and most other life that can be seen around us on a daily basis.
;cilia: Cilia are small hair-like appendages around the edge of a cell which allows the cell to propel itself through water. Cells in the human body have cilia. The cilia in the respiratory tract move mucus with particles trapped out of the air we breathe back up into the throat.
;flagella: A flagella is a whip-like structure at the end of a cell that allows it to swim through the water. This is the way that sperm swim. Many bacteria also have flagella for swimming through their environment.
;plankton: Plankton are any type unicellular marine organism at the bottom of the food chain.

==5. Collect samples of water (from ponds, streams, ditches, gutters, puddles, etc.) And search for living organisms using a microscope with at least 100X magnification. Draw five of these organisms as accurately as possible. As far as possible, identify and label your diagrams (include the magnification used.)== 
You will have better luck with this in the summer than in the winter, though it is not difficult to find microscopic life even in the winter. Still water is more likely to harbor microscope life than swift water. If necessary, instruct your Pathfinders to harvest a piece of ice from a frozen puddle in the woods or in a ditch, and let it thaw out before coming to the meeting. Aquariums and flower vases are good sources of water laden with microscopic life. Another option is to seed some tap water and let it "marinate" for a week. You can seed the water with hay, straw, grass, or even dirt from the floor. Just don't get ''too'' gross!


There are '''so''' many forms of microscopic life that it is highly unlikely that you will be able to identify most of what you see under the microscope. If you cannot identify what you see, draw it anyhow, and label the parts of the cell you can identify (such as the nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm).

==6. Draw and label a cell which includes the following parts: cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.== 
[[Image:Cell parts.png|thumb|400px|center|Basic parts of a cell]]
 

==7. Know the kingdoms that have microscopic life forms and know two members from each.== 
There are six kingdoms into which living organisms are divided. All of them contain microscopic forms of life, and some of them are composed exclusively of microscopic life. Prior to 1977, Eubacteria and Archaeabacteria were considered a single kingdom called ''Monera''.


;Animalia: Roundworms, flatworms, tapeworms, nematodes, flukes
;Plantia: plant spores, green algaes
;Fungi: Yeast, Penicillin, ringworms
;Protista: Algae, Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium, Toxoplasma
;Eubacteria: Streptococcus, E. Coli
;Archaeabacteria: Methanopyrus, Picrophilus

==8. Give at least one example of how microscopic life is important for: human food, human health, medicine, other organisms.== 
;Human food: Leavened bread and cheese would not be possible without microscopic fungi.
;Human health: Most bacteria is actually helpful for human health. The stomach is filled with bacteria which help break down food. However, there are many bacteria that cause illness, including strep, staph, salmonella, and E. coli. Viruses are another form of microscopic life that can cause illness, including the flu, the common cold, and HIV-AIDS.
;Medicine: '''Penicillin''' is a fungi that is also a powerful antibiotic. '''Vaccination''' is the process of administering weakened or dead disease-causing microscopic lifeforms to a healthy person or animal, with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent. Medical science could hardly even be called science before the discovery of microscopic life. It is through the microscope that we know anything about most diseases.
;Other organisms: '''Lichens''' are symbiotic associations of a fungus with a photosynthetic partner that can produce food for the lichen from sunlight. Both the fungus and the photosynthetic partner start out as microscopic.

==9. Give at least three health habits that have been established as a direct result of harmful microscopic life. Put these habits into practice.== 
;Hand-washing: Frequent hand-washing carries disease-causing germs away from the body. You should wash your hands every time you finish using the bathroom.
;Tooth-brushing: Brushing your teeth checks bacteria in the mouth that cause cavities and gum disease.
;Vaccinations: Vaccinations cause the body to develop immunity to deadly diseases. Smallpox was eliminated worldwide as a result of vaccination programs. Polio has been reduced to near extinction in most areas of the world due to vaccination. You can see the current status of polio eradication on the globe at http://polioeradication.org/polio-today/polio-now/.
;Clean clothing: Changing into clean clothing every day - particularly the socks and underwear - can prevent sickness such as athlete's foot and jock itch.
;Refrigeration: Keeping food cold can slow the overgrowth of microorganisms to levels that are harmful to the human body.
;Cleaning: Removing scum from showers and other moist environments, keeping counters and other surfaces free of crumbs and dust, wiping off inanimate objects (door handles, gym equipment, etc), and all the other myriad ways that we keep our living and working environments clean. This keeps harmful (or dangerously high levels of) microorganisms from entering our bodies through the air, cuts/scrapes, or through our mouth/nose/eyes/ears.

==References== 


Text for these answers was heavily borrowed from Wikipedia.
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Microscopic Life/Answer Key

2018-05-03T03:18:53Z

Jrrmicro:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Microscopic Life
|skill=2
|year=1994
|category=Nature
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Microscopic_Life_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Microscopic Life|master=Naturalist|group=Fauna}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Microscopic Life|master=Zoology|group=Fauna}}
{{Honor Master|honor=Microscopic Life|master=Health|group=C}}

==1. List four major types of microscopes. What are some of the characteristics of each? Be able to identify the different types of microscopes from pictures, or visit a laboratory in a university or industry which has these microscopes.== 
===Optical Microscope===
This is the "classic" form of a microscope which uses optical lenses to magnify the specimen for observation.

===Electron Microscope=== 
The electron microscope is a type of microscope that uses electrons to create an image of the target. It has much higher magnification or resolving power than a normal light microscope, up to two million times, allowing it to see smaller objects and details.
===Dark Field Microscope===
Dark field microscopy is an optical microscopy illumination technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained samples. It works on the principle of illuminating the sample with light that will not be collected by the objective lens, so not form part of the image. This produces the classic appearance of a dark, almost black, background with bright objects on it.
===Fluorescence Microscope===
A Fluorescence Microscope is a light microscope used to study properties of organic or inorganic substances using the phenomena of fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption.


Fluorescence is a luminescence in which the absorption of a photon triggers the release of another photon with a longer wavelength. Usually the absorbed photon is in the ultraviolet range, and the emitted light is in the visible range.


Phosphorescence is a specific type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately re-emit the radiation it absorbs. The most familiar form of phosphorescence is "glow-in-the-dark" materials such as found on the hands of a watch.

===Phase Contrast=== 
A phase contrast microscope is a microscope that does not require staining to view the slide. This microscope made it possible to study the cell cycle.


As light travels through a medium other than vacuum, interaction with this medium causes its amplitude and phase to change in a way which depends on properties of the medium. Changes in amplitude give rise to familiar absorption of light which gives rise to colours when it is wavelength dependent. The human eye measures only the energy of light arriving on the retina, so changes in phase are not easily observed, yet often these changes in phase carry a large amount of information.


The same holds in a typical microscope, i.e., although the phase variations introduced by the sample are preserved by the instrument (at least in the limit of the perfect imaging instrument) this information is lost in the process which measures the light. In order to make phase variations observable, it is necessary to combine the light passing through the sample with a reference so that the resulting interference reveals the phase structure of the sample.

==2. Be able to identify the following parts of a microscope and explain or demonstrate the function of each: eye-piece or ocular, objective, body tube, nosepiece, stage, diaphragm, base, focus knob, and arm.== 
[[Image:Mikroskop.png|frame|
1. eye-piece or ocular 
2. objective turret, or nosepiece 
3. objective lenses 
4. coarse adjustment knob 
5. fine adjustment knob 
6. object holder or stage 
7. mirror 
8. diaphragm and condenser
]]
;The eyepiece or ocular (1): The part of a microscope that a user looks into. It contains a lens called the ''ocular''.
;Objective (3): The objective is another lens. It is located near the specimen to be observed.
;Body Tube: This is a hollow tube that connects the ocular lens to the objective lens.
;Nosepiece (2): The nosepiece is the part of the microscope that the objective lenses attach to. Sometimes the nosepiece houses a prism whose function is to bend light from the image so that the user can sit comfortably instead of hunching over the microscope to look straight down on the specimen.
;Stage (6): The stage is a platform where the slides are mounted.
;Diaphragm (8): The diaphragm is an apparatus located beneath the stage. It focuses light onto the specimen.
;Base: The base is the bottom of the microscope on which the rest of the instrument rests.
;Focus knob (4 and 5): The focus knob (or knobs) adjust the distance between the ocular lens and the objective lens. This brings the specimen into focus. Microscopes often come with two focus knobs - a coarse focus and a fine focus. The coarse focus knob makes large changes in the focus. The fine focus know makes smaller adjustments.
;Arm: The arm connects to the base and other parts of the microscope (such as the stage, diaphragm, and body tube) attach to it.
{{TODO|edit the picture and renumber so the parts we need are in the order presented here}}


 

==3. Know how to calculate the magnification of a compound microscope. Calculate the magnification of the microscope you use for this honor.== 
The magnification of a compound microscope is simply the magnification of the ocular lens times the magnification of the objective lens:


<math>magnification = ocular \times objective</math>


Therefore, if a microscope's objective lens has a magnification of 10 and its objective lens has a magnification of 40, the microscope's magnification is


<math> 10 \times 40 = 400X</math>

==4. Define the following microscopic terms: slide, coverslip, wetmount, fixing, staining, oil immersion, unicellular, multicellular, cilia, flagella, plankton.== 
;slide: A slide is a small piece of rectangular glass upon which the specimen to be viewed is placed.
;coverslip: The coverslip is a piece of glass the same shape as a slide (but often thinner) used to cover the specimen. The specimen is sandwiched between the slide and the coverslip.
;wetmount: Wetmounting is when the user smears a wet specimen onto a slide.
;fixing: Fixing preserves a specimen so that it does not decompose. Once a specimen has been fixed, it can be stored away and looked at again later.
;staining: Staining colors the specimen so that it has a higher contrast and can be more easily seen under the microscope.
;oil immersion: In order to get a sharp focus at magnifications above 400X, light must be coupled between the specimen and the objective by a layer of oil. If the light travels through air it gets too distorted.
;unicellular: A unicellular organism has only one cell.
;multicellular: A multicellular organism is made up of more than one cell.
;cilia: Cilia are small hair-like appendages around the edge of a cell which allows the cell to propel itself through water.
;flagella: A flagella is s whip-like structure at the end of a cell that allows it to swim through the water.
;plankton: Plankton are any type unicellular marine organism at the bottom of the food chain.

==5. Collect samples of water (from ponds, streams, ditches, gutters, puddles, etc.) And search for living organisms using a microscope with at least 100X magnification. Draw five of these organisms as accurately as possible. As far as possible, identify and label your diagrams (include the magnification used.)== 
You will have better luck with this in the summer than in the winter, though it is not difficult to find microscopic life even in the winter. Still water is more likely to harbor microscope life than swift water. If necessary, instruct your Pathfinders to harvest a piece of ice from a frozen puddle in the woods or in a ditch, and let it thaw out before coming to the meeting. Aquariums and flower vases are good sources of water laden with microscopic life. Another option is to seed some tap water and let it "marinate" for a week. You can seed the water with hay, straw, grass, or even dirt from the floor. Just don't get ''too'' gross!


There are '''so''' many forms of microscopic life that it is highly unlikely that you will be able to identify most of what you see under the microscope. If you cannot identify what you see, draw it anyhow, and label the parts of the cell you can identify (such as the nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm).

==6. Draw and label a cell which includes the following parts: cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.== 
[[Image:Cell parts.png|thumb|400px|center|Basic parts of a cell]]
 

==7. Know the kingdoms that have microscopic life forms and know two members from each.== 
There are six kingdoms into which living organisms are divided. All of them contain microscopic forms of life, and some of them are composed exclusively of microscopic life. Prior to 1977, Eubacteria and Archaeabacteria were considered a single kingdom called ''Monera''.


;Animalia: Roundworms, flatworms, tapeworms, nematodes, flukes
;Plantia: plant spores, green algaes
;Fungi: Yeast, Penicillin, ringworms
;Protista: Algae, Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium, Toxoplasma
;Eubacteria: Streptococcus, E. Coli
;Archaeabacteria: Methanopyrus, Picrophilus

==8. Give at least one example of how microscopic life is important for: human food, human health, medicine, other organisms.== 
;Human food: Leavened bread and cheese would not be possible without microscopic fungi.
;Human health: Most bacteria is actually helpful for human health. The stomach is filled with bacteria which help break down food. However, there are many bacteria that cause illness, including strep, staph, salmonella, and E. coli. Viruses are another form of microscopic life that can cause illness, including the flu, the common cold, and HIV-AIDS.
;Medicine: '''Penicillin''' is a fungi that is also a powerful antibiotic. '''Vaccination''' is the process of administering weakened or dead disease-causing microscopic lifeforms to a healthy person or animal, with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent. Medical science could hardly even be called science before the discovery of microscopic life. It is through the microscope that we know anything about most diseases.
;Other organisms: '''Lichens''' are symbiotic associations of a fungus with a photosynthetic partner that can produce food for the lichen from sunlight. Both the fungus and the photosynthetic partner start out as microscopic.

==9. Give at least three health habits that have been established as a direct result of harmful microscopic life. Put these habits into practice.== 
;Hand-washing: Frequent hand-washing carries disease-causing germs away from the body. You should wash your hands every time you finish using the bathroom.
;Tooth-brushing: Brushing your teeth checks bacteria in the mouth that cause cavities and gum disease.
;Vaccinations: Vaccinations cause the body to develop immunity to deadly diseases. Smallpox was eliminated worldwide as a result of vaccination programs. Polio has been reduced to near extinction in most areas of the world due to vaccination. You can see the current status of polio eradication on the globe at http://polioeradication.org/polio-today/polio-now/.
;Clean clothing: Changing into clean clothing every day - particularly the socks and underwear - can prevent sickness such as athlete's foot and jock itch.
;Refrigeration: Keeping food cold can slow the overgrowth of microorganisms to levels that are harmful to the human body.
;Cleaning: Removing scum from showers and other moist environments, keeping counters and other surfaces free of crumbs and dust, wiping off inanimate objects (door handles, gym equipment, etc), and all the other myriad ways that we keep our living and working environments clean. This keeps harmful (or dangerously high levels of) microorganisms from entering our bodies through the air, cuts/scrapes, or through our mouth/nose/eyes/ears.

==References== 


Text for these answers was heavily borrowed from Wikipedia.
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
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AY Honors/Microscopic Life/Answer Key

2018-05-03T03:09:32Z

Jrrmicro:

<languages /> 
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{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Microscopic Life
|skill=2
|year=1994
|category=Nature
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Microscopic_Life_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Microscopic Life|master=Naturalist|group=Fauna}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Microscopic Life|master=Zoology|group=Fauna}}
{{Honor Master|honor=Microscopic Life|master=Health|group=C}}

==1. List four major types of microscopes. What are some of the characteristics of each? Be able to identify the different types of microscopes from pictures, or visit a laboratory in a university or industry which has these microscopes.== 
===Optical Microscope===
This is the "classic" form of a microscope which uses optical lenses to magnify the specimen for observation.

===Electron Microscope=== 
The electron microscope is a type of microscope that uses electrons to create an image of the target. It has much higher magnification or resolving power than a normal light microscope, up to two million times, allowing it to see smaller objects and details.
===Dark Field Microscope===
Dark field microscopy is an optical microscopy illumination technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained samples. It works on the principle of illuminating the sample with light that will not be collected by the objective lens, so not form part of the image. This produces the classic appearance of a dark, almost black, background with bright objects on it.
===Fluorescence Microscope===
A Fluorescence Microscope is a light microscope used to study properties of organic or inorganic substances using the phenomena of fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption.


Fluorescence is a luminescence in which the absorption of a photon triggers the release of another photon with a longer wavelength. Usually the absorbed photon is in the ultraviolet range, and the emitted light is in the visible range.


Phosphorescence is a specific type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately re-emit the radiation it absorbs. The most familiar form of phosphorescence is "glow-in-the-dark" materials such as found on the hands of a watch.

===Phase Contrast=== 
A phase contrast microscope is a microscope that does not require staining to view the slide. This microscope made it possible to study the cell cycle.


As light travels through a medium other than vacuum, interaction with this medium causes its amplitude and phase to change in a way which depends on properties of the medium. Changes in amplitude give rise to familiar absorption of light which gives rise to colours when it is wavelength dependent. The human eye measures only the energy of light arriving on the retina, so changes in phase are not easily observed, yet often these changes in phase carry a large amount of information.


The same holds in a typical microscope, i.e., although the phase variations introduced by the sample are preserved by the instrument (at least in the limit of the perfect imaging instrument) this information is lost in the process which measures the light. In order to make phase variations observable, it is necessary to combine the light passing through the sample with a reference so that the resulting interference reveals the phase structure of the sample.

==2. Be able to identify the following parts of a microscope and explain or demonstrate the function of each: eye-piece or ocular, objective, body tube, nosepiece, stage, diaphragm, base, focus knob, and arm.== 
[[Image:Mikroskop.png|frame|
1. eye-piece or ocular 
2. objective turret, or nosepiece 
3. objective lenses 
4. coarse adjustment knob 
5. fine adjustment knob 
6. object holder or stage 
7. mirror 
8. diaphragm and condenser
]]
;The eyepiece or ocular (1): The part of a microscope that a user looks into. It contains a lens called the ''ocular''.
;Objective (3): The objective is another lens. It is located near the specimen to be observed.
;Body Tube: This is a hollow tube that connects the ocular lens to the objective lens.
;Nosepiece (2): The nosepiece is the part of the microscope that the objective lenses attach to. Sometimes the nosepiece houses a prism whose function is to bend light from the image so that the user can sit comfortably instead of hunching over the microscope to look straight down on the specimen.
;Stage (6): The stage is a platform where the slides are mounted.
;Diaphragm (8): The diaphragm is an apparatus located beneath the stage. It focuses light onto the specimen.
;Base: The base is the bottom of the microscope on which the rest of the instrument rests.
;Focus knob (4 and 5): The focus knob (or knobs) adjust the distance between the ocular lens and the objective lens. This brings the specimen into focus. Microscopes often come with two focus knobs - a coarse focus and a fine focus. The coarse focus knob makes large changes in the focus. The fine focus know makes smaller adjustments.
;Arm: The arm connects to the base and other parts of the microscope (such as the stage, diaphragm, and body tube) attach to it.
{{TODO|edit the picture and renumber so the parts we need are in the order presented here}}


 

==3. Know how to calculate the magnification of a compound microscope. Calculate the magnification of the microscope you use for this honor.== 
The magnification of a compound microscope is simply the magnification of the ocular lens times the magnification of the objective lens:


<math>magnification = ocular \times objective</math>


Therefore, if a microscope's objective lens has a magnification of 10 and its objective lens has a magnification of 40, the microscope's magnification is


<math> 10 \times 40 = 400X</math>

==4. Define the following microscopic terms: slide, coverslip, wetmount, fixing, staining, oil immersion, unicellular, multicellular, cilia, flagella, plankton.== 
;slide: A slide is a small piece of rectangular glass upon which the specimen to be viewed is placed.
;coverslip: The coverslip is a piece of glass the same shape as a slide (but often thinner) used to cover the specimen. The specimen is sandwiched between the slide and the coverslip.
;wetmount: Wetmounting is when the user smears a wet specimen onto a slide.
;fixing: Fixing preserves a specimen so that it does not decompose. Once a specimen has been fixed, it can be stored away and looked at again later.
;staining: Staining colors the specimen so that it has a higher contrast and can be more easily seen under the microscope.
;oil immersion: In order to get a sharp focus at magnifications above 400X, light must be coupled between the specimen and the objective by a layer of oil. If the light travels through air it gets too distorted.
;unicellular: A unicellular organism has only one cell.
;multicellular: A multicellular organism is made up of more than one cell.
;cilia: Cilia are small hair-like appendages around the edge of a cell which allows the cell to propel itself through water.
;flagella: A flagella is s whip-like structure at the end of a cell that allows it to swim through the water.
;plankton: Plankton are any type unicellular marine organism at the bottom of the food chain.

==5. Collect samples of water (from ponds, streams, ditches, gutters, puddles, etc.) And search for living organisms using a microscope with at least 100X magnification. Draw five of these organisms as accurately as possible. As far as possible, identify and label your diagrams (include the magnification used.)== 
You will have better luck with this in the summer than in the winter, though it is not difficult to find microscopic life even in the winter. Still water is more likely to harbor microscope life than swift water. If necessary, instruct your Pathfinders to harvest a piece of ice from a frozen puddle in the woods or in a ditch, and let it thaw out before coming to the meeting. Aquariums and flower vases are good sources of water laden with microscopic life. Another option is to seed some tap water and let it "marinate" for a week. You can seed the water with hay, straw, grass, or even dirt from the floor. Just don't get ''too'' gross!


There are '''so''' many forms of microscopic life that it is highly unlikely that you will be able to identify most of what you see under the microscope. If you cannot identify what you see, draw it anyhow, and label the parts of the cell you can identify (such as the nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm).

==6. Draw and label a cell which includes the following parts: cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.== 
[[Image:Cell parts.png|thumb|400px|center|Basic parts of a cell]]
 

==7. Know the kingdoms that have microscopic life forms and know two members from each.== 
There are six kingdoms into which living organisms are divided. All of them contain microscopic forms of life, and some of them are composed exclusively of microscopic life. Prior to 1977, Eubacteria and Archaeabacteria were considered a single kingdom called ''Monera''.


;Animalia: Roundworms, flatworms, tapeworms, nematodes, flukes
;Plantia: plant spores, green algaes
;Fungi: Yeast, Penicillin, ringworms
;Protista: Algae, Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium, Toxoplasma
;Eubacteria: Streptococcus, E. Coli
;Archaeabacteria: Methanopyrus, Picrophilus

==8. Give at least one example of how microscopic life is important for: human food, human health, medicine, other organisms.== 
;Human food: Leavened bread and cheese would not be possible without microscopic fungi.
;Human health: Most bacteria is actually helpful for human health. The stomach is filled with bacteria which help break down food. However, there are many bacteria that cause illness, including strep, staph, salmonella, and E. coli. Viruses are another form of microscopic life that can cause illness, including the flu, the common cold, and HIV-AIDS.
;Medicine: '''Penicillin''' is a fungi that is also a powerful antibiotic. '''Vaccination''' is the process of administering weakened or dead disease-causing microscopic lifeforms to a healthy person or animal, with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent. Medical science could hardly even be called science before the discovery of microscopic life. It is through the microscope that we know anything about most diseases.
;Other organisms: '''Lichens''' are symbiotic associations of a fungus with a photosynthetic partner that can produce food for the lichen from sunlight. Both the fungus and the photosynthetic partner start out as microscopic.

==9. Give at least three health habits that have been established as a direct result of harmful microscopic life. Put these habits into practice.== 
;Hand-washing: Frequent hand-washing carries disease-causing germs away from the body. You should wash your hands every time you finish using the bathroom.
;Tooth-brushing: Brushing your teeth checks bacteria in the mouth that cause cavities and gum disease.
;Vaccinations: Vaccinations cause the body to develop immunity to deadly diseases. Smallpox was eliminated worldwide as a result of vaccination programs. Polio has been reduced to near extinction in most areas of the world due to vaccination. You can see the current status of polio eradication on the globe at http://polioeradication.org/polio-today/polio-now/.
;Clean clothing: Changing into clean clothing every day - particularly the socks and underwear - can prevent sickness such as athlete's foot and jock itch.

==References== 


Text for these answers was heavily borrowed from Wikipedia.
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>