Pathfinder Wiki - User contributions [en]

AY Honors/Stewardship/Answer Key

2020-10-25T22:33:16Z

Olcoleman: added a few more items to the list

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{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Stewardship
|skill=2
|year=2019
|category=Outreach
|authority=North American Division
|insignia=Stewardship_Honor.png
}}


{{division variant|division=General Conference}}


{{Honor Master|honor={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|3}}|master=Spiritual Growth and Ministries|group=Spiritual Growth}}


{{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Voyager/Making Friends|VOYAGER Making Friends]]|completion of Requirements #3, #5, and #6 of this Honor|The VOYAGER Advanced Ribbon requires completion of this Honor.}}

==1. What was the role of a steward during biblical times? What has stewardship come to mean in the modern era? Create a modern “dictionary entry” for the term.== 

==2. Is biblical stewardship about the management of all of God’s creation? How does Psalm 50:10-12 affect your understanding of biblical stewardship? Brainstorm a list of ways that stewardship is part of daily life and not just financial gifts.== 

==3. With regard to biblical principles, briefly describe the concept of stewardship based on the list below. What real life example can be applied to each? Use biblical references to support your answer.== 
===Mind and Body===
===Environment===
===Talent===
===Time===
===Possessions===

 
='''Stewardship of Mind and Body:'''= 

==4. In the Pathfinder pledge, we promise to be pure, kind, and true. How does following that pledge relate to the stewardship of our mind?== 

==5. Discuss how the text found in 1 Corinthians 6:19-20 relates to the stewardship of your body.== 

 
='''Stewardship of Environment:'''= 

==6. Using Genesis 2:15 as reference, choose from the list below, one way that you could help to care for God’s earth.== 
* Pick up trash
* Use regular dishes instead of paper whenever possible
* Recycle paper, plastic, and bottles
* Use reusable bags
* Use a reusable water bottle
* Use paper, bamboo, or stainless steel straws instead of plastic
* Turn off lights and appliances when you’re not using them
* Wrap gifts using gift bags that can be reused, recycled wrapping paper, or even newspaper
* Encourage your family to recycle as much as possible.
* Ask your parents to start a compost pile for food scraps instead of throwing in the trash.
* When camping or hiking, follow the Leave No Trace 7 Principles: 1) Plan ahead and prepare, 2) Travel and camp on durable surfaces, 3) Dispose of waste properly, 4) Leave what you find, 5) Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire), 6) Respect wildlife, 7) Be considerate of other visitors.
© 1999 by the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics. www.lnt.com

 

='''Stewardship of Talent:'''= 

==7. Do the following:== 

===a. Read the Bible story about the Talents (Matthew 25:14-30) or 1 Corinthians 12.=== 

===b. How does God reward the proper usage of talents? How can we know that all of us are given talents/giftedness? Why does it seem God appreciates variety in talents?=== 

===c. List three talents or skills that you feel you may have or want to possess. Sketch symbols that illustrate each talent and how it could be used for God’s glory (Ephesians 4:12).=== 

===d. Choose one of the talents from the previous list and create another list of three things you want to do to be a good steward and improve that specific talent.=== 

===e. Spend at least four hours planning and executing a community activity that uses your talents. Prepare and present the results of your project to a group.=== 

===The project is to be a benefit or outreach to others.=== 
===The project is to be a new endeavor not previously accomplished.===

 
='''Stewardship of Time:'''= 

==8. Create a list of six daily activities and write down by each item how much time you think you usually spend on the activity. Afterward, measure how much time you actually spend on the items on your list. Some examples can be found below.== 
* Personal devotions (reading the Bible and prayer)
* Family worship
* Entertainment
* Rest
* Personal time
* Classwork time
* Home study
* Extracurricular activities
* Home chores
* Other

 
='''Stewardship of Possessions:'''= 

==9. Briefly describe the fundamental difference between returning the tithes and giving offerings. Include biblical references to support your answer.== 

==10. Discuss Malachi 3:10, answering the following questions:== 

===a. What is the storehouse?=== 

===b. How does the storehouse function with reference to the church at large?=== 

==11. Briefly describe the process of how the tithe is dispersed and utilized from the local church to the local conference, union conference, division, and the General Conference.== 

===a. Interview an individual (church treasurer, stewardship coordinator, etc.) within your church that is familiar with the church budget.=== 

===b. What are some of the financial obligations that your church must meet?=== 

===c. How are individual funds placed in a tithe envelope allocated? Prepare and present your findings to a group.=== 

==Prepare and present your findings to a group or to your parents.== 

==References== 
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
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AY Honors/Camping/Lost

2020-10-18T22:16:44Z

Olcoleman:

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The best advice about being lost, is - DON'T! And the best way to keep from getting lost is to stay on the path.


If you suddenly realize that you do not know where you are, then here are some things to do:


# Don't panic. You can't think clearly when you panic, so take a deep breath and relax.
# Pray. You may not know where you are, but God does, so talk to Him.
# Look around - maybe you'll recognize something that can guide you back to civilization (such as a blaze marking on a tree or rock, which indicates where the trail is).
# Listen for the sounds of other campers, traffic, waterfalls, rivers or anything that might help you find your way back. If you cannot see anything that you recognize and shows you how to easily get back or get help, STAY PUT.
# If you have a map and compass, try to locate your position by looking for hills, valleys or streams.
# You can try to relocate the trail, but you do not want to get any further away from your last known location. Mark your location with something - a backpack, hat, or a large rock - but make sure it's something unmistakable. Then venture 10 paces out, and circle your marker, all the while looking about to see if you recognize the trail or a landmark, and always keeping your marker in view. If you do not see anything you recognize, widen the circle by another 10 paces and repeat. Continue circling your marker at ever wider intervals, but stop when continuing would cause you to lose sight of the marker.
# If you cannot identify your location, STAY WHERE YOU ARE. If you are near a trail, stay there. It is a lot easier for someone to find you if you stay put.
# If you have a whistle, blow on it. If you don't have a whistle, yell loudly. Someone in your party might hear you. Repeat this every 15 minutes or so and be sure to listen after each sounding. Three of anything is universally recognized as a call for help, so three whistle blasts, or three shouts.
# Do not climb a tree or steep hillside. It may seem like a good idea, but it is not worth the risk of falling and getting hurt. The chances of you seeing anything helpful are low.
# If it's an hour or less until sunset, prepare to spend a comfortable evening. Make a shelter, and light a fire. Things will look better in the morning, and your fire may attract a rescuer. Remember, stay where you are.

To learn more on this topic, review the Hug-A-Tree education program created by the National Association for Search and Rescue.


[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
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AY Honors/Camp Craft/Answer Key

2020-10-18T22:15:11Z

Olcoleman: added reference for requirement num 9.

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{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Camp Craft
|skill=1
|year=1929
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Camp_Craft.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Camp Craft|master=Wilderness}}


{{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Voyager/Outdoor Living|FRONTIER VOYAGER Outdoor Living]]|completion of this Honor or one of 4 other Honors, not previously earned|}}

==1. Explain how and why weather, season, and water supply are considered when choosing a campsite. Explain what care to take with regard to safe water, sanitary facilities, and emergencies. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Choosing a campsite}}


'''Safe Water'''


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Safe water}}


'''Sanitation'''


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Sanitation}}


'''Emergency Readiness'''


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Emergencies}}

==2. Prepare a list of clothing you would need for an overnight camp in warm and cold weather. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Clothing}}

==3. Know and practice the safety rules in camping. == 
===Fire Safety===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Fire safety}}
===Axe Safety===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Axe safety}}
===Poisonous Plants===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Poison ivy}}


It is also important to be aware that many plants are poisonous if eaten. Never eat a wild plant unless you know ''exactly'' what it is, ''know'' that it is edible, know that the ''part'' of the plant you are eating is edible, and know that that part of the plant is edible ''in its current stage of growth''. All of these are important considerations, as some plants have no non-poisonous parts, some have edible and poisonous parts, and some edible parts become poisonous as the plant matures.


See the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Edible Wild Plants|Edible Wild Plants]] honor for more information.

==4. Show your ability to use a camp knife by demonstrating or explaining safety rules for its use and making shavings for tinder. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Knife safety}}

==5. Prepare for an overnight camp with a group by making a list of personal items and group items that will be needed. == 
===Personal Items===
In addition to the items of clothing listed in requirement 2, you will also need several items of personal gear.


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Personal gear}}

===Group Gear=== 


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Group gear}}

==6. Prepare balanced menus for one cooked breakfast, lunch, and supper. == 
Use the USDA's Food Pyramid for selecting foods. The chart here shows how much of each type of food Pathfinder-aged girls and boys should eat over the course of an entire day:


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Balanced menu}}

==7. Complete the following while on an overnight camping trip: == 
===a. Prepare ground properly for comfortable sleeping. ===
If using a tent, this has to be done ''before'' it is pitched, otherwise you lose access to the ground. Carefully inspect the area for rocks, sticks, stumps, and anything lumpy. Pine needles may be spread beneath the sleeping area for added comfort, but this is not a requirement. A small pebble in your thigh feels larger and larger as the night progresses, so take care when clearing the area. If you are planning to sleep on an air mattress, you ''still'' must clear the ground. Air mattresses have been known to deflate during the night, and if that's what you were relying on, you're not going to get much sleep. Furthermore, sticks and stones have a nasty habit of poking holes in a tent floor, and that compromises the water-tightness of your quarters.

===b. Correctly pitch and strike a tent. === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Pitch and strike a tent}}

===c. Prepare a proper safe area for a campfire. Show proper use of wood tools in getting and preparing fuel for a fire. === 
==== Campfire====
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Fire ring}}
====Gathering Firewood====
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Gathering firewood}}
====Cutting Firewood====
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Cutting firewood}}
====Splitting Firewood====
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Splitting firewood}}

===d. Show how to protect your camp against animals, insects, and wet or bad weather. === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Food storage}}


Tightly sealing your food will not only lock the aromas in, it will also keep rain, snow, and sleet out. More than one camping breakfast has been ruined because the weather got into the pancake mix and oatmeal.

===e. Show how to take proper care of the environment as you camp and leave the area with no trace of having been there. === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Take pictures leave footprints}}

Learn and practice the Leave No Trace 7 Principles:

1) Plan ahead and prepare. 2) Travel and camp on durable surfaces. 3) Dispose of waste properly. 4) Leave what you find. 5) Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire). 6) Respect wildlife. 7) Be considerate of other visitors.

© 1999 by the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor
Ethics: www.LNT.org.

==8. Know eight things to do when lost. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Lost}}

==9. Camp for a continuous three days and two nights, sleeping each night under the stars or in a tent. Be actively involved in cooking at least two of the meals. == 
A three-day campout often starts on Friday evening and ends Sunday at lunchtime. This adds up to six meals, so you will need to divide your campers into no more than three smaller groups. Each camper in your party should be assigned kitchen duty. It is easier to remember which meal a person is responsible if they are assigned the same meal every day - for instance, you might designate a breakfast group, and they will cook all breakfasts. However, if your group is attempting to earn several camping honors at once, you should look at the types of meals each person is required to cook (one-pot, boiling, frying, reflector oven, etc.) and vary the assignments based on that.

==10. Considering the things learned in this honor and the camping done, what is the meaning and the reason of the Pathfinder Camping Code? == 
# I will camp only where camping is allowed.
# I will keep my campsite clean at all times, and I will leave it cleaner than when I found it.
# I will never leave my campfire unattended, and when I leave I will be sure that it is entirely out.
# I will never use my knife or ax to cut, mar or scar live trees.
# I will never pick wild flowers without permission.
# I will never cut trails while hiking.
# I will never pollute a lake or stream.
# I will always respect the privacy of other campers.
# I will always be polite and courteous.
# I will respect all signs, authority, rules and private property.
# I will always conduct myself as a Pathfinder and a Christian and as a child of God.
# I will always leave a campsite knowing that I am welcome to return.

==References== 
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

# Hug-A-Tree Program. National Association for Search and Rescue. 2020. https://nasar.org/education/hug-a-tree/.

AY Honors/Camping/Lost

2020-10-18T22:10:44Z

Olcoleman: Reordered to make a consistent message.

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The best advice about being lost, is - DON'T! And the best way to keep from getting lost is to stay on the path.


If you suddenly realize that you do not know where you are, then here are some things to do:


# Don't panic. You can't think clearly when you panic, so take a deep breath and relax.
# Pray. You may not know where you are, but God does, so talk to Him.
# Look around - maybe you'll recognize something that can guide you back to civilization (such as a blaze marking on a tree or rock, which indicates where the trail is).
# Listen for the sounds of other campers, traffic, waterfalls, rivers or anything that might help you find your way back. If you cannot see anything that you recognize and shows you how to easily get back or get help, STAY PUT.
# If you have a map and compass, try to locate your position by looking for hills, valleys or streams.
# You can try to relocate the trail, but you do not want to get any further away from your last known location. Mark your location with something - a backpack, hat, or a large rock - but make sure it's something unmistakable. Then venture 10 paces out, and circle your marker, all the while looking about to see if you recognize the trail or a landmark, and always keeping your marker in view. If you do not see anything you recognize, widen the circle by another 10 paces and repeat. Continue circling your marker at ever wider intervals, but stop when continuing would cause you to lose sight of the marker.
# If you cannot identify your location, STAY WHERE YOU ARE. If you are near a trail, stay there. It is a lot easier for someone to find you if you stay put.
# If you have a whistle, blow on it. If you don't have a whistle, yell loudly. Someone in your party might hear you. Repeat this every 15 minutes or so and be sure to listen after each sounding. Three of anything is universally recognized as a call for help, so three whistle blasts, or three shouts.
# Do not climb a tree or steep hillside. It may seem like a good idea, but it is not worth the risk of falling and getting hurt. The chances of you seeing anything helpful are low.
# If it's an hour or less until sunset, prepare to spend a comfortable evening. Make a shelter, and light a fire. Things will look better in the morning, and your fire may attract a rescuer. Remember, stay where you are.


[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Wilderness Leadership/Answer Key

2020-10-18T21:46:54Z

Olcoleman:

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{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Wilderness Leadership
|skill=2
|year=1976
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Wilderness_Leadership_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Wilderness Leadership|master=Wilderness}}

==1. Have the following honors:== 


* '''a. [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Backpacking|Backpacking]]'''
* '''b. Camping Skills I-IV'''
** [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Camping Skills I|Camping Skills I]]
** [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Camping Skills II|Camping Skills II]]
** [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Camping Skills III|Camping Skills III]]
** [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Camping Skills IV|Camping Skills IV]]
* '''c. [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Fire Building & Camp Cookery|Fire Building & Camp Cookery]]'''
* '''d. [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/First Aid, Standard|First Aid]]'''
* '''e. [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Hiking|Hiking]]'''
* '''f. [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Orienteering|Orienteering]]'''


[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Backpacking]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Camping Skills I]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Camping Skills II]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Camping Skills III]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Camping Skills IV]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Fire Building & Camp Cookery]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/First Aid, Standard]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Hiking]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Orienteering]]

==2. Know and practice the principles of health, safety, and rules of conduct to be used when in the wilderness with a youth group.== 
The principles of health apply whether you are in the wilderness or not. A healthy diet should be maintained on any wilderness outing. Regular medications (if necessary) should be taken as prescribed. Personal hygiene should be practiced, including washing the hands frequently, and brushing the teeth regularly.


The danger of being in the wilderness is that it is remote. Ambulance service is not available in a forest, and transporting an injured person to a facility where professional medical care is available is likely be a time-consuming proposition. Furthermore, the more time that elapses between an injury and treatment, the less positive the outcome is likely to be.


Therefore, extra care should be taken, and the risks should be evaluated with the remoteness of the location in mind. Be conservative, and minimize risk wherever possible. This means you do '''not''' jump from high places. A sprained ankle can lead to disaster. Remember that if a person is injured badly enough to become immobile, someone will have to carry him out, along with his gear and their own gear, especially if that gear is critical to survival. If everyone is already fully laden, this can be a tremendous problem.


This is also the reason that "horsing around" should not be tolerated by a leader. Horseplay can lead to injury, and injury is to be avoided.


Fire safety should also be practiced, as should ax safety, and knife safety. Remember that an injury in the wilderness is always more serious than an equivalent injury at home.

==3. Know and demonstrate the principles of signaling and rescue.== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Signaling aircraft}}

==4. Assist in planning and participate with a group in a mock demonstration of what to do if lost, stranded, or injured in the wilderness. Assist in planning and participate as a leader in a search and rescue operation involving a hidden "injured" person.== 

===Lost=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Lost}}
===Stranded===
If you find yourself stranded in the wilderness, the first priority should be to find (or make) shelter. The cause of death for most stranding situations is exposure to the elements. Shelter is more important than water or food. A person can die of exposure overnight, whereas death by dehydration takes a day or more, and death by starvation may take several weeks. If possible, find or build a shelter well before nightfall.


If you have a cell phone with you, try calling the emergency service (911 in most places) and let them know of your predicament. Give them as accurate a description of your location as possible. If you cannot get voice service, try sending a text message instead - these are more reliable when the signal is weak.


After shelter has been secured, the next priority should be to build a fire. A fire serves many functions, the primary one being the provision of heat. This is especially important in winter conditions. A fire will also provide a visual indication of your whereabouts to any search party that has been dispatched to find you. Fire will also keep wild animals away and will provide a morale boost.


When day breaks, assess your situation. If the weather permits, venture out and see if you can figure out where you are or if there is anything you can do to improve your situation. Do not venture far from your shelter, or if you do, leave an indication of where you are headed. If you feel you need to leave your shelter, head for higher ground where cell phone reception may be better (again, use a text message instead of voice). It is far easier for a search party to find a person who stays put than it is to find one who is roaming about.


Try to make your location visible to aircraft. Keep the fire going even in the daytime. Make an S.O.S. in the snow or sand, or use rocks to spell out the letters. Drape brightly covered cloth over shrubbery. Do whatever you can to make your presence easily detectable. Then wait for rescue.

===Injured=== 
In a bleeding injury, your first priority is to stop the flow of blood. Do this by applying pressure to the wound and by binding it with bandages. Review your first aid procedures before setting out. If you are injured and stranded, stay where you are. This is the quickest path to rescue. Do not attempt to traverse treacherous territory if your are physically unable to do so. This could lead to further, more serious injury.

===Search and Rescue Drill=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First Aid/Searches}}


Of course, for a mock search, you may opt out of using "all available resources," such as dogs and aircraft. For this requirement it will suffice to conduct a sweep of the area and if that fails, conduct a grid search.

==5. Demonstrate some skills necessary for wilderness leadership in one of the following areas: == 
Imagine yourself going into the wilderness with a group of people. Of all the people in the group, one seems to know nearly everything about staying comfortable and surviving in that environment. Whom do you think the group will follow?

Of course there is more to wilderness leadership than knowing how to thrive in the environment. A good leader will also know how to persuade people to follow. This is accomplished through competence and respect. But these qualities of a good leader are common to all of the areas listed below. Therefore, in the sections below we will focus on the skills necessary for comfort and survival but that are unique to the area being discussed.
===a. Tropical=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Tropical leadership skills}}
===b. Desert===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Desert leadership skills}}
===c. Swamp===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Swamp leadership skills}}
===d. Mountain (rocks, ice, high altitude)===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Mountain leadership skills}}
===e. Temperate forest===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Temperate forest leadership skills}}
===f. Plain and tundra===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Plain and tundra leadership skills}}

==6. Understand and demonstrate wilderness and camping etiquette regarding the preservation of the outdoors. == 


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Etiquette}}

==7. Identify in the wild, prepare, and eat ten varieties of wild plants. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Ten edible wild plants}}

==8. Learn some of the wilderness leadership qualites of two of the following: == 
===a. Moses ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/Moses}}
===b. David ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/David}}
===c. Elijah ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/Elijah}}
===d. Joshua ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/Joshua}}
===e. John the Baptist ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/John the Baptist}}

==9. Lead a group in a weekend wilderness camping experience, applying the principles and skills learned in this honor.== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Leading a wilderness trip}}

==References== 
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
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AY Honors/Camping Skills IV/Answer Key

2020-10-18T21:39:40Z

Olcoleman:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Camping Skills IV
|skill=2
|year=1986
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Camping_Skills_IV.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Camping Skills IV|master=Wilderness}}
{{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Ranger/Outdoor Living|RANGER Outdoor Living]]|completion of this Honor|}}
==1. Be in at least the 8th grade. == 
{{ay camping grade level|IV|8}}

==2. Plan and execute a one-hour Sabbath camping activity other than worship to make the Sabbath a meaningful experience. == 
There are many ways to fulfill this requirement.
===Themed Scavenger Hunt===
A themed scavenger hunt is one option. Have your Pathfinders choose a theme, and then come up with as many items as they think can be found at your campsite and which relate in some way to the theme. Have them make a list of these items ahead of time, and hand the lists out when the activity begins. You may tell them that all the items relate to a theme, but do not tell them what the theme is. Give them 40 minutes to find all the items, and tell them to meet again at the end of that time period. When they return, ask them if they have guessed the theme. If they do not guess correctly, tell them what the theme is. Then have each Pathfinder working on the honor take turns calling for the items. When someone produces it, the Pathfinder will explain how that item relates to the theme. Be sure to draw a spiritual lesson from the activity. Close with a prayer.
===Drawing or Photographing Nature===
Many of the honors in the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature|Nature]] category have the requirement to collect, photograph, or draw a number of creatures (plant or animal) found in nature, such as flowers, ferns, insects, etc. The Pathfinders presenting this activity should bring a field guide so that the chosen creatures can be identified. They may also bring samples of these items with them in case you are unable to find them around your campsite.


If you choose to have your Pathfinders sketch these items, be sure to bring enough notebooks and pencils (some honors require colored drawings - if so, bring colored pencils) for everyone. If you choose to have them take photos, you will probably want each Pathfinder to bring a camera (disposable cameras are ideal for this).


Collecting specimens is no longer encouraged, as it ends the life of the creature. Furthermore, many species are now endangered, and collecting them is not only unethical, it is illegal as well.


You can also mix photography and sketching. You may wish to have the group set out looking for specimens, and photograph all they can find. Then return and sketch the remainder. If you have only one or two cameras, you may find that this works well for you.

===Skit with Props=== 
Choose several Bible stories and divide your Pathfinders into at least two groups of three to eight individuals. Assign each group a Bible story and tell them where it may be found in the Bible. Have each come up with a skit to be presented to the rest of the group. Provide each group with random props and make it a contest between each group to see who can use the most of them. The props should be really off-the-wall so that the kids have to really think in order to use the item. Things like these do not have an obvious application, and that will make them stretch their imaginations:
*Ping pong paddle
*White board eraser
*Piece of fruit
*Cotton balls
*Measuring cup
*Toilet paper tube
*Ball of yarn
*A shoe
*Binder clip
*Ruler
*Compact Disc (blanks are cheap)
*Water bottle


Don't limit the props to this list or feel compelled to use anything on it - it's just a suggestion to get you started. See what you can find around the house, church, or campsite and press it into service for this activity. If possible, make each group's prop kit identical. Let everyone know how much time they have to put their skits together. Fifteen minutes should be sufficient. The remainder of the hour will be used to present the skits.

===Hike=== 
Go on a nature hike. Go along a stream and skip stones. Look for animal tracks and make plaster casts of them (your Companion class will thank you later).

===Bible Quest=== 
For this activity you will need to come up with several hiding places around the vicinity of the camp site and clues to each hiding place written on index cards. The cards are hidden. Each clue will direct the finder to the ''next'' clue (in other words, don't hide a clue at the location it hints at). Each clue should incorporate a passage from the Bible. For instance, the clue might say "Psalm 23:5, first part" which reads "You set a table before me in the presence of my enemies." This clue would direct the seekers to a picnic table where the next card is hidden. Another might hint "Psalm 119:105" which reads "Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path." The clue could point the seeker to either the lantern (i.e., lamp) or to a path. They will have to check both places. It would be a good idea to bring a Concordance on this camping trip.


If you have a large group it would be better to make two copies of the cards, and make the clues circular (meaning that the last hiding place points back to the first hiding place). The first set is hidden around the camp site, one card per hiding place. The second set it handed out to the campers, one card per person, or per team (the teams should not have more than three people on them). That way everyone will start (and end) at a different point. If everyone starts at the same point, the campers with the strongest personalities will end up doing all the work and everyone else will just follow them - that's not fun. When the campers find their original clue, they have completed the quest.


When everyone is finished, ask them which one they liked the best, which one was hardest, easiest, etc.

==3. Write a 200-word report or give a two-minute oral presentation on the preservation of the wilderness, discussing etiquette and conservation. == 

Learning preservation, etiquette, and conservation is a requirement for Camping Skills I and II, so you can have the Pathfinders learning this honor review this material and present it to the younger ones.


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Etiquette}}

==4. Plan your menu for a two-day camping trip and estimate the cost. == 
===Planning the menu===
Use the USDA's food pyramid to choose a balanced menu:
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Balanced menu}}

===Estimating the cost=== 
To estimate the cost of the food on your menu, you will first need to estimate the quantity. This can be done with a spreadsheet, or by pencil and paper. First consider how much food your average camper will eat from each meal. Then figure out how much you will need for everyone to be able to eat the average amount. Some will eat more, but some will eat less. For example, if you are serving grilled cheese sandwiches, you will need two slices of bread and one slice of cheese per sandwich. Younger Pathfinders will usually eat two of these, but teens will easily eat three. Picky eaters may eat none or only one. It's up to you to guess how may each person will eat. Then multiply it out to see how many slices of bread you will need. There are usually 20 slices of bread in a loaf. Before figuring out how many loaves of bread you will need, make sure you consider every meal that will use bread (think French toast, PB&J, etc.). When you know the total number of slices you will need, ''then'' figure out how many loaves you will need. If your calculations show that you need 82 slices of bread, don't round it down to 80, or someone may not get a sandwich. Always round it up to the next loaf, so 82 slices will require five loaves of bread.


Do the same with each ingredient in your menu. The more you do this, the better your estimates will be. The goal is to come home with very little left over, as this will tell you that everyone got enough to eat, but you didn't waste money on food that will spoil anyhow.

==5. Participate in two weekend campouts. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Participate in a weekend campout}}

==6. Start a fire in wet weather, knowing where to get tinder and how to keep your fire going. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Wet weather}}

==7. Know the wood best suited for making a quick, hot fire. == 
Wood from conifers (pine, fir, spruce, etc.) contains a lot of highly flammable sap, so it burns both hot and quick. It is excellent for starting a fire. However, it does not leave a bed of coals, so it is unsuitable for cooking.

==8. Know the wood best suited for making coals for cooking. == 
Most hardwoods will leave a good bed of coals, but hickory, mesquite, and oak, are among the best.

==9. Demonstrate how to split firewood. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Splitting firewood}}

==10. Demonstrate the proper care and storage of camp foods and how to build various caches to protect food from animals. == 


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Food storage}}

==11. Prepare a camp dinner with soup, vegetables, entree, and drink, all of which must be cooked. == 
Of course you can make any dish you like for any of these, but we'll list suggestions anyhow. You can combine chili, kidney beans, and spaghetti to make Cincinnati Chili. Each camper starts with a layer of spaghetti, then adds a layer of chili, then a layer of beans. Chopped onions and cheese can also be added. It is delicious.
===Soup===


{{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recipe
|name = Vegetarian Chili
| ingredients =
* 12 oz package ground beef substitute, such as Morningstar Farms Veggie Crumbles
* 1 medium green pepper, diced
* 1 medium onion, peeled and diced
* 1 tablespoon margarine
* 1 clove garlic, peeled and minced
* 15 oz can diced tomatoes
* 15 oz can kidney beans
* 8 oz can tomato sauce
* 3 tablespoons chili powder
| procedure =
In a 5-quart soup pot, sauté the onions and garlic in margarine until the onions are clear. Add the tomatoes, kidney beans, tomato paste, green pepper, veggie crumbles, and chili powder and bring to a boil. Turn down the heat, cover, and simmer for 20 minutes, stirring occasionally. | servings = 4
}}
 


{{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recipe
|name = Tuno Chowder
|ingredients =
* 1 can Tuno
* 1 can whole kernel corn
* 1 medium onion, chopped
* 2 cups milk
* 1 cup vegetable broth and 1 cup water, or 2 cups water
* 1/2 stick of butter or margarine
* 1 cup potato flakes (instant mashed potatoes)
* 1 Tbsp dill weed
* 1 tsp pepper
| procedure =
Melt the butter in the soup pot while you peel and chop the onion. Add the onion to the pot and sauté until tender. Add the corn, Tuno, broth, water, and milk, then stir in the potato flakes. Allow it to heat through. Add the dill weed and pepper.
|servings = 4
}}

===Vegetable=== 
Most any vegetable can be prepared by heating it in a pot. This can be done over a campfire with a camp crane or with a camp stove.
* Kidney beans
* Green beans
* Corn on the cob (can be boiled or wrapped in foil and roasted in a campfire)
* Peas
===Entree===
Possibilities include
* Spaghetti
* Veggie Burgers
* Haystacks
* Veggie dogs

===Drink=== 
The drink must be "cooked" too, so try one of these (or something else)
* Hot chocolate
* Apple Cider
* Herb Tea

==12. Bake your food in a reflector oven. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Reflector oven baking}}

==13. Purify water by three different methods. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Purify water}}

==Note: The tent color for Camping Skills #4 is silver. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Colors}}

==References== 
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
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AY Honors/Camping/Etiquette

2020-10-18T21:36:45Z

Olcoleman: added 7 principles of Leave No Trace

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Review and practice the Leave No Trace 7 Principles:

1) Plan ahead and prepare. 2) Travel and camp on durable surfaces. 3) Dispose of waste properly. 4) Leave what you find. 5) Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire). 6) Respect wildlife. 7) Be considerate of other visitors. © 1999 by the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics: www.LNT.org.

Be considerate of other campers. When purchasing tents, buy ones in muted colors that will blend in with the environment. If most of your camping is done at camp grounds frequented by others, blues, greens, and browns are preferred to reds and oranges. People go camping to escape the garishness of the city—leave that behind. However, if you camp in isolated places, bright and flashy colors make it easier to find your tent again if you leave it temporarily.

More importantly, when traveling in areas that allow hunting, wear bright colors such as orange to alert other's to your presence. An orange vest or hat is common.


Be mindful of the noise level made in your camp. Don't be a nuisance. If camping in the wilderness, be sure to make your camp out of sight of the trail. Most National Forests have guidelines for where you can camp in relation to the trail. Find out what those guidelines are and follow them.


Do not enter anyone else's camp site without their permission, especially when traveling to or from your campsite to other places on the campground. It is very rude to cut through another camp. Use the road or trail, even if it will take longer.


Leave the area cleaner than you found it. If you are leading a group of youngsters on a campout, have a contest before you pile back in your cars to go home: see who can collect the most litter (define "most" first though - it can mean by volume, by weight, or by item count). Offer a prize to the one who collects the most (such as getting to choose which seat he or she will sit in on the trip home).


[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
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AY Honors/Camping Skills II/Answer Key

2020-10-18T21:34:07Z

Olcoleman:

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{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Camping Skills II
|skill=1
|year=1986
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Camping_Skills_II.png
}}
{{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Companion/Outdoor Living|COMPANION Outdoor Living]]|completion of this Honor|}}

==1. Be at least in the 6th grade. == 
{{ay camping grade level|II|6}}

==2. Develop a personal philosophy of outdoor etiquette, such as courtesy to other campers and outdoor conservation. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Etiquette}}

==3. Know and understand the following six W's for the selection of a good campsite: == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Choosing a campsite}}

==4. Demonstrate your ability to protect the wilderness and your water source by proper personal hygiene and cooking sanitation. == 
Going on a camping trip does not absolve you from the need for hygiene and sanitation – it merely makes it a little less convenient. If you are camping on an established campground, use the toilet facilities provided. Otherwise, you will have to provide your own facilities. If you are camping with a small group, this can be as simple as digging a cat hole (no more than {{units|10 cm|4 inches}} deep, depositing your waste in the hole, and burying it again. A hole of this depth will be occupied by a myriad of bacterial life which will take care of the rest for you. If camping with a larger group, you will need to dig a latrine. Whether using cat holes or a latrine, make sure they are dug at least {{units|60 meters|200 feet}} from any water source.


When cooking, be sure to clean your dishes and kitchen area immediately after use. Again, how you do this depends on the size of your group. When camping with a small group, wipe all dishes, pots, pans, and utensils as clean as you can with paper towels. Burn the paper towels. Then you can scrub the dishes out with clean sand and rinse them off. When camping with a large group, you will need to establish a dish washing area. Fill two tubs with water – use hot water if possible (and it almost always is). You can boil a small quantity of water and add it to a larger volume of cold water, and this will do nicely. One of these tubs will be for washing, the other for rinsing. You can optionally use a third tub for pre-rinsing, which will eliminate the need to wipe the dishes with a paper towel before washing. Add {{units|15 ml|one tablespoon}} of bleach to the rinse water. Wipe the dishes as clean as you can first (or pre-rinse them), ''then'' wash them in the first tub with dish soap. Then rinse. Wash the eating dishes first, followed by the cooking dishes. When finished, dispose of the "grey water" as directed by campground management (if on a campground). Otherwise, dispose of the grey water at least {{units|60 meters|200 feet}} from any water source.

==5. Participate in a weekend campout. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Participate in a weekend campout}}

==6. Take part in a camp worship service to include one of the following: == 
===a. Leading song service ===
Bring a song book, or sing from memory. If your group has any musicians, encourage them to bring any portable instruments along (guitar, ukulele, recorder, harmonica, etc.). Even kazoos can be pressed into service.
===b. Sabbath School lesson study ===
Prepare ahead of time. You can download the Teacher's Lesson for the Junior's Sabbath School from http://powerpoints.adventist.org if desired.
===c. Story ===
Make sure the story has an aim. A story with a moral lesson is an essential part of a worship service. A story without an aim is entertainment. If you can coordinate the story with the lesson, all the better.
===d. Worship thought ===
A "worship thought" can be a short sermon. One way to do this is to take a Bible story, figure out what the underlying message of that story is, and expound upon it. Read what Ellen White may have had to say about it (''The Desire of Ages'' follows the gospels), or consult a Bible Commentary set. If you do not have one, perhaps your church, school, or pastor does.

==7. Know how to safely light and use a camp stove and lantern. == 
This will depend a lot on the type of stove or lantern you have. Most camp stoves and lanterns these days use small propane canisters. Make sure the canister is connected properly. Then light a stove lighter (these are long-stemmed butane lighters) near the burner of mantle. Only after the flame is going should you turn on the gas. If you turn on the gas before you light the flame, the gas can build up and you'll have a small (or large!) fireball to contend with. This can be very dangerous. If you have trouble, turn the gas off and let it dissipate before attempting again. Once the stove or lantern lights, adjust the flame or brightness as desired.

==8. Know safety rules and demonstrate your ability to properly cut firewood. Demonstrate how to break dead wood properly. == 
While firewood can be cut with an axe, it takes much less effort, and less wood goes to waste if it is cut with a saw. To do this, prop one end of the to-be cut log off the ground. This can be done by laying it on a rock, on another log, or on anything strong enough to hold its weight. The end of the log should protrude past the support, and the log should be sawn just past this point. If you try to cut a log between the support and the ground, the weight of the log cause the log to sag as it is cut, and this will pinch the saw blade. If you make the cut past the support, the weight of the log will open the saw cut making it easier to saw through.


Dead wood can also be broken instead of sawn. This is often easier and quicker than sawing it, but care must be taken to do this properly, and it can only be done on smaller logs - up to {{units|7 cm|3 inches}} in diameter or so. To do this, again, the log is propped up on a support on one end, while the other end lies on the ground. Then the camper brings his foot down sharply about 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) from the support, between the support and the ground. Be careful to keep your footing while doing this, and watch that the ends of the log do not fly off.

==9. Using fuzz sticks or shaved sticks, build and know the use of a council or criss cross fire and one type of cooking fire. Review firebuilding safety rules. == 
===Fuzz sticks===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Fuzz sticks}}
===Council fire===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Council}}
===Hunter's fire===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Hunters}}
===Fire safety===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Fire safety}}

==10. Explain two ways to keep camp food cool. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Keeping food cool}}

==11. Build two different camp cranes. == 


{|


|-


|[[Image:Camp Cooking Pot Hook.svg|frame|left|Pot Hanger]]A pot hanger or pot hook can be used to hang a cooking pot from a crane. This makes it easier to remove the pot without having to slide the hanging handle all the way to the end of the crane. This is particularly useful if you've built a crane that is supported on both sides of the fire. Carve a notch in a forked branch as shown to hang your cooking pot from a crane.
|-
|[[Image:Camp Cooking Pot Hook with Hand.svg|frame|left|Pot Hook]]A pot hook can also be used to place your cooking pot on the crane, or remove it from the crane while keeping your hand further from the heat. A notched branch could also be used.


|-


|[[Image:Camp Cooking Crane 01.svg|frame|left|Simple Crane]]This crane is the most simple of cranes. A long stick with a weight on the back propped over a log or rock will work fine. Feel free to use whatever is handy for propping up a crane. A large rock or two work as well as a log for this crane.


|-


|[[Image:Camp Cooking Crane 02.svg|frame|left|Adjustable Crane]]This crane allows for adjusting the heat of cooking by raising or lowering the cooking pot over the fire. By spiraling the piece of rope around the large stick, you can raise and lower the pot by twisting the stick to wind on more rope, or release more rope. The tripod could also be a forked branch driven into the ground.


|-


|[[Image:Camp Cooking Crane 03.svg|frame|left|Simple Crane]]A simple crane with a forked branch driven into the ground for support will work in areas where the soil is soft. Use a weight (Rock) to hold the crane down if the ground is too hard to drive the stick into for support.


|-


|[[Image:Camp Cooking Crane 04.svg|frame|left|Double Support Crane]]This crane supported on both sides of the fire is a popular choice and provides a stable crane. As seen on the right hand forked branch, use a small pile of rocks to hold the vertical supports where the ground is too hard to drive in a branch.


|}


The pictures here are worth many thousands of words. A simple crane propped on a forked stick will hold a cooking container over a fire. It is best to use green wood for any sticks that will be close to the fire, as green wood will resist catching fire better than a dry stick. Be sure to secure any vertical members so that the crane will not fall over when you hang the pot on it. Drive them deeply into the ground, or pin them in place with large rocks. Test the crane before committing your soup to it. If the pot topples, you will extinguish your fire ''and'' lose your soup in one sad incident. But at least you'll have a story to tell.


 

==12. Prepare camp meals using boiling, frying, and baking. == 
===Boiling===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Boiling}}
===Frying===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Frying}}
===Baking===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Baking}}

==13. Demonstrate tent site selection. Properly pitch and strike a tent. What precautions should be taken when striking a wet tent? Properly clean, dry, and store a tent. == 
===Tent site selection===
Find an area that is large enough to pitch your tent and that is also flat. It is difficult to sleep on an incline. Avoid ridge tops as they will be windy and there is significant lightning danger there. Likewise avoid dry stream beds, especially in desert areas. Flash floods can be caused by rains many, many miles away. If camping near a river, camp above the high water line. The river may rise in the night. You can determine the high water line by observing trees on the river bank - they will have debris in the lower branches deposited there by flood waters. Camp on the lee side of a hill to avoid the wind.


Carefully examine the space above your tent site, making sure there are no dead branches, icicles, coconuts, or anything else that could fall on the tent and cause harm.

===Pitching and striking a tent=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Pitch and strike a tent}}

===Cleaning a tent=== 
Sweep the tent out before striking it. Remove muddy shoes before entering a tent, or take them off as soon as you enter the door. You can clean the floor in front of the door with paper towels. A stiff broom will also clean most debris from the walls, but you may need to use water and a mild detergent (such as dishwashing soap) to clean messes deposited by birds.

==14. Bedding: == 
===a. Show proper ways to stuff or roll your sleeping bag or bed roll for travel. ===
If your sleeping bag came with a stuff sack, all you have to do is stuff it in. It's really that simple. If it did not come with one, you can purchase one separately. Otherwise, you'll have to roll it up. That's a little more difficult, but not that hard. First check for the tie-strings. They are usually at the foot of the bag. Zip the sleeping bag closed and fold it in half lengthwise with the tie-strings down - one tie string will be located near the center of the bottom, and the other will be located near the edge. Then go to the end opposite the tie strings and start rolling, keeping it tight as you go. When you get to the end, draw the tie strings around the bag and tie them with a shoelace knot.

===b. Tell how to keep a sleeping bag or bed roll dry on a camping trip. === 
The most important thing you can do to keep your sleeping bag dry is to keep it in the tent and keep the tent door closed. Take off your shoes when you enter the tent (or before going in) so you do not track water all over the place. Keep your sleeping bag on your sleeping pad, as this will raise it off the floor slightly so that any water that drips off wet clothing cannot reach it.

===c. Describe how to properly clean your sleeping bag or bed roll. === 
Turn the sleeping bag inside-out, throw it over a clothesline, and beat it with a stick. Unzip it and let it air out completely. Do not put a sleeping bag in a washing machine unless the washing instructions on the bag specifically say that you can. A washing machine will crush the fibers inside, reducing the insulation and padding value. A bed roll can be shaken vigorously like a rug, and it can also be beaten with a stick after hanging it on a clothesline.

==Note: The tent color for Camping Skills #2 patch is red. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Colors}}

==References== 
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
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AY Honors/Backpacking/Answer Key

2020-10-18T21:28:41Z

Olcoleman:

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{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Backpacking
|skill=2
|year=1986
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Backpacking_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Backpacking|master=Wilderness}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Backpacking|master=Recreation}}

{{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Voyager/Outdoor Living|FRONTIER VOYAGER Outdoor Living]] and [[Investiture_Achievement/Guide/Outdoor Living|FRONTIER GUIDE Outdoor Living]]| completion of this Honor or one of 4 other Honors, not previously earned|}}
==1. Discuss with your instructor the meaning of the motto: "Take nothing but pictures and leave nothing but footprints." == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Take pictures leave footprints}}

==2. Know the essentials of proper clothing, shoes, and rain gear to use in backpacking. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Clothing}}


'''Rain Gear'''
Be ready for bad weather on your backpacking trip by bringing along a poncho and rain pants. In a pinch, you can use a garbage bag as a raincoat by cutting a hole in th bottom, turning it over, and poking your head through the hole. A slit along each seam on the side will make arm holes. It will not cover your head like that, but it will keep the rest of you dry.

==3. Know the principles in selecting a good quality backpack. In an emergency, what might be used in place of a backpack? == 
There are a lot of products on the market these days that are called "backpacks," but don't be fooled. Some of them are entirely unsuited to backpacking. Most of the cheap ones you will find in a store are intended for carrying school supplies between the house, school bus, and classroom. They are not designed to carry all the gear you'll need for an overnight trip over miles of rough terrain. A backpack suited for backpacking will have a hip strap on it that fastens around the hips. Most of the weight of the backpack will thus be carried on your hips. The shoulder straps will carry a small percentage of the weight as well, but they are really intended to keep the backpack from tipping off. If you find that you are carrying most the weight on your shoulders, you need to adjust the backpack to shift the weight to your hips. You will be able to walk much farther distances in greater comfort that way.


Book bags do not come with hip straps. All the weight is thus placed on the shoulders which is fine for a short trek from the house to the bus stop, but miserable on a 3-mile hike.


''Backpacking'' backpacks come in two basic designs: the '''Internal Frame''' backpack, and the '''External Frame''' backpack.


The external frame backpack (or EF backpack) has a rigid frame made from aluminum, plastic, or both. The pack itself attaches to the frame, and the frame is attached to the body via shoulder and hip straps. The frame holds the pack away from the back so that air may circulate back there, making an EF backpack cooler to carry. The downside to an EF is that the body tends to twist and flex as a hiker moves, and the frame resists this. Some EF packs take this into account, and provide a frame that will flex. The main measure of comfort on an EF backpack is the degree to which it flexes.


The internal frame backpack (IF backpack) drapes over the back. It gets its structure from the gear placed inside it. This allows the IF backpack to flex and move as the body does, making it generally more comfortable to carry. Furthermore, the IF pack lies against the hikers back. This allows it to distribute its weight over a greater area, but it also prevents air circulation, making it hotter to wear. The IF pack uses foam in the straps to add even more comfort. There are two basic types of foam: open-cell foam, and closed-cell foam. Open cell foam is highly compressible. While this may add comfort in some places, it should not be used in the straps. In the straps, the foam compresses too much, leaving the webbing to dig into the shoulders. Closed cell foam compresses much less than open-cell foam, and is therefore preferred in the straps. You can easily tell the difference by squeezing the padding. If it compresses to about a quarter its original thickness, it is open-cell foam.


Whether you choose an EF or an IF pack, the next thing to consider is the material from which the pack itself is made. Avoid cotton. It is cheap, but it is also not waterproof. If you set a cotton pack on the wet ground, you will transfer the moisture from the ground to your gear. Some packs made of Kevlar are appearing on the market, and those should be avoided as well. Though Kevlar is renown for its puncture resistance (think bullet-proof vests), it does not offer much in the way of abrasion resistance. Your pack is far more likely to be subjected to abrasion than puncture. Nylon is a far better choice than either of these, and of course, it comes in a variety of configurations. All of them are acceptable, but rip-stop is probably the best suited to the job.


Look for 8 to 10 stitches per inch in the seams. More than 10 stitches per inch decreases the strength of the cloth, and with fewer than 8, the thread is being asked to do too much.


In an emergency, you can toss your gear into a blanket, gather the corners, and throw it over your shoulders. Another option would be to stuff your gear into a closed sleeping bag and sling ''that'' over your shoulders. Either of these solutions are obviously going to be far inferior to even the least adequate backpack though, so this substitution should be reserved for only emergencies.

==4. Know the essential items to be taken on a backpack trip. == 
*Good quality map of the area
*Compass
*Knife
*Flashlight
*Water treatment equipment
*Water bottle
*Food
*Change of clothes
*First aid kit
*Rain gear
*Backpack
*Firelighting equipment
*Sleeping bag
*Sleeping pad
*Extra socks
*Good quality hiking boots or hiking shoes
*Eating and cooking utensils
*Cooking gear (mess kit)
*Backpacking stove and fuel
*Tent or tarp
*Toiletries (toothbrush, toilet paper, soap, etc.)
*Compact shovel

==5. What kind of sleeping bag and pad are best for your camping area? Know at least three kinds of each that are available. == 
===Sleeping Bags===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Sleeping bags}}

===Sleeping Pads=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Sleeping pads}}

==6. Know how to pack a pack properly. == 
#Lay out all your gear where you can see it, next to your pack.
#Look for empty spaces in your gear - for instance, there may be room inside your cooking pot. Put any small items that will fit inside that to conserve space. Look for other "hidden" space as well.
#For an internal frame backpack, put the sleeping bag in first, at the bottom. For an external frame, tie it underneath the pack.
#Load the heavy items next, placing them as close to your back as you can. This will shift the center of gravity forward which will help your balance and improve comfort. Be sure nothing is going to poke you in the back though.
#Put the lighter items such as clothing in towards the outside of the pack.
#Put the things you'll need on the trail (like water, trail mix, compass, map, etc.) in the outer pockets where you can get to them. If they're hard to get to, you'll be unlikely to use them. And if you don't use them, why bring them at all?

==7. What types of food are best for backpacking? Visit a grocery store and list the foods found there that are suitable for backpacking. With your instructor: == 
The best type of food to take backpacking is dehydrated food, as it is very lightweight, compact, and nutritious. You can buy food pre-packaged or you can dehydrate it yourself. For details on dehydrating your own food, see the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Household Arts/Food - Drying|Food Drying]] honor in the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Household Arts|Household Arts]] section of this book.
===a. Prepare a menu for a weekend backpack trip using foods obtained from a grocery store. ===
Although you can buy prepared dehydrated foods for backpacking at an outdoor outfitter, getting your food this way can be fairly expensive. Instead, try getting dehydrated food at a regular grocery store. Here's a short list of possibilities:
*Instant mashed potatoes
*Instant oatmeal
*Quick-cooking rice
*Powdered milk
*Powdered eggs
*Pasta
*Nuts and peanuts
*Dry soup mixes
*Dry beans, lentils, peas
*Granola
*Dried fruits (apricots, apples, and banana chips)
*Flour, mixed with other dry ingredients to make pancakes or biscuits

===b. Learn the techniques of measuring, packaging, and labeling backpack foods for your trip. === 
Once you've bought the food you plan to eat on your backpacking trip, the last thing you will want to do is toss it unthoughtfully into your backpack in its original packaging. Food packaging is designed to catch your eye at the grocery store, and to do this, it does ''not'' come in space-efficient sizes. Empty all of your food and repack it into sealable plastic bags (such as Ziplock bags). Make up a menu before you do this, and pack each meal into a separate bag. Then clearly label the bag with a permanent marker or a mailing label. The label should be legible even in dim light - you never know when you'll have to cook your food in the dark. This is a lot of trouble to go through, but it is well worth it during the trip.


If you wish to make pancakes, first determine how many pancake meals your party will eat, and mix it all up at once. It is a lot easier to accurately measure large amounts of flour, salt, and baking powder than it is to measure small amounts of the same. Mix it all together ''thoroughly'', and when it is well mixed, scoop out enough to make one serving and place it in a baggie. Make as many single-serving baggies of pancake mix as you'll use. You can use the same technique for making soup mixes and other delectables. Just keep all the ingredients dry and be prepared to add water at the campsite.

===c. Make a trail snack. === 
There are millions of recipes for trail mix, and every seasoned backpacker has a favorite. "Gorp" is a perennial favorite - the name tells its ingredients: '''G'''ood '''o'''ld '''r'''aisins and '''p'''eanuts. Choose half a dozen (or more! or less!) of items such as these, mix them together, and put them in a baggie:
*Raisins
*Peanuts
*Chex cereal
*Frosted Flakes or other sweetened cereal
*Pretzels
*M & M's
*Chocolate chips
*Dried fruit
*Shelled sunflower seeds


Put the baggie in an easy to reach place in your pack so you can nibble on it while you hike. Don't worry about getting low-fat items. You'll be doing enough walking (and carrying a heavy pack) to burn a ''lot'' of calories - you'll ''need'' the fat.

==8. Know the prevention and symptoms of, and the first aid for: == 
===a. Sunburn ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Sunburn}}

===b. Blisters === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Blisters}}

===c. Frostbite === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Frostbite}}

===d. Hypothermia === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Hypothermia}}

===e. Heat stroke === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heat stroke}}

===f. Heat exhaustion=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heat exhaustion}}

===g. Snake bite=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Snake bite}}

===h. Cramps === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Cramps}}

===i. Dehydration === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Dehydration}}

==9. Have a first aid kit in your pack and know how to use it. == 
Compact, lightweight firsts aid kits are available at many retailers and outdoor outfitters. But don't just go out, buy one, and toss it in you pack without another thought. It is important for you to open it up and examine every item. Then review the answers for the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/First Aid, Standard|First Aid]] honor, so that you know how to use each item.

==10. According to your weight, what is the maximum number of pounds you should be allowed to carry? == 
An adult should carry no more than a fifth to a third of his or her body weight in a backpack, depending on the level of fitness. A kid should not carry more than a quarter his body weight.


Your aim should not be to load your pack until you hit the maximum, but rather, to bring as little as you can get by with. But don't carry anything you aren't going to need. When it comes to backpacking, less is more! Don't kill yourself. Evaluate every item you put into your backpack. Little things add up quickly, so try not to duplicate functionality. For instance, if you're brining a pocket knife, you can probably leave the butter knife behind. Bring a spork rather than a spoon and a fork. Use parachute cord for a clothesline - it's very strong and can be used as rope. Distribute "group" gear among the group. Take the tent apart and have one person carry the fly, another the canopy, and a third the poles. Instead of bringing a pillow, stuff tomorrow's clothes into a sack and use that.

==11. Know three ways to find direction without a compass. Demonstrate at least two. == 

===Northern hemisphere instructions=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/No compass}}

===Southern hemisphere instructions=== 


'''Southern Cross to find south at night'''


With the lack of a significant pole star in the southern sky (Sigma Octantis is closest to the pole, but is too faint to be useful for the purpose), two of the stars of Crux (Alpha and Gamma, Acrux and Gacrux respectively) are commonly used to mark south. Following the line defined by the two stars for approximately 4.5 times the distance between them leads to a point close to the Southern Celestial Pole.


Alternatively, if a line is constructed perpendicularly between Alpha Centauri and Beta Centauri, the point where the above line and this line intersect marks the Southern Celestial Pole. The two stars are often referred to as the "Pointer Stars" or "White Pointers", allowing people to easily find the top of Crux.


The junction of these two lines is the SCP Southern Celestial Pole. If you were at the South Pole this would be directly above you. This is the point where the night sky revolves around. Point to this spot then lower your arm to the horizon. Where you are pointing is South.


'''Watch method'''


Southern Hemisphere method only.Point the 12 to the sun. Halfway between the hour hand and the 12 is North. You still have to use your intelligence for this as early morning time and evening time care must be taken as to which half you use. E.g. 8am sun is rising in the East; point 12 to the sun North is halfway between the 8 and the 12 at the 10. BUT late evening the sun is heading to set in the west say time is 8pm you point the 12 at the sun. North is halfway between the 8 and the 12 at the other side of watch at the 4. This should be used only as a guide as in some countries the real time has been adjusted and sometimes there is daylight saving time etc.


'''Stick method'''


This method is a waste of time. We all know the sun rises in the East and sets in the West. The stick shadow shows you this. Also when the sun is at its zenith the highest it gets in the Southern Hemi look at the sun and it is towards the North the opposite in the Northern Hemi. So we learn that at mid day is the best time to find North (or South).


But if you must... place a stick in the ground on an open area. Mark the shadows at times through out the day. From this you can find North or South (depending what side of the equator you are on) from the shortest shadow and also East and West by drawing a line from the ends of the longest shadows assuming you had an early morning and late evening marking with equal time from mid-day. But for this you have to be lucky to have sunshine for most of the day, which usually is not the case if you are lost. Anyhow it is something to know if you do not have a watch to know when mid-day is.

==12. Show the proper way to put on and take off a backpack alone and with a partner. == 
;Alone: Set the backpack on a table (or a large rock), put your arms through the straps (loosened off), and lift with your legs. You can also set it on a rock or a log and sit down in front of it. Again, lift with your legs, not with your back. If there is nothing available to set your pack on; stand with your feet apart, one leg ahead of the other, knee bent enough to set your pack on it. With shoulder straps loosened off, slip one arm through the shoulder strap, lean into your pack and slightly downward, and roll it up onto your back. Once in place, slide your other arm through the shoulder strap. Always tighten your hip belt first, shoulder straps next and lastly your chest strap. Reverse this procedure for removing your pack.


;With a Partner: Have your partner lift your pack and hold it while you slip your arms into the straps. If you have to stoop, bend your knees. Remember to lift with your legs!

==13. Participate in a weekend backpack trip of at least five miles (8 km) to a site not accessible by a vehicle and cook your own meals. == 
Five miles is a good backpacking trip for a beginner. Find a trail near you by visiting your local outdoor outfitter. These stores are most often staffed by people who enjoy backpacking and can provide you with valuable advice on destinations. Once you've got a 5-mile trip under your belt, why not look at the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Pioneering|Pioneering]] honor and make your next trip a 15-miler? If you make it a 15-mile hike, you can also count this backpack trip toward the hardest requirement of the [[Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/Recreation/Hiking|Hiking Honor]].

==References== 
* http://www.patc.net/hiking/gear/packs.html
* http://gorp.away.com/gorp/eclectic/family/expert/ask_exp.htm
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
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AY Honors/Camping/Take pictures leave footprints

2020-10-18T21:27:51Z

Olcoleman: added 7 principles of Leave No Trace

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"Take nothing but pictures, leave nothing but footprints" is pretty self-explanatory. It means you do not disturb nature while you are out enjoying it. If you see a pretty rock, leave it there for someone else to enjoy. If you eat a piece of candy on the trail, don't toss the wrapper — take it with you.


There are a few exception to both these rules. If you see trash, by all means, take it. Throw it in the trash when you get to a proper trash receptacle. Also be aware that footprints are not always harmless. Many tundra plants that take years to grow can be destroyed by a single footprint. Stay on the trail.


One of the most important ways people leave their mark on the land is by building a campfire. For "no trace" camping, bring a camp stove. Unfortunately, the campfire is one of the primary attractions for many people, so it is not easy to follow this advice. If your campsite has a fire ring or an existing fire pit, use that. If it does not and you ''must'' have a campfire, lay a small tarp on the ground and cover it with six to eight inches of mineral sand. Mineral sand is sand containing no organic material, and can be found on a beach or where a large tree has fallen over and raised a rootwad. The sand must be piled deep so the heat does not affect the tarp beneath. Stop putting new fuel on the fire well before you are ready to put it out, and push in the ends of sticks that have not yet burned. Allow them to burn down to white ash. When you are ready to leave, douse the fire well, and spread the ashes over a wide area. Return the sand to the place where you found it and pack up your tarp.

"Take nothing but pictures, leave nothing but footprints" is a good summary of the more common Leave No Trace 7 Principles. Memorize and practice these.
1) Plan ahead and prepare. 2) Travel and camp on durable surfaces. 3) Dispose of waste properly. 4) Leave what you find. 5) Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire). 6) Respect wildlife. 7) Be considerate of other visitors. © 1999 by the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics: www.LNT.org.


[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
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User talk:Olcoleman

2020-10-18T21:23:20Z

Olcoleman: reply

===7 Principles of Leave No Trace===

Hello, [[User:Olcoleman|Olcoleman]]! Thanks for adding the "7 Principles of Leave No Trace" to all those different honors! I think that is a great addition for our Pathfinders to be aware of.

I wanted to suggest that you add that information directly into the [[Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/Camping/Take_pictures_leave_footprints|Take Picture, Leave Footprints]] template. That way, wherever that template is present, it will automatically include the "7 Principles" and you won't have to go and manually change every single entry.

Let me know if you have any questions about how to go about doing this or anything else you're curious about! --[[User:W126jep|w126jep]] ([[User talk:W126jep|talk]]) 13:51, 16 October 2020 (EDT)

Hey thanks for the suggestion! That would have made it a lot easier if I had known how to do that. Ill Just edit this page and undo the other edits so its not redundant. How do I find those templates? There is another one I would like to adjust about what to do when lost. I have a lot to learn about how this website works.

AY Honors/Winter Camping/Answer Key

2020-10-16T01:56:35Z

Olcoleman: added 7 principles of Leave No Trace

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{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Winter Camping
|skill=2
|year=1970
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Winter_Camping_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Winter Camping|master=Wilderness}}


{{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Voyager/Outdoor Living|FRONTIER VOYAGER Outdoor Living]] and [[Investiture_Achievement/Guide/Outdoor Living|FRONTIER GUIDE Outdoor Living]]| completion of this Honor or one of 4 other Honors not previously earned|}}

==1. Earn the Camp Craft Honor. == 
{{honor_prerequisite|category=Recreation|honor=Camp Craft}}

==2. Make up a complete list of necessary camping equipment for winter conditions, such as possible sub-zero (-18° C) temperatures, storms, and snow. == 
===Clothing===
* Several thin layers of synthetic clothing.
* Wind-proof shell, such as a parka.
* Thin, synthetic socks with thick, wool socks over them.
* Waterproof boots, such as Mukluks, or rubber boots. Avoid steel-toed or leather boots.
* Gaiters to keep snow out of your boots.
* Wind-proof mittens over wool gloves.
* Wind-proof pants over wool or fleece pants. Do ''not'' wear jeans.
* Down-filled vest.
* Warm headgear. Your body loses most of its heat through the head, so keep it insulated!

===Gear=== 
* Sleeping bag, rated for the expected temperatures
* Sleeping mat made of closed cell foam will protect the camper from the cold ground. It should be considered essential for cold weather. They roll up about 6 inch diameter.
* Compass, map, and flashlight. It is illegal to venture into some areas without these essential items!
* Knife
* Personal toiletries
* First aid kit
* Small tents are easier to heat than large ones (and your body is the furnace - see requirement 6 for more information).
* Sled, snowshoes, or cross-country skis.
* Rope
* Camping stove - make sure your stove will work in cold temperatures. Propane, butane, and alcohol stoves can be difficult (or impossible) to light at low temperatures. Wood-fueled camping stoves such as the [http://www.trailstove.com/ Trailstove] or [http://www.littlbug.com/index.htm Littlebug stove] are strongly advised.
* Matches
* Cooking gear and utensils.
* Dining sets (plate, cup, cutlery).
* Whistle (one for each member of the expedition).

==3.Explain the principles of maintaining body warmth and dryness through the proper use of clothing and sleeping gear under all temperatures down to zero while traveling, resting, and sleeping. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Maintaining body warmth}}

==4. List and explain the characteristics of winter campsite selection. == 
Camp on the snow or on bare ground. Camping on snow leaves almost no environmental impact. Be mindful of animal tracks. You do not want to pitch camp on a trail used by animals - that would cut them off from their source of food or water.


Cold air sinks, so you want to avoid low ground. Ridges and mountaintops are exposed to the wind, so you will want to avoid those as well. If camping on a slope, the tent opening should be positioned so that it faces neither downhill nor uphill. In the evening as the sun sets and the air at the higher elevations cools, it will sink, creating a breeze blowing down from the mountain top. In the morning as the air at the lower elevations is heated by the sun, it will rise, creating a breeze blowing towards the mountain top. Though this air is warmer than the air at the top of the mountain, it is still quite cold, so you do not want your tent door facing it.


Avoid areas prone to avalanches. Look around for evidence of avalanche debris from the current season (chunks of disturbed snow) or from previous seasons (downed trees).


Consider where the sun will rise in the morning, and where the first light from it will fall. It would be a pity if you pitched your tent in the shadow of a mountain peak, while 100 meters away is s spot that will receive sunlight an hour earlier.


Choose a site with a nearby source of water. You might have to break through some ice to get to it, but once that's done, you will not want to haul it any farther than necessary. Water is heavy!


Watch for tree limbs, and do not camp beneath snow laden branches. The branches will either drop snow and ice on your tent, or they may even break off themselves.

Know and practice Leave No Trace 7 Principles: 1) Plan ahead and prepare. 2) Travel and camp on durable surfaces. 3) Dispose of waste properly. 4) Leave what you find. 5) Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire). 6) Respect wildlife. 7) Be considerate of other visitors. © 1999 by the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics: www.LNT.org.

==5. Describe, or show where possible, the preparation of a level tent site in snow and pitch a tent in winter conditions. == 
The difficulty posed when pitching a tent in winter conditions is in anchoring the tent to the ground. Winter winds tend to be stronger than summer winds, so securely anchoring the tent is even more important. Meanwhile, the ground is frozen, making it difficult to drive stakes into it, or it is buried beneath several inches of snow.


If pitching a tent in snow, first stomp down an area as large as the tent. If the ground is not level, you can move snow from the high side to the low side, and add more snow from elsewhere to level it out. Pack it down as well as you can, and immediately smooth it out. Fluffy mounds of snow have a strange way of turning into bumpy chunks of ice very quickly, and they are exceedingly uncomfortable to sleep on.


Then lay the tent out, and anchor it before erecting the poles. As soon as you raise the tent, it will be susceptible to being swept away by the wind, and that is the reason for anchoring it before raising it. To anchor it, fill a bag with snow, ice, or rocks, tie it to the tent's anchor point, and bury it in the snow. Then pack the snow down firmly around the bag. Be sure to retrieve the bags when you break camp.


In deep snow, you can also excavate a kitchen by digging out a small area and building up walls with the snow you scoop out of the kitchen hole. Dig a path from the kitchen to the tents, and build snow chairs and tables too if you want. By submerging your kitchen below the snow, you get both your fire and your cook out of the wind. If you make it big enough to eat in, you get yourself and your dining companions out of the wind too.


If pitching a tent on bare ground, you can try to drive stakes into it, but if it is too frozen to allow this, you can again turn to anchoring the tent to weighted bags. Fill the bags with as many rocks as they will hold, and then pile more rocks on top of them. You can also tie the anchor points to fallen logs, but you will need to move the logs close to the tent for this to work well.

==6. Prepare a balanced three-day menu to be used in your winter camping experience.== 
The key to eating on a winter camping is to provide lots of calories. If you are snowshoeing or cross country skiing, you will need at least double your normal caloric intake. Furthermore, you need to be aware that calories are what fuels your body's furnace, and this internal furnace is what generates the heat that your clothing traps. The body metabolizes calories to generate heat, so it needs something to work with.


That said, it is also important to eat a balanced diet. Be sure your menu contains plenty of vitamins and minerals and draws from all the food groups (Meat and beans, fruits, vegetables, grains, and dairy). There is no need to eat like a pauper on a camp out, and indeed, many outdoorsmen find the meals to be the most satisfying aspect of winter camping. In a person's normal, sedentary life, excessive calories need to be carefully avoided, and this often means skipping dessert, sweets, or fatty foods. Not so on a winter camp out! You will ''need'' those calories, so pour them on! (Just be sure to back off again when you return to your sedentary ways.)


Winter camping also affords the opportunity to bring along foods that would normally spoil for lack of refrigeration. If the temperature is going to stay below {{units|4°C|40°F}}, you can bring anything with you that requires refrigeration. If you are expecting the temperature to stay below freezing, you can bring frozen foods with you. If you are snowshoeing or skiing into the wilderness, you can cram all that extra food onto a sled and drag it behind you. It's easier to drag a sled than it is to shoulder a backpack, and you can carry a lot more weight too.

==7. Know how to get water from snow.== 
Though snow is a form of water, it is foolish to eat it while it is still frozen, especially when spending an extended period of time in the cold. Eating snow can lower the body temperature, leading to chills at best, hypothermia and death at worst. That said, snow is still a great source of drinking water, so long as it is melted first. Pack snow into a pot and put it on the camp stove. Add {{units|250 ml|1 cup}} of liquid water to the pot of snow before heating it. If the only water you have in the pot is snow or ice, there will be air pockets. If there is nothing there to conduct the heat away from an aluminum pot, a stove can easily burn a hole in it, or scorch the inside (which will impart a bad taste to the water). The easiest way to get water for this purpose is to keep it in a bottle carried in an inside pocket near your skin. Your body heat will prevent it from freezing.

==8. Know five safety rules of winter camping.== 
# Do not embark on a winter camping expedition unless you have adequate equipment and provisions and are in good physical condition.
# Never light a fire inside a tent unless the tent has been specifically designed for fire. ''Most tents are '''not''' designed for this purpose. ''
# Do not camp alone - use the buddy system. Frequently check your buddy for signs of frostbite and hypothermia.
# Allow plenty of time to set up camp before it gets dark, especially if you plan to build a shelter from snow.
# Check current conditions and know the weather forecast before setting out.
# Always let someone outside your group know your itinerary - where you will go, what route you will take, and when you expect to return. Get a permit when camping in the back country and register with the ranger.
# Wear a brightly colored outer layer so that you can be easily seen by other members of your party. This is essential if a snow storm blows in.
# Do not overestimate the capabilities of your group.
# Do not underestimate the dangers of winter conditions.
# Use common sense at all times.

==9. Explain the proper steps to take if stranded without equipment in winter conditions.== 
It is best to not become stranded without equipment in the first place. Never venture into the wilderness unless you are prepared for winter conditions.


The most important action a person can take if stranded in winter conditions - with equipment or without - is to get to a shelter or build one. Most wilderness fatalities are a result of exposure to the elements - in other words, hypothermia. If you are on skis, you may be able to ski to safety, but allow at least an hour before darkness falls to begin looking for shelter.


If you are in a vehicle, stay with it. It makes an excellent shelter. If the vehicle gets buried in snow, do not run the engine, as this can force deadly carbon monoxide inside. It is better to shut off the engine and keep the doors and windows closed than to go outside and dig the car out. If the car gets buried in snow, it will add a layer of insulation and keep the inside warmer.


If in a snowy area without a vehicle, dig a snow cave. If in a forested area with a little snow, find a fallen tree and scoop the snow away from it, building a snow wall with the removed snow, and using the fallen tree as another wall. Often, a large fallen tree will raise a rootwad which provides an excellent starting point for building a shelter. First, the rootwad can be as high as {{units|2.5 meters|eight feet}} tall, and second, it will create a depression in the ground from whence it lifted its roots.


If in an area with no snow build a debris hut by piling up tree branches leaving a hollow space in the center of the pile. Cover the branches with leaf litter, dead grass, sod, and moss to keep the wind out and to provide insulation. Make your shelter as small as you can comfortably fit inside. This will create a smaller space to keep warm with your body heat. Lay branches on the ground to provide a layer of insulation underneath you. If available, use small pine branches over the larger ones to create a softer cushion, or a layer of leaves. The more you can put between you and the heat robbing ground the better.


If you can find a cave, take shelter inside that.


If you are able to light a fire without equipment do that as soon as your shelter is ready, ''but not before''. Shelter is more important than fire, and it is imperative that you keep your priorities straight in a survival situation. A fire will greatly increase your odds of survival, as you will then have an external source of heat, and the fire will help attract a rescuer.


However you decide to provide yourself with shelter, stay put and wait for rescue. They ''will'' find you, and if you have conserved your energy and found (or built) a shelter, they will find you alive. You can help any rescuers find you by leaving some sort of indication of your presence near your chosen shelter, such as a bright article of clothing securely tied to a pole.

==10. Show knowledge of and ability to prevent, recognize, and care for mild frostbite, hypothermia, mild snow blindness, and dehydration.== 
===Frostbite===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Frostbite}}
===Hypothermia===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Hypothermia}}
===Snow Blindness===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Snow blindness}}
===Dehydration===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Dehydration}}

==11. Spend a total of six days and nights in cold weather camping.== 
===a. All nights should have temperature lows in the 40's (5° C).===
We assume that this means the temperature should be below 49°F, which is 9.4°C. Below 40°F (4.4°C) is also acceptable.


Bring a thermometer with you on all your camp outs. If the temperature drops below 50°F, you can count that. If you wake up in the morning and find frost on the grass or on your tent, that counts too.

===b. Two nights should have temperature lows below freezing (0° C).=== 
Again, you should bring a thermometer on all your campouts. If you wake up in the morning and find frost on the tent or on the grass, that counts as a below freezing night.

===c. All nights should be spent in tents, tarps, or the open.=== 
We assume that an igloo, snow cave, or quinzhee would also qualify. This portion of the requirement is there so that the winter camper does not try to count a night in a cabin, recreational vehicle, or pop-up camper (or the Hilton) as a winter camping night.

==References== 
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
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AY Honors/Wilderness Leadership/Answer Key

2020-10-16T01:53:11Z

Olcoleman: corrected formatting

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{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Wilderness Leadership
|skill=2
|year=1976
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Wilderness_Leadership_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Wilderness Leadership|master=Wilderness}}

==1. Have the following honors:== 


* '''a. [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Backpacking|Backpacking]]'''
* '''b. Camping Skills I-IV'''
** [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Camping Skills I|Camping Skills I]]
** [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Camping Skills II|Camping Skills II]]
** [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Camping Skills III|Camping Skills III]]
** [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Camping Skills IV|Camping Skills IV]]
* '''c. [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Fire Building & Camp Cookery|Fire Building & Camp Cookery]]'''
* '''d. [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/First Aid, Standard|First Aid]]'''
* '''e. [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Hiking|Hiking]]'''
* '''f. [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Orienteering|Orienteering]]'''


[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Backpacking]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Camping Skills I]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Camping Skills II]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Camping Skills III]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Camping Skills IV]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Fire Building & Camp Cookery]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/First Aid, Standard]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Hiking]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Orienteering]]

==2. Know and practice the principles of health, safety, and rules of conduct to be used when in the wilderness with a youth group.== 
The principles of health apply whether you are in the wilderness or not. A healthy diet should be maintained on any wilderness outing. Regular medications (if necessary) should be taken as prescribed. Personal hygiene should be practiced, including washing the hands frequently, and brushing the teeth regularly.


The danger of being in the wilderness is that it is remote. Ambulance service is not available in a forest, and transporting an injured person to a facility where professional medical care is available is likely be a time-consuming proposition. Furthermore, the more time that elapses between an injury and treatment, the less positive the outcome is likely to be.


Therefore, extra care should be taken, and the risks should be evaluated with the remoteness of the location in mind. Be conservative, and minimize risk wherever possible. This means you do '''not''' jump from high places. A sprained ankle can lead to disaster. Remember that if a person is injured badly enough to become immobile, someone will have to carry him out, along with his gear and their own gear, especially if that gear is critical to survival. If everyone is already fully laden, this can be a tremendous problem.


This is also the reason that "horsing around" should not be tolerated by a leader. Horseplay can lead to injury, and injury is to be avoided.


Fire safety should also be practiced, as should ax safety, and knife safety. Remember that an injury in the wilderness is always more serious than an equivalent injury at home.

==3. Know and demonstrate the principles of signaling and rescue.== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Signaling aircraft}}

==4. Assist in planning and participate with a group in a mock demonstration of what to do if lost, stranded, or injured in the wilderness. Assist in planning and participate as a leader in a search and rescue operation involving a hidden "injured" person.== 

===Lost=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Lost}}
===Stranded===
If you find yourself stranded in the wilderness, the first priority should be to find (or make) shelter. The cause of death for most stranding situations is exposure to the elements. Shelter is more important than water or food. A person can die of exposure overnight, whereas death by dehydration takes a day or more, and death by starvation may take several weeks. If possible, find or build a shelter well before nightfall.


If you have a cell phone with you, try calling the emergency service (911 in most places) and let them know of your predicament. Give them as accurate a description of your location as possible. If you cannot get voice service, try sending a text message instead - these are more reliable when the signal is weak.


After shelter has been secured, the next priority should be to build a fire. A fire serves many functions, the primary one being the provision of heat. This is especially important in winter conditions. A fire will also provide a visual indication of your whereabouts to any search party that has been dispatched to find you. Fire will also keep wild animals away and will provide a morale boost.


When day breaks, assess your situation. If the weather permits, venture out and see if you can figure out where you are or if there is anything you can do to improve your situation. Do not venture far from your shelter, or if you do, leave an indication of where you are headed. If you feel you need to leave your shelter, head for higher ground where cell phone reception may be better (again, use a text message instead of voice). It is far easier for a search party to find a person who stays put than it is to find one who is roaming about.


Try to make your location visible to aircraft. Keep the fire going even in the daytime. Make an S.O.S. in the snow or sand, or use rocks to spell out the letters. Drape brightly covered cloth over shrubbery. Do whatever you can to make your presence easily detectable. Then wait for rescue.

===Injured=== 
In a bleeding injury, your first priority is to stop the flow of blood. Do this by applying pressure to the wound and by binding it with bandages. Review your first aid procedures before setting out. If you are injured and stranded, stay where you are. This is the quickest path to rescue. Do not attempt to traverse treacherous territory if your are physically unable to do so. This could lead to further, more serious injury.

===Search and Rescue Drill=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First Aid/Searches}}


Of course, for a mock search, you may opt out of using "all available resources," such as dogs and aircraft. For this requirement it will suffice to conduct a sweep of the area and if that fails, conduct a grid search.

==5. Demonstrate some skills necessary for wilderness leadership in one of the following areas: == 
Imagine yourself going into the wilderness with a group of people. Of all the people in the group, one seems to know nearly everything about staying comfortable and surviving in that environment. Whom do you think the group will follow?

Of course there is more to wilderness leadership than knowing how to thrive in the environment. A good leader will also know how to persuade people to follow. This is accomplished through competence and respect. But these qualities of a good leader are common to all of the areas listed below. Therefore, in the sections below we will focus on the skills necessary for comfort and survival but that are unique to the area being discussed.
===a. Tropical=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Tropical leadership skills}}
===b. Desert===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Desert leadership skills}}
===c. Swamp===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Swamp leadership skills}}
===d. Mountain (rocks, ice, high altitude)===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Mountain leadership skills}}
===e. Temperate forest===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Temperate forest leadership skills}}
===f. Plain and tundra===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Plain and tundra leadership skills}}

==6. Understand and demonstrate wilderness and camping etiquette regarding the preservation of the outdoors. == 

Know and always practice the Leave No Trace 7 Principles: 1) Plan ahead and prepare. 2) Travel and camp on durable surfaces. 3) Dispose of waste properly. 4) Leave what you find. 5) Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire). 6) Respect wildlife. 7) Be considerate of other visitors. © 1999 by the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics: www.LNT.org.

When camping or traveling in areas that allow hunting, be sure to wear bright colors such as orange so others will notice you. This is courteous and safe.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Etiquette}}

==7. Identify in the wild, prepare, and eat ten varieties of wild plants. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Ten edible wild plants}}

==8. Learn some of the wilderness leadership qualites of two of the following: == 
===a. Moses ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/Moses}}
===b. David ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/David}}
===c. Elijah ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/Elijah}}
===d. Joshua ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/Joshua}}
===e. John the Baptist ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/John the Baptist}}

==9. Lead a group in a weekend wilderness camping experience, applying the principles and skills learned in this honor.== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Leading a wilderness trip}}

==References== 
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Wilderness Leadership/Answer Key

2020-10-16T01:51:56Z

Olcoleman: added 7 principles of Leave No Trace

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Wilderness Leadership
|skill=2
|year=1976
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Wilderness_Leadership_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Wilderness Leadership|master=Wilderness}}

==1. Have the following honors:== 


* '''a. [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Backpacking|Backpacking]]'''
* '''b. Camping Skills I-IV'''
** [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Camping Skills I|Camping Skills I]]
** [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Camping Skills II|Camping Skills II]]
** [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Camping Skills III|Camping Skills III]]
** [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Camping Skills IV|Camping Skills IV]]
* '''c. [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Fire Building & Camp Cookery|Fire Building & Camp Cookery]]'''
* '''d. [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/First Aid, Standard|First Aid]]'''
* '''e. [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Hiking|Hiking]]'''
* '''f. [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Orienteering|Orienteering]]'''


[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Backpacking]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Camping Skills I]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Camping Skills II]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Camping Skills III]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Camping Skills IV]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Fire Building & Camp Cookery]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/First Aid, Standard]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Hiking]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Prerequisite/Orienteering]]

==2. Know and practice the principles of health, safety, and rules of conduct to be used when in the wilderness with a youth group.== 
The principles of health apply whether you are in the wilderness or not. A healthy diet should be maintained on any wilderness outing. Regular medications (if necessary) should be taken as prescribed. Personal hygiene should be practiced, including washing the hands frequently, and brushing the teeth regularly.


The danger of being in the wilderness is that it is remote. Ambulance service is not available in a forest, and transporting an injured person to a facility where professional medical care is available is likely be a time-consuming proposition. Furthermore, the more time that elapses between an injury and treatment, the less positive the outcome is likely to be.


Therefore, extra care should be taken, and the risks should be evaluated with the remoteness of the location in mind. Be conservative, and minimize risk wherever possible. This means you do '''not''' jump from high places. A sprained ankle can lead to disaster. Remember that if a person is injured badly enough to become immobile, someone will have to carry him out, along with his gear and their own gear, especially if that gear is critical to survival. If everyone is already fully laden, this can be a tremendous problem.


This is also the reason that "horsing around" should not be tolerated by a leader. Horseplay can lead to injury, and injury is to be avoided.


Fire safety should also be practiced, as should ax safety, and knife safety. Remember that an injury in the wilderness is always more serious than an equivalent injury at home.

==3. Know and demonstrate the principles of signaling and rescue.== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Signaling aircraft}}

==4. Assist in planning and participate with a group in a mock demonstration of what to do if lost, stranded, or injured in the wilderness. Assist in planning and participate as a leader in a search and rescue operation involving a hidden "injured" person.== 

===Lost=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Lost}}
===Stranded===
If you find yourself stranded in the wilderness, the first priority should be to find (or make) shelter. The cause of death for most stranding situations is exposure to the elements. Shelter is more important than water or food. A person can die of exposure overnight, whereas death by dehydration takes a day or more, and death by starvation may take several weeks. If possible, find or build a shelter well before nightfall.


If you have a cell phone with you, try calling the emergency service (911 in most places) and let them know of your predicament. Give them as accurate a description of your location as possible. If you cannot get voice service, try sending a text message instead - these are more reliable when the signal is weak.


After shelter has been secured, the next priority should be to build a fire. A fire serves many functions, the primary one being the provision of heat. This is especially important in winter conditions. A fire will also provide a visual indication of your whereabouts to any search party that has been dispatched to find you. Fire will also keep wild animals away and will provide a morale boost.


When day breaks, assess your situation. If the weather permits, venture out and see if you can figure out where you are or if there is anything you can do to improve your situation. Do not venture far from your shelter, or if you do, leave an indication of where you are headed. If you feel you need to leave your shelter, head for higher ground where cell phone reception may be better (again, use a text message instead of voice). It is far easier for a search party to find a person who stays put than it is to find one who is roaming about.


Try to make your location visible to aircraft. Keep the fire going even in the daytime. Make an S.O.S. in the snow or sand, or use rocks to spell out the letters. Drape brightly covered cloth over shrubbery. Do whatever you can to make your presence easily detectable. Then wait for rescue.

===Injured=== 
In a bleeding injury, your first priority is to stop the flow of blood. Do this by applying pressure to the wound and by binding it with bandages. Review your first aid procedures before setting out. If you are injured and stranded, stay where you are. This is the quickest path to rescue. Do not attempt to traverse treacherous territory if your are physically unable to do so. This could lead to further, more serious injury.

===Search and Rescue Drill=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First Aid/Searches}}


Of course, for a mock search, you may opt out of using "all available resources," such as dogs and aircraft. For this requirement it will suffice to conduct a sweep of the area and if that fails, conduct a grid search.

==5. Demonstrate some skills necessary for wilderness leadership in one of the following areas: == 
Imagine yourself going into the wilderness with a group of people. Of all the people in the group, one seems to know nearly everything about staying comfortable and surviving in that environment. Whom do you think the group will follow?

Of course there is more to wilderness leadership than knowing how to thrive in the environment. A good leader will also know how to persuade people to follow. This is accomplished through competence and respect. But these qualities of a good leader are common to all of the areas listed below. Therefore, in the sections below we will focus on the skills necessary for comfort and survival but that are unique to the area being discussed.
===a. Tropical=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Tropical leadership skills}}
===b. Desert===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Desert leadership skills}}
===c. Swamp===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Swamp leadership skills}}
===d. Mountain (rocks, ice, high altitude)===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Mountain leadership skills}}
===e. Temperate forest===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Temperate forest leadership skills}}
===f. Plain and tundra===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Plain and tundra leadership skills}}

==6. Understand and demonstrate wilderness and camping etiquette regarding the preservation of the outdoors. == 

When camping or traveling in areas that allow hunting, be sure to wear bright colors such as orange so others will notice you.

Know and always practice the Leave No Trace 7 Principles: 1) Plan ahead and prepare. 2) Travel and camp on durable surfaces. 3) Dispose of waste properly. 4) Leave what you find. 5) Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire). 6) Respect wildlife. 7) Be considerate of other visitors. © 1999 by the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics: www.LNT.org.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Etiquette}}

==7. Identify in the wild, prepare, and eat ten varieties of wild plants. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Ten edible wild plants}}

==8. Learn some of the wilderness leadership qualites of two of the following: == 
===a. Moses ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/Moses}}
===b. David ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/David}}
===c. Elijah ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/Elijah}}
===d. Joshua ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/Joshua}}
===e. John the Baptist ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Biblical Leaders/John the Baptist}}

==9. Lead a group in a weekend wilderness camping experience, applying the principles and skills learned in this honor.== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Leading a wilderness trip}}

==References== 
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Skiing - Cross Country/Answer Key

2020-10-16T01:48:59Z

Olcoleman: /* 7. Know and explain the official National Ski rules for conduct in cross-country skiing. */

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=25
|honorname=Skiing - Cross Country
|skill=2
|year=1986
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Skiing_Cross_Country_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Skiing - Cross Country|master=Recreation}}

==1. List and describe the principle characteristics, qualities, and sizing of the following cross-country skiing equipment: == 
===a. Skis (both waxable and unwaxable) ===
The skis are long and thin, to distribute the weight of the skier and allow the skier to move quickly. Typical ski dimensions are 2 metres in length, about 5 centimetres in width and one to four centimetres in thickness at different stations along the length of the ski. Depending on the ski design and purpose, they are fit to the skier based on height and weight. Cross country skis are sometimes informally known as "skinny skis" because of their thinness compared to alpine skis.


In recent years, waxless skis have carved a niche in the market among casual skiers. Waxless skis have a fish scale, cross-hatched or ridged pattern in the kick zone to provide grip. A waxless ski is inferior to a finely tuned waxed ski, but does not require the sometimes time-consuming and sometimes costly selection and application of kick wax or klister and will work between temperatures, an important advantage in areas with many sun/shadow boundaries. Some skiers apply a layer of glide wax to keep them sliding smoothly and protecting the surface from dirt and ice build-up. There are specialty liquid wax products on the market manufactured for waxless skis, though standard glide wax can also be used on the tips and tails of the ski.


Waxless skis are better suited to recreational skiers who simply want to get out on the trail with minimal time spent on maintenance, as they generally produce too much drag for competitive skiers.


Waxless skis are sometimes used by Nordic racers during variable ski conditions such as temperatures over freezing. In fact, some Nordic ski racers using waxless skis have beaten racers who used waxable skis due to the variable and changing conditions.

===b. Bindings === 
There are three primary groups of binding systems used in modern cross-country skiing:
*NNN (New Nordic Norm) – including the new R4 NIS variant
*SNS (Salomon Nordic System) Profil
*SNS Pilot


Older styled three-pin bindings (Nordic Norm), with or without cables, are still used by backcountry and Telemarking enthusiasts.


Further variants to NNN and SNS are "BC" (back-country) standards, where the toe hold in the binding is wider and the bar in the boot's toe is longer and thicker in order to give further lateral rigidity. This added strength and rigidity is especially important with the stiffer boots and heavier skis used in backcountry skiing.


The existing variety of binding systems, none of which are compatible with the other, has long since been a source of frustration for skiers ever since manufacturers diverged from the almost universal three-pin standard. Whereas downhill skiing has a common binding system allowing any boot to work with any binding short of the dynafit-system, modern cross-country skiers must match the skis' binding system to the boot type. When it is time to change the boot, the skier must either be limited to boots of the same binding system or also change the skis' binding.

====New Nordic Norm==== 
Rottefella developed the New Nordic Norm (NNN) binding, and licenses it to Rossignol, Madshus, Atomic, and, beginning in 2007, Fischer. These bindings have subtypes, such as the NNN-BC for backcountry use, the R3 Skate, the R3 Classic, and the R4 NIS (Nordic Integrated System). The NIS system requires skis that have a permanently bonded plate that the binding slides onto. This allows for the skier to mount their own bindings without needing to screw into the ski. By doing this the skier can easily tune the position of the binding relative to the center of gravity of the ski, said to be useful in different snow conditions. NNN boots are made by Alpina Sports, Madshus, Rossignol and beginning in 2007, Fischer. The R3 and R4 are generally the choice for World Cup Racers using NNN. These are distinguished from the SNS (Salomon and Atomic) binding in that all NNN bindings have two longitudinal ridges that stick out from the bottom of the binding that mate with corresponding slots in NNN boots. There is much debate over which is the superior binding system: SNS or NNN. Overall, the differences between the NNN and SNS binding systems are minuscule to the average skier; the choice should come down to which binding fits with the boot that happens to fit a given skier.


The ''R4 NIS'' binding, made by Rottefella and Rossignol, is the newest variant of the NNN binding. These bindings are compatible with any NNN boot, but can only be used on skis that come with the permanently bonded plate, presently made only by Rossignol, Madshus, and Fischer. The NIS binding made its debut to the general public in 2005.

====Salomon Nordic System Profil==== 
[[Image:Cross-country skiing, bindings.JPG|right|thumb|SNS binding and ski boots, both of the Salomon brand.]]
Salomon Nordic System (SNS) bindings, made by Salomon and Atomic, however, have their advantages too. Boots that are compatible with the SNS Profil system are made by Salomon, Atomic, Adidas, and Hartjes. SNS Profil bindings are used for both Skating and Classic. As opposed to the SNS Pilot's two axes, these boots have only one axis at the front of the sole. Pilots are used by many different racers on the World Cup Circuit. Profil bindings are the standard binding for SNS users, its only competition being the SNS Pilot system. Profil comes in "Equipe" models for racing, "Active" for recreational racing/combination, Auto Touring, and Back Country. Fischer was for many years synonymous with SNS as well, but switched to the more widely used NNN for the 2007/2008 season and beyond.

====Salomon Nordic System Pilot==== 
SNS Pilot bindings, compatible with Salomon, Atomic, Adidas and Hartjes boots. As of the 2006/2007 season, Atomic will also have SNS pilot on their boots. The idea for these bindings came from Bjørn Dæhlie. Pilots are used mostly by elite skiers at the Collegiate/Olympians/World Cup/National level, although it is common to find High School/Citizen Racers with these bindings and their counterpart boots. Pilots are more expensive than Profils at about 100 U.S. dollars for a pair, and have two completely different designs for skate skiing and classical skiing. In Pilot boots, two axes (metal bars), one positioned about 1" (2.5 cm) behind the other, click into two different slots in the Pilot binding. Profil boots only have one axis and therefore cannot fit into Pilot bindings. However, Pilot boots can fit into most Profil bindings, due to a small space behind the front of the boot for the other axis. Pilot Skate bindings are superior to Profil due to the two latches reducing ski motion in the air. The Pilot Classic (released at the end of the 2005-2006 season) doesn't have the bumper found on all NNN and SNS Profil bindings. These new boots and bindings provide a superior subtle kick through a spring loaded back slot for the back axis. Unlike the rubber bumpers, this spring has adjustable tension that can be changed in different snow conditions. Fischer has now started producing their new boots with the NNN system.

===c. Shoes === 
Shoes (boots) are covered in the Bindings section above.

===d. Poles === 
Like alpine skiing, cross-country skiers carry two poles, usually made of aluminium or fiberglass. More expensive poles are made of graphite or carbon fiber or some other strong but lightweight material. Poles have a spike at the end to provide a fixed pivot when the pole penetrates through to a hard surface, and a plastic web or disc (called the basket), to provide extra purchase in snow and to ensure the pole doesn't sink too deeply.

==2. Describe and demonstrate how the above gear would be prepared for use and cared for both on the field and during the off season. == 
===a. Skis===
===b. Bindings===
===c. Shoes===
===d. Poles===

==3. What consideration should be made when selecting clothing to be worn while cross-country skiing? What features would you look for when selecting a pack for cross-country ski touring? == 
==4. Demonstrate properly on skis the following travel techniques: ==
===a. Flat striding with good kick, purchase, and form ===
===b. Single poling, change-up, and double poling ===
===c. Side stepping up and down slopes ===
===d. Herringbone slope climbing ===
===e. Traverse-side stepping up slope with kick turns ===
===f. Straight up slope climbing ===
===g. Straight downhill running under control, 20 degree slope (schuss) ===
===h. Moving step turning down slope ===
===i. Snow plowing for slowing speed and stopping ===
===j. Sitback stopping ===
==5. Explain the purpose of waxing. Briefly explain the need for different waxes for different snow types and temperatures. ==
==6. Explain basic safety precautions to follow in cross-country skiing. ==
==7. Know and explain the official National Ski rules for conduct in cross-country skiing.==

Always practice the Leave No Trace 7 Principles.

1) Plan ahead and prepare. 2) Travel and camp on durable surfaces. 3) Dispose of waste properly. 4) Leave what you find. 5) Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire). 6) Respect wildlife. 7) Be considerate of other visitors. © 1999 by the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics: www.LNT.org.

==8. Demonstrate skiing ability by doing the following: ==
===a. Take three separate three-mile trail tours with another individual. If possible, have varying snow conditions. ===
It is always important to ski with a buddy for safety reasons. It is also more fun.

===b. Take a ten-mile tour over varying terrain. === 
===c. During all tours carry necessary gear (safely) and wear proper clothing for conditions demonstrating ability to maintain proper body temperature, dryness, and condition. ===

==References== 
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Mountain Biking/Answer Key

2020-10-16T01:37:24Z

Olcoleman: Filled in section.

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=25
|honorname=Mountain Biking
|skill=2
|year=1998
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Mountain_Biking_Honor.png
}}
==1. Earn the Cycling Honor.== 
{{honor_prerequisite|category=Recreation|honor=Cycling}}

==2. Using a mountain bike and a road bike as examples, show and describe five differences between mountain and road bicycles.== 


# '''Tires''' - Mountain bikes have knobbie tires for gripping the trail. Road bikes have slick tires to minimize rolling resistance, increasing speed and ease of riding.
# '''Handlebars''' - Mountain bikes have a wide, flat handlebar to allow better control and a more upright riding style to allow better vision of the trail. Road bikes have a narrower, dropped (downward curved) handlebar to allow more riding positions and more aerodynamics.
# '''Gearing''' - Most Mountain bikes have three chainrings (44/36/22) paired with a 7, 8, or 9 speed cassette. Most Road bikes have two chainrings (53/39), larger than a Mountain bike, paired with a smaller 9 or 10 speed cassette. The larger gear ratios on a Road bike allow greater speed on smooth surfaces.
# '''Shifters / Brake Levers''' - Mountain bikes have a horizontal brake lever paired with a trigger shifter (rapidfire) or a twist shifter (GripShift). Road bikes have either an integrated vertical lever, meaning that the brake lever is also used for shifting by pushing the lever to the side, or a vertical brake lever paired with downtube shifters, paddle levers on the sides of the downtube used for shifting.
# '''Wheels''' - Mountain bike wheels are typically 26 inch wheels, although 29 inch wheels are becoming popular among experienced riders. The rims are sturdy, made to stand up to the abuse of a rough trail. There are many spokes, to support the rim and the hub is beefy to provide a strong foundation. Road bike wheels are typically 700c though 650c wheels are occasionally used by smaller riders. The rims are light, but strong, and are shaped to provide little wind resistance. There are normally fewer spokes that are occasionally bladed (flattened) to cut through the wind. The hub is smaller to provide less of an obstacle for the wind, but is still very strong. Road wheels, however, could not likely stand up to the constant pounding that Mountain bike wheels can.

==3. Demonstrate the function and advantages of cleats, bar ends and a front shock on a mountain bike.== 
==4. List at least three materials that mountain bike frames are made from and explain why new materials are always being tested for mountain bike frames.==


# Steel
# Aluminum or Aluminum Alloy
# Titanium
# Carbon Fiber


New materials are being researched to find stiffer, lighter, and more durable frame options.

==5. Explain differences between single track, double track, and fire roads.== 
The essential feature of single track is that it is narrow. In addition it is frequently smooth and flowing, but it may also exhibit technical rocky sections and may be criss-crossed with tree roots. Single track contrasts with double track or fire road which is wide enough for four-wheeled off-road vehicles.

==6. Give the definition for the terms “hard tail” and “full suspension” and explain the advantages and disadvantages of a full-suspension bike compared to a hard tail.== 
A "hard tail" mountain bike only has suspension on the fork, whereas a "full suspension" mountain bike has two suspension devices (one on the fork and one supporting the rear tire from the frame).


A few advantages of having a "hard tail" are that it costs less, has fewer components that can break, and is much easier to operate when climbing up hills.


On the other hand, some of the advantages of a "full suspension" mountain bike are that they are more comfortable (even on rough terrain), can handle greater abuse when riding tough trails, and can be adjusted to fit a number of different types of terrain.

==7. Describe the basic rules of courtesy that should be followed when doing off road riding.== 

Rules vary across countries and regions. Know the local customs and rules of where you plan to ride before starting your ride. Trails and roads are shared with other users. Be courteous of other users and leave plenty of distance as you pass or stop and let them pass. In the United States, it is commonly required that mountain bikers always yield to hikers and horse riders. This means stopping and letting them pass or walking your bike past them.

It is also important to be courteous of other mountain bikers. If you come up behind another rider, call out before you pass them to avoid scaring them. Call something such as, "passing on your left" before getting too close. Another place where it is important to call out is a trail intersection. This is important if you do not plan to stop at the intersection. Other riders may be coming fast. To avoid a crash call out loudly before crossing the trail intersection. Simply shouting, "call out" is a common phrase used to alert other riders you are crossing the trail intersection without stopping. This means it is important that you also listen for other riders calling out as they approach the intersection. If you hear someone else call out, stop to avoid a collision.

The International Mountain Biking Association has developed the following courtesy rules. Practicing them helps keep everyone safe and keep mountain biking trails open. 1) Ride on open trails only. If a trail is marked as closed, do not ride there. 2) Leave no trace. This means picking up any trash you bring. The only trace you should be leaving are your tire tracks! 3) Control your bicycle. Ride within your ability. You are responsible for your bike and where it goes. If a steep hill or jump looks too big for you, it probably is. Obey all local laws and rules. 4) Yield to others. Bicyclists usually yield to all other trail users. 5) Never scare animals. It may happen by accident. Try your best to avoid scaring them. 6) Plan ahead. Tell someone where you are going. Did you pack your helmet? Double check. Have a map of the trails if possible. Bring any tools, spare tubes or air pumps you may need. Always carry a first aid kit.

==8. List 3 basic pieces of safety equipment that should be worn when mountain biking.==
# Helmet
# Closed Toe Shoes or biking shoes
# Gloves
# Protective Eyewear

==9. Know the 3 most commonly broken bones in mountain biking accidents and how to prevent these injuries from occurring.== 
===Commonly Broken Bones===
===Injury Prevention===
To prevent injuries from occurring be sure to make choices that decrease the risk of injury-(all injury).
# Wear protective gear.
# Choose trails appropriate to your riding ability and riding experience.
# Be physically fit enough for the trail you choose to ride. Do not ride when fatigued!
# Keep bike in top mechanical shape. When mountain biking, bikes should be checked and properly maintained before every ride.

==10. Demonstrate how to properly clean, polish and lube your bike after you ride it.== 
==11. Complete the following riding requirements: All rides must be done on some sort of off-road trail like single track and a given trail may be used for more than one ride or repeated to make a ride long enough to meet the requirements (if needed).==
*'''a. Three 5 mile rides.'''
*'''b. Two 10 mile rides.'''
*'''c. One 20 mile ride.'''
Use a GPS or time riding a known length of trail so you can know how long a ride took. Keep a log of where, when, and how far you rode to prove you completed this requirement. Happy riding.

==References== 
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Hiking/Answer Key

2020-10-16T01:06:47Z

Olcoleman: corrected formatting

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Hiking
|skill=1
|year=1933
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Hiking_Honor.png
}}
{{covid|tip=This honor can be earned only if your state/province allows outdoor exercise as part of its stay-at-home order requirement, and if you are careful to maintain social distancing.}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Hiking|master=Wilderness}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Hiking|master=Recreation}}


{{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Ranger/Outdoor Living|RANGER Outdoor Living]]|completion of Requirements 1-11b of this Honor|Just 3 more hikes and some hike reports and the honor is earned as well. This Honor is one of the optional honors for FRONTIER VOYAGER Outdoor Living requirements. Therefore it may make sense to complete requirements #1-11b and 11e during the Ranger year and then complete the honor during the Voyager year.}}

==1. Explain and demonstrate the main points of good hiking practice, such as pacing, speed, resting, and etiquette. == 
Because hiking is a recreational experience, hikers expect it to be pleasant. Sometimes hikers can interfere with each other's enjoyment, or that of other users of the land, but they can minimize this interference by following good etiquette. For example:


* Know and follow the Leave No Trace 7 Principles: 1) Plan ahead and prepare. 2) Travel and camp on durable surfaces. 3) Dispose of waste properly. 4) Leave what you find. 5) Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire). 6) Respect wildlife. 7) Be considerate of other visitors. © 1999 by the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics: www.LNT.org.
* When two groups of hikers meet on a steep trail, there may be contention for use of the trail. To avoid conflict, a custom has developed in some areas whereby the group moving uphill has the right-of-way. In other situations, the larger of the two groups will usually yield to the smaller.
* Being forced to hike much faster or slower than one's natural pace can be annoying, and difficult to maintain consistently. More seriously, walking unnaturally fast dramatically increases fatigue and exhaustion, and may cause injury. If a group splits between fast and slow hikers, the slow hikers may be left behind or become lost. A common custom is to encourage the slowest hiker to hike in the lead and have everyone match that speed. Another custom is to have an experienced hiker sweep up the rear, to ensure that everyone in the group is safe and nobody straggles.
* Hikers often enjoy the silence and solitude of their surroundings. Loud sounds, such as shouting or loud conversation, disrupt this enjoyment. Some hikers purposely avoid loud sounds, out of deference to other hikers. Staying quiet will also increase the likelihood of encountering wildlife. (This is a hazard if dangerous animals are present; see "Personal safety hazards".)
* Hikers sometimes trespass onto private property from public land or rights of way (easements). Such trespass can alienate the property owners and (in countries where rights of way are not protected by law) close down hiking rights-of-way. To maximize hiking opportunities for everyone, most hikers will either stay on public land and easements, or solicit permission from property owners. Staying on well-marked trails avoids the possibility of trespass.
* Tree branches or other vegetation often hang low across trails. A passing hiker may cause a tree branch to snap back in the face of a hiker behind. While it is courteous to warn following hikers if a branch is likely to snap back, it is every hiker's responsibility to allow enough space between himself and the hiker ahead to avoid the hazard.
* When two groups of hikers meet, it is considered a common courtesy to exchange greetings (either verbal or physical (e.g. smiles and friendly nods)). To pass another group without such acknowledgement is seen as rude.
* Resting patterns are essential to the success of a long hike. Therefore before any hike it is very advisable to preview the trail map and establish resting locations within considerable distance one of the other.
* Many hikers don't enjoy nature because they are too busy trying to walk fast; however, this rush lacks all the reason of hiking. A good pace requires not only a firm rate ( a pace everyone can keep up for extended periods) but also the occasional opportunity to observe a special part of the trail or gaze upon God's wonderful creation.
* For those that hike while following a schedule both pace and resting are to be balanced. Creating a fixed time to rest ( 5 minutes is common) and an occasional chance to observe something in nature.
* Something that many folks overlook while hiking is the need for communication with authorities and especially among groups. In case of any emergency it is always convenient to have some way of contacting help without having to mobilize the victim or risk getting lost further. This has saved many lives before and is a practice that must be followed by everyone.
* One last thing to keep in mind is not to get exhausted or dehydrated as this could complicate the rest of the hike. Always keep extra fluid and energy snacks with you as you hike as these could be life savers in dangerous situations.

==2. Explain the importance and method of proper foot care with regard to cleanliness, care of nails, socks, shoe selection, and first aid of tender or blistered feet. == 
===Proper Footwear===
The most important aspect of proper foot care for hiking is to have proper footwear. It is a good idea to wear two pairs of socks on a hike: a thin pair next to your skin, and a thick, padded pair over the thin pair. This arrangement will cause the socks to rub against one another instead of rubbing against your feet causing a blister. When shopping for hiking boots or shoes, wear the type of socks you intend to wear when you hike. You will likely need to buy hiking shoes or boots that are a little larger than your normal shoe size to accommodate the extra thickness of socks.


Hiking shoes should have good ankle support and should lace up tightly. Look for good tread on the soles and sturdy construction. You should wear new shoes for a couple of days of regular use before pressing them into service on a hike - this will break them in. New shoes are another common cause of blistering.

===Dry Feet=== 
Bring extra socks with you on a hike so that you can change them if they get wet. Hiking in wet feet will soften the skin and lead to blisters. It can also lead to fungus growth and immersion foot. Immersion foot occurs when feet are cold and damp while wearing constricting footwear. Unlike frostbite, immersion foot does not require freezing temperatures and can occur in temperatures up to 60° Fahrenheit (about 16° Celsius). Immersion foot can occur with as little as twelve hours' exposure. Affected feet become numb and then turn red or blue. As the condition worsens, they may swell. Advanced immersion foot often involves blisters and open sores, which lead to fungal infections; this is sometimes called jungle rot. If left untreated, immersion foot usually results in gangrene, which can require amputation. If immersion foot is treated properly, complete recovery is normal, though it is marked by severe short-term pain when feeling is returning. Like other cold injuries, immersion foot leaves sufferers more susceptible to it in the future.


Immersion foot is easily prevented by keeping the feet warm and dry, and changing socks frequently when the feet cannot be kept dry.

===Nail Care=== 
Before you set out on a hike, check that your toenails are properly trimmed. They should be trimmed straight across, such that they do not hang over the edge of the toe. Cutting them too short or in a curved shape can cause them to become ingrown. Ingrown toenails tend to cut into the toe at the edges of the nail, leading to infection and extreme discomfort.


Leaving your toenails too long can make them susceptible to breaking off, and that can force you to have to cut them too short - again leading to an ingrown nail. Also, long toenails will wear holes in socks more quickly than properly trimmed nails.

===Blisters=== 
Blisters on the feet and toes are caused by something repeatedly rubbing on them, such as a sock or an ill-fitting shoe. As soon as you detect soreness, you should stop and examine the foot. Reddened skin is the first sign that a blister may be forming. Covering the affected area with an adhesive bandage or even a small strip of duct tape will help prevent a blister from forming. If possible, cover the area with a donut-shaped moleskin before covering with a bandage. This will help alleviate pressure on the area.


If the blister has already formed, ''do not puncture it.'' Leave the skin covering the blister as intact as possible, as it provides a sterile environment underneath. If the blister is on a weight-bearing surface on the bottom of the foot and you ''must'' puncture it, use a sterile needle, and make as few punctures as possible - just enough to drain the liquid. Do not peel any skin off the blister. You can sterilize a needle or a pin by passing it through a flame.


Wash the affected area as well as you can using purified water or a sterile wipe. Again, cover the blister with a donut-shaped moleskin, apply some antibiotic ointment, and cover with a bandage.

==3. Make a list of proper clothing to be worn on a hike in both hot and cool weather. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Clothing}}

==4. Make a list of needed gear for a long day hike in the wilderness and a short country hike. == 
For either hike, you should bring the following:
* Water bottle
* Water purification equipment
* First aid kit
* Blister kit may be part of the first aid kit):
** Mole skin
** Bandages
** Needle or pin
** Lighter
** Antibiotic ointment
** Antiseptic wipes
* Extra socks
* Extra shoe/boot laces
* Flashlight (torch)
* Compass
* Map of the area
* Guide book about the trail you are using
* Day pack (a small backpack)
* Hiking shoes or boots
* Knife
* Rope
* Trail mix


For a long day hike you will also need to plan on a meal or two. Select foods that are low-weight (you will have to carry it remember), high calorie, and easy to prepare (or require no preparation). If your food requires preparation, be sure to bring whatever you need to prepare it (such as a backpacking stove, a mess kit, and eating utensils).


Carry your trail mix where it is easily available for snacking as you walk.

==5. List five safety and courtesy rules to be used in wilderness trail hiking and road hiking. == 
# Respect both public and private property
# Do not trespass.
# Dispose of trash properly. If no disposal facilities are available, pack out what you pack in.
# Do not destroy the flora or fauna.
# Have a good sense of humor.
# Help others with their necessities.
# Do not play games that can hurt others.
# Follow and obey the leaders.
# Finish what you start.
# Tell someone where you are going and report back, particularly if going into the wilderness.

==6. Explain the importance of drinking water and list three signs of contaminated water. == 
[[Image:Giardia lamblia SEM 8698 lores.jpg|thumb|Giardia lamblia, an intestinal parasite]]


For good health and to avoid injury, it is important to stay hydrated. This is accomplished by drinking lots of water while hiking. Signs of dehydration include infrequent urination, strong-smelling urine, dark yellow urine, headaches, irritability, and lack of perspiration. You need to drink ''before'' you feel thirsty.


It is a good idea to bring a water filter or purification tablets with you on a hike so that you can refill your water containers at every opportunity. Note that water becomes more scarce as you go higher into the mountains, so if you are climbing a mountain trail, stock up on water whenever you see it.


Make sure you know how to use your filter and make sure it works ''before'' setting out on a trip. You do not want to discover that your filter is defective at a time when your health (and possibly your life) depends on its proper operation.


It is especially important to purify any water you collect on the trail before drinking it. Bacterial contamination cannot be reliably detected without lab equipment, so it is better to be safe than sorry. Purifying clean water will not hurt you. Even water that looks clean could be rife with harmful bacteria. Giardia is a very common parasite that will cause sickness in humans. Diarrhea and intestinal cramps are very real possibilities for those who do not heed these warnings.


Signs that water is contaminated include the following:
#'''Nothing living in the water:''' If you cannot find any signs of life in the water, it is very likely to be unfit for drinking. If plants and animals cannot live in the water, it may contain poisonous chemicals.
#'''Oil film on surface:''' Runoff from roadways can deposit petroleum-based oil in the water. If you see a rainbow slick on the surface, this is a sign of pollution.
#'''Foul Odor:''' Foul smelling water is sure to be foul tasting as well, but the damage caused by drinking it may well extend beyond the taste buds.

==7. Explain the importance of proper eating while hiking. == 
Food is the body's fuel, and hiking is an activity that burns fuel like a Hummer. Hiking doubles your caloric burn rate, so you must compensate for this by doubling your caloric intake.


The most important nutrient for the hiker is water. The absolute minimum is two liters per day. It is far better to drink one liter per hour, especially if it is hot, or if the hiking is strenuous.


The remainder of the diet should be made up of 60% carbohydrates, 10-15% proteins, and 25-30% fats. For extended, long-distance hikes, it is important to be sure you get sufficient quantities of vitamins and minerals too.

==8. Describe proper clothing and foot gear for cold and hot wet weather hiking. == 
===Cold, Wet Weather===
Keeping dry is not only important for comfort - in cold weather it is also essential to safety. Bring an extra set of clothing with you so that if you do get wet, you'll have something to change into. To stay dry, wear a water-proof outer layer. It is also essential to dress in layers and to vent your clothing to avoid sweating. Perspiration will soak your clothing just as quickly as precipitation.


Footwear should be as waterproof as possible and provide warmth. To avoid blisters, footwear also needs to be snug. Many hikers prefer mukluks for cold-weather hiking.

===Hot, Wet Weather=== 
As with cold, wet weather, you should bring an extra set of dry clothing for hot weather. Bring a poncho, or other waterproof outer layer to keep yourself dry. Waterproof hiking boots will help maintain dry feet.

==9. Submit a written plan for a 10-mile (16.1 km) hike which includes: map route, clothing list, equipment list, and water and/or food. == 
Pathfinders can work together or individually on this activity. Equipment should include the '''''Ten Essentials:'''''


# Map
# Compass (optionally supplemented with a GPS receiver)
# Sunglasses and sunscreen
# Extra food and water
# Extra clothes
# Headlamp/flashlight
# First aid kit
# Fire starter
# Matches
# Knife


A 10-mile hike should include one meal, and it should provide about 2000 calories. The meal can consist of the "main" portion which is eaten as a meal, as well as "trail food" which is eaten while walking. GORP ('''G'''ood '''O'''ld '''R'''aisins and '''P'''eanuts) is the classic hiking snack.


The description of the route can be simple, but it should be detailed enough so that others can retrace your steps. Leave the plan with someone who is not going with you in case there is an emergency and you are unable to return when planned. This information is essential to a rescue team should the services of one become necessary.


Here is a [http://www.adventuresmart.ca/downloads/TripPlan.pdf form to fill out] that will assist greatly in this requirement. (Part goes with you, part stays behind with a responsible person.)

==10. Use a topographical map and/or a road map in planning and doing one of the hikes in Requirement 11.== 
A topographic map shows the contours of the land. These tell the map reader where hills are, and how steep they are. They also show where you can expect to find water (which you ''will'' filter before drinking, right?) or interesting scenery (such as water falls and overlooks). A good topographical map will also show roads and trails - essential information for planning a hike! Many of the topographical maps made for hikers will also indicate distances between trail intersections for easy distance calculations (just add them up).


More details for reading a topographic map can be found in the answers to the [[../Orienteering|Orienteering]] honor.

==11. Have the following hiking record: == 
===a. One five-mile (8 km) rural or town hike ===
A 5-mile hike can be done either in the morning or in the afternoon. It is an excellent Sabbath afternoon activity. One way to do this is to plan to hike around the neighborhood after church. If you schedule it to coincide with a church potluck you won't have to worry about feeding the troops. You will want to plan the route ahead of time though, and be sure it is at least five miles.
===b. One five-mile ( 8 km) hike on a wilderness trail ===
Again, a five mile hike can be done in half a day, either in the morning or in the afternoon. However, unless your church is located near a wilderness trail, this will involve some travel to reach the trailhead. Your Pathfinders may be able to eat a sack lunch in the car either on the way there, or on the way back.
===c. Two 10-mile (16.1 km) day hikes on different routes ===
A 10-mile hike will generally take all day, so plan to set out early in the morning and return in the evening. Everyone should bring a lunch.
===d. One 15-mile (24.2 km) hike on a wilderness trail ===
Fifteen miles is a long hike, and should not be attempted in a single day except by people in excellent physical condition. If you can, plan an overnight hike, going at least 7.5 miles into the wilderness, and then hiking back out the next day. Note that this will meet a major requirement for the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Backpacking|Backpacking]] and [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Pioneering|Pioneering]] honors.

===e. Within a month of each hike, write a short report, giving dates, routes covered, weather, and any interesting things you saw. === 


This hiking record can be incorporated into the regular Pathfinder program so that any Pathfinder who has fully participated in club events will meet this requirement in a two-year period. Plan a 5-mile hike every fall - alternating every year between rural/town hikes and wilderness trail hikes. Have your Rangers plan a 10-mile hike each year. The 15-mile hike can be done every other year, perhaps during the summer. Plan an evaluation session during the meeting after each hike, and have each Pathfinder turn in the report.

==References== 
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Hiking/Answer Key

2020-10-16T01:05:52Z

Olcoleman: added 7 principles of Leave No Trace

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Hiking
|skill=1
|year=1933
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Hiking_Honor.png
}}
{{covid|tip=This honor can be earned only if your state/province allows outdoor exercise as part of its stay-at-home order requirement, and if you are careful to maintain social distancing.}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Hiking|master=Wilderness}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Hiking|master=Recreation}}


{{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Ranger/Outdoor Living|RANGER Outdoor Living]]|completion of Requirements 1-11b of this Honor|Just 3 more hikes and some hike reports and the honor is earned as well. This Honor is one of the optional honors for FRONTIER VOYAGER Outdoor Living requirements. Therefore it may make sense to complete requirements #1-11b and 11e during the Ranger year and then complete the honor during the Voyager year.}}

==1. Explain and demonstrate the main points of good hiking practice, such as pacing, speed, resting, and etiquette. == 
Because hiking is a recreational experience, hikers expect it to be pleasant. Sometimes hikers can interfere with each other's enjoyment, or that of other users of the land, but they can minimize this interference by following good etiquette. For example:


* Know and follow the Leave No Trace 7 Principles:
1) Plan ahead and prepare. 2) Travel and camp on durable surfaces. 3) Dispose of waste properly. 4) Leave what you find. 5) Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire). 6) Respect wildlife. 7) Be considerate of other visitors. © 1999 by the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics: www.LNT.org.
* When two groups of hikers meet on a steep trail, there may be contention for use of the trail. To avoid conflict, a custom has developed in some areas whereby the group moving uphill has the right-of-way. In other situations, the larger of the two groups will usually yield to the smaller.
* Being forced to hike much faster or slower than one's natural pace can be annoying, and difficult to maintain consistently. More seriously, walking unnaturally fast dramatically increases fatigue and exhaustion, and may cause injury. If a group splits between fast and slow hikers, the slow hikers may be left behind or become lost. A common custom is to encourage the slowest hiker to hike in the lead and have everyone match that speed. Another custom is to have an experienced hiker sweep up the rear, to ensure that everyone in the group is safe and nobody straggles.
* Hikers often enjoy the silence and solitude of their surroundings. Loud sounds, such as shouting or loud conversation, disrupt this enjoyment. Some hikers purposely avoid loud sounds, out of deference to other hikers. Staying quiet will also increase the likelihood of encountering wildlife. (This is a hazard if dangerous animals are present; see "Personal safety hazards".)
* Hikers sometimes trespass onto private property from public land or rights of way (easements). Such trespass can alienate the property owners and (in countries where rights of way are not protected by law) close down hiking rights-of-way. To maximize hiking opportunities for everyone, most hikers will either stay on public land and easements, or solicit permission from property owners. Staying on well-marked trails avoids the possibility of trespass.
* Tree branches or other vegetation often hang low across trails. A passing hiker may cause a tree branch to snap back in the face of a hiker behind. While it is courteous to warn following hikers if a branch is likely to snap back, it is every hiker's responsibility to allow enough space between himself and the hiker ahead to avoid the hazard.
* When two groups of hikers meet, it is considered a common courtesy to exchange greetings (either verbal or physical (e.g. smiles and friendly nods)). To pass another group without such acknowledgement is seen as rude.
* Resting patterns are essential to the success of a long hike. Therefore before any hike it is very advisable to preview the trail map and establish resting locations within considerable distance one of the other.
* Many hikers don't enjoy nature because they are too busy trying to walk fast; however, this rush lacks all the reason of hiking. A good pace requires not only a firm rate ( a pace everyone can keep up for extended periods) but also the occasional opportunity to observe a special part of the trail or gaze upon God's wonderful creation.
* For those that hike while following a schedule both pace and resting are to be balanced. Creating a fixed time to rest ( 5 minutes is common) and an occasional chance to observe something in nature.
* Something that many folks overlook while hiking is the need for communication with authorities and especially among groups. In case of any emergency it is always convenient to have some way of contacting help without having to mobilize the victim or risk getting lost further. This has saved many lives before and is a practice that must be followed by everyone.
* One last thing to keep in mind is not to get exhausted or dehydrated as this could complicate the rest of the hike. Always keep extra fluid and energy snacks with you as you hike as these could be life savers in dangerous situations.

==2. Explain the importance and method of proper foot care with regard to cleanliness, care of nails, socks, shoe selection, and first aid of tender or blistered feet. == 
===Proper Footwear===
The most important aspect of proper foot care for hiking is to have proper footwear. It is a good idea to wear two pairs of socks on a hike: a thin pair next to your skin, and a thick, padded pair over the thin pair. This arrangement will cause the socks to rub against one another instead of rubbing against your feet causing a blister. When shopping for hiking boots or shoes, wear the type of socks you intend to wear when you hike. You will likely need to buy hiking shoes or boots that are a little larger than your normal shoe size to accommodate the extra thickness of socks.


Hiking shoes should have good ankle support and should lace up tightly. Look for good tread on the soles and sturdy construction. You should wear new shoes for a couple of days of regular use before pressing them into service on a hike - this will break them in. New shoes are another common cause of blistering.

===Dry Feet=== 
Bring extra socks with you on a hike so that you can change them if they get wet. Hiking in wet feet will soften the skin and lead to blisters. It can also lead to fungus growth and immersion foot. Immersion foot occurs when feet are cold and damp while wearing constricting footwear. Unlike frostbite, immersion foot does not require freezing temperatures and can occur in temperatures up to 60° Fahrenheit (about 16° Celsius). Immersion foot can occur with as little as twelve hours' exposure. Affected feet become numb and then turn red or blue. As the condition worsens, they may swell. Advanced immersion foot often involves blisters and open sores, which lead to fungal infections; this is sometimes called jungle rot. If left untreated, immersion foot usually results in gangrene, which can require amputation. If immersion foot is treated properly, complete recovery is normal, though it is marked by severe short-term pain when feeling is returning. Like other cold injuries, immersion foot leaves sufferers more susceptible to it in the future.


Immersion foot is easily prevented by keeping the feet warm and dry, and changing socks frequently when the feet cannot be kept dry.

===Nail Care=== 
Before you set out on a hike, check that your toenails are properly trimmed. They should be trimmed straight across, such that they do not hang over the edge of the toe. Cutting them too short or in a curved shape can cause them to become ingrown. Ingrown toenails tend to cut into the toe at the edges of the nail, leading to infection and extreme discomfort.


Leaving your toenails too long can make them susceptible to breaking off, and that can force you to have to cut them too short - again leading to an ingrown nail. Also, long toenails will wear holes in socks more quickly than properly trimmed nails.

===Blisters=== 
Blisters on the feet and toes are caused by something repeatedly rubbing on them, such as a sock or an ill-fitting shoe. As soon as you detect soreness, you should stop and examine the foot. Reddened skin is the first sign that a blister may be forming. Covering the affected area with an adhesive bandage or even a small strip of duct tape will help prevent a blister from forming. If possible, cover the area with a donut-shaped moleskin before covering with a bandage. This will help alleviate pressure on the area.


If the blister has already formed, ''do not puncture it.'' Leave the skin covering the blister as intact as possible, as it provides a sterile environment underneath. If the blister is on a weight-bearing surface on the bottom of the foot and you ''must'' puncture it, use a sterile needle, and make as few punctures as possible - just enough to drain the liquid. Do not peel any skin off the blister. You can sterilize a needle or a pin by passing it through a flame.


Wash the affected area as well as you can using purified water or a sterile wipe. Again, cover the blister with a donut-shaped moleskin, apply some antibiotic ointment, and cover with a bandage.

==3. Make a list of proper clothing to be worn on a hike in both hot and cool weather. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Clothing}}

==4. Make a list of needed gear for a long day hike in the wilderness and a short country hike. == 
For either hike, you should bring the following:
* Water bottle
* Water purification equipment
* First aid kit
* Blister kit may be part of the first aid kit):
** Mole skin
** Bandages
** Needle or pin
** Lighter
** Antibiotic ointment
** Antiseptic wipes
* Extra socks
* Extra shoe/boot laces
* Flashlight (torch)
* Compass
* Map of the area
* Guide book about the trail you are using
* Day pack (a small backpack)
* Hiking shoes or boots
* Knife
* Rope
* Trail mix


For a long day hike you will also need to plan on a meal or two. Select foods that are low-weight (you will have to carry it remember), high calorie, and easy to prepare (or require no preparation). If your food requires preparation, be sure to bring whatever you need to prepare it (such as a backpacking stove, a mess kit, and eating utensils).


Carry your trail mix where it is easily available for snacking as you walk.

==5. List five safety and courtesy rules to be used in wilderness trail hiking and road hiking. == 
# Respect both public and private property
# Do not trespass.
# Dispose of trash properly. If no disposal facilities are available, pack out what you pack in.
# Do not destroy the flora or fauna.
# Have a good sense of humor.
# Help others with their necessities.
# Do not play games that can hurt others.
# Follow and obey the leaders.
# Finish what you start.
# Tell someone where you are going and report back, particularly if going into the wilderness.

==6. Explain the importance of drinking water and list three signs of contaminated water. == 
[[Image:Giardia lamblia SEM 8698 lores.jpg|thumb|Giardia lamblia, an intestinal parasite]]


For good health and to avoid injury, it is important to stay hydrated. This is accomplished by drinking lots of water while hiking. Signs of dehydration include infrequent urination, strong-smelling urine, dark yellow urine, headaches, irritability, and lack of perspiration. You need to drink ''before'' you feel thirsty.


It is a good idea to bring a water filter or purification tablets with you on a hike so that you can refill your water containers at every opportunity. Note that water becomes more scarce as you go higher into the mountains, so if you are climbing a mountain trail, stock up on water whenever you see it.


Make sure you know how to use your filter and make sure it works ''before'' setting out on a trip. You do not want to discover that your filter is defective at a time when your health (and possibly your life) depends on its proper operation.


It is especially important to purify any water you collect on the trail before drinking it. Bacterial contamination cannot be reliably detected without lab equipment, so it is better to be safe than sorry. Purifying clean water will not hurt you. Even water that looks clean could be rife with harmful bacteria. Giardia is a very common parasite that will cause sickness in humans. Diarrhea and intestinal cramps are very real possibilities for those who do not heed these warnings.


Signs that water is contaminated include the following:
#'''Nothing living in the water:''' If you cannot find any signs of life in the water, it is very likely to be unfit for drinking. If plants and animals cannot live in the water, it may contain poisonous chemicals.
#'''Oil film on surface:''' Runoff from roadways can deposit petroleum-based oil in the water. If you see a rainbow slick on the surface, this is a sign of pollution.
#'''Foul Odor:''' Foul smelling water is sure to be foul tasting as well, but the damage caused by drinking it may well extend beyond the taste buds.

==7. Explain the importance of proper eating while hiking. == 
Food is the body's fuel, and hiking is an activity that burns fuel like a Hummer. Hiking doubles your caloric burn rate, so you must compensate for this by doubling your caloric intake.


The most important nutrient for the hiker is water. The absolute minimum is two liters per day. It is far better to drink one liter per hour, especially if it is hot, or if the hiking is strenuous.


The remainder of the diet should be made up of 60% carbohydrates, 10-15% proteins, and 25-30% fats. For extended, long-distance hikes, it is important to be sure you get sufficient quantities of vitamins and minerals too.

==8. Describe proper clothing and foot gear for cold and hot wet weather hiking. == 
===Cold, Wet Weather===
Keeping dry is not only important for comfort - in cold weather it is also essential to safety. Bring an extra set of clothing with you so that if you do get wet, you'll have something to change into. To stay dry, wear a water-proof outer layer. It is also essential to dress in layers and to vent your clothing to avoid sweating. Perspiration will soak your clothing just as quickly as precipitation.


Footwear should be as waterproof as possible and provide warmth. To avoid blisters, footwear also needs to be snug. Many hikers prefer mukluks for cold-weather hiking.

===Hot, Wet Weather=== 
As with cold, wet weather, you should bring an extra set of dry clothing for hot weather. Bring a poncho, or other waterproof outer layer to keep yourself dry. Waterproof hiking boots will help maintain dry feet.

==9. Submit a written plan for a 10-mile (16.1 km) hike which includes: map route, clothing list, equipment list, and water and/or food. == 
Pathfinders can work together or individually on this activity. Equipment should include the '''''Ten Essentials:'''''


# Map
# Compass (optionally supplemented with a GPS receiver)
# Sunglasses and sunscreen
# Extra food and water
# Extra clothes
# Headlamp/flashlight
# First aid kit
# Fire starter
# Matches
# Knife


A 10-mile hike should include one meal, and it should provide about 2000 calories. The meal can consist of the "main" portion which is eaten as a meal, as well as "trail food" which is eaten while walking. GORP ('''G'''ood '''O'''ld '''R'''aisins and '''P'''eanuts) is the classic hiking snack.


The description of the route can be simple, but it should be detailed enough so that others can retrace your steps. Leave the plan with someone who is not going with you in case there is an emergency and you are unable to return when planned. This information is essential to a rescue team should the services of one become necessary.


Here is a [http://www.adventuresmart.ca/downloads/TripPlan.pdf form to fill out] that will assist greatly in this requirement. (Part goes with you, part stays behind with a responsible person.)

==10. Use a topographical map and/or a road map in planning and doing one of the hikes in Requirement 11.== 
A topographic map shows the contours of the land. These tell the map reader where hills are, and how steep they are. They also show where you can expect to find water (which you ''will'' filter before drinking, right?) or interesting scenery (such as water falls and overlooks). A good topographical map will also show roads and trails - essential information for planning a hike! Many of the topographical maps made for hikers will also indicate distances between trail intersections for easy distance calculations (just add them up).


More details for reading a topographic map can be found in the answers to the [[../Orienteering|Orienteering]] honor.

==11. Have the following hiking record: == 
===a. One five-mile (8 km) rural or town hike ===
A 5-mile hike can be done either in the morning or in the afternoon. It is an excellent Sabbath afternoon activity. One way to do this is to plan to hike around the neighborhood after church. If you schedule it to coincide with a church potluck you won't have to worry about feeding the troops. You will want to plan the route ahead of time though, and be sure it is at least five miles.
===b. One five-mile ( 8 km) hike on a wilderness trail ===
Again, a five mile hike can be done in half a day, either in the morning or in the afternoon. However, unless your church is located near a wilderness trail, this will involve some travel to reach the trailhead. Your Pathfinders may be able to eat a sack lunch in the car either on the way there, or on the way back.
===c. Two 10-mile (16.1 km) day hikes on different routes ===
A 10-mile hike will generally take all day, so plan to set out early in the morning and return in the evening. Everyone should bring a lunch.
===d. One 15-mile (24.2 km) hike on a wilderness trail ===
Fifteen miles is a long hike, and should not be attempted in a single day except by people in excellent physical condition. If you can, plan an overnight hike, going at least 7.5 miles into the wilderness, and then hiking back out the next day. Note that this will meet a major requirement for the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Backpacking|Backpacking]] and [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Pioneering|Pioneering]] honors.

===e. Within a month of each hike, write a short report, giving dates, routes covered, weather, and any interesting things you saw. === 


This hiking record can be incorporated into the regular Pathfinder program so that any Pathfinder who has fully participated in club events will meet this requirement in a two-year period. Plan a 5-mile hike every fall - alternating every year between rural/town hikes and wilderness trail hikes. Have your Rangers plan a 10-mile hike each year. The 15-mile hike can be done every other year, perhaps during the summer. Plan an evaluation session during the meeting after each hike, and have each Pathfinder turn in the report.

==References== 
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Caving/Answer Key

2020-10-16T00:43:56Z

Olcoleman: added rule about leave the cave as it was found.

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Caving
|skill=2
|year=1973
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Caving_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Caving|master=Recreation}}

==1. Know at least three light sources for caving and the importance of having extra light supplies and backup lights. Have an experienced person in caving show you how a carbide light works. == 


All primary light sources should be head-mounted so that hands are free to be used.
*LED Headlamp
*Flashlight (Helmet mounted)
*Candle (Emergency Heat and Light Source)
*Acetylene Gas Headlamp (Carbide)
*Light Stick (Emergency Use)
*Incandescent Headlamp


It is extremely important to have at least three sources of light in case a light fails. Your primary and secondary light should be able to be head mounted, but it is best if all three light sources can be head mounted.


''If you do not know an experienced caver, see requirement 3 for a link to a list of local caving clubs.
''

==2. List all equipment needed for a successful caving trip excluding vertical equipment and start putting together your own set of equipment. == 


<big>'''Horizontal Caving'''</big>
*Helmet
*Headlamp
*Gloves
*Pack for Extra Supplies and Equipment
**Candle
**Lighter or Matches
**20 ft of Tubular Webbing
**50 Gallon Trash Bag
**Extra Lights
**Extra Batteries for all lights
*Proper Clothing (Caves are approx. {{units|13°C|56° F}})
**Long Sleeves
**Long Pants
**Sturdy Shoes


<big>'''Vertical Caving'''</big>
*All of the above equipment, with the addition of:
*Proper Descending Equipment (Rappel Rack)
*Proper Harness
*Proper Ascending Equipment (Ascenders - varies by climbing system)
*Backup Ascenscion Equipment (Prusik Cords, etc.)
*'''Proper Training and Knowledge of Vertical Techniques'''

==3. Locate an experienced caver and join that person in exploring at least three relatively easy caves accumulating a total of ten hours of actual caving time.== 


Contact the local chapter of the [http://http://www.caves.org/ National Speleological Society] to find a smart, experienced caver.

==4. Keep a log of these explorations, noting date, cave locations, conditions, features, hours spent in each, names of other members in your party and trip leader's name. == 
It is best to write down information about your trip as soon after the trip as you can. Otherwise, you might forget some of the details. Compare notes with others who went on the trip. If everyone agrees with your data, it is likely to be more accurate.

==5. Learn, know well and practice caving safety rules. == 
Never cave alone. A group of 3 or 4 is small enough to move quickly, yet big enough to allow flexibility in emergencies. If someone is injured, at least one person should stay with them while others go for help.

Make sure someone knows where you are going and when you are expected to return. Allow some leeway on return times since trips often take longer than expected, but having someone ready to call for help if your group is overdue is a wise precaution.

Move carefully in the cave. Uneven ground, low ceilings and pits make running and jumping dangerous. Climbs, crawls and rough terrain can make even a sprain a big problem for getting out of the cave.

Be aware of the nature of the caves you are visiting. For example, caves with streams may be prone to flooding and a sharp eye may need to be kept on the weather. Other caves require climbing skills or vertical equipment that you or others in your party may not have.

If you run out of light or become hopelessly lost get into a safe position and wait for help (you did tell someone where you were going didn't you?).

Take nothing but pictures, leave nothing but footprints, kill nothing but time. (this includes not touching or breaking stone formations in the cave which take years to "grow") Many people have gotten hurt in caves trying to get an out of reach formation of the cave to take home.

==6. Practice walking yourself up a steep slope by pulling yourself along a rope.== 
Pull yourself up a steep slope by using a rope with knots placed at intervals along the climb. Climb hand-over-hand moving your feet as you move your hands until you reach the top!


[[Image:Assisted_Rope_Climb.gif]]

==7. Describe several ways caves were used in Bible times. == 
*Genesis 19:29-30
*Genesis 23:17-19
*Genesis 25:8-10
*Genesis 49:29-33
*Exodus 33:21-34:2
*Joshua 10:15-19
*Judges 6:2
*1 Samuel 22:1-2
*1 Kings 18:1-4
*Psalm 142
*John 11:38-40
*Hebrews 11:36-38
*Isaiah 2:19-21
*Revelation 6:15-17

==8. Participate in the mapping process of a small cave you have explored.== 


The mapping process is described in detail at [http://cavingintro.net/surveymap.html Cavingintro.net]

==9. Know the names of at least five different speleothems and three cave-dwelling animals. Include in your report those you have observed while caving. == 

===Speleothems===
*'''Dripstone''' is calcium carbonate in the form of stalactites or stalagmites
*'''Stalactites''' are pointed pendants hanging from the cave ceiling, from which they grow;
*'''Soda straws''' are very thin but long stalactites having an elongated cylindrical shape rather than the usual more conical shape of stalactites;
*'''Helictites''' are stalactites that have a central canal with twig-like or spiral projections that appear to defy gravity;
*'''Chandeliers''' are complex clusters of ceiling decorations;
*'''Stalagmites''' are bluntly pointed mounds, often beneath stalactites;
*'''Columns''' result when stalactites and stalagmites meet or when stalactites reach the floor of the cave;

*'''Flowstone''' is sheetlike and found on cave floors and walls;
*'''Draperies''' or curtains are thin, wavy sheets of calcite hanging downward;
*'''Bacon''' is a drapery with variously colored bands within the sheet;
*'''Rimstone dams''', or gours, occur at stream ripples and form barriers that may contain water;
*'''Stone waterfall''' formations simulate frozen cascades

*'''Popcorn''' is small, knobby clusters of calcite;
*'''Cave pearls''' are the result of water dripping from high above, causing small "seed" crystals to turn over so often that they form into near-perfect spheres of calcium carbonate;
*'''Dogtooth spar''' are large calcite crystals often found near seasonal pools;
*'''Frostwork''' is needle-like growths of calcite or aragonite;
*'''Moonmilk''' is white and cheese-like;
*'''Snottites''' have the consistency of "snot", or mucous;
*... and many more.

===Cave Dwelling Animals=== 
*'''Troglobites''', which are restricted to caves
:Flatworms, Isopods, Amphipods, Eyeless cave shrimp, cave crayfish, bristletails, collembola, eyeless fish, cave beetles
*'''Troglophiles''', which live in caves and on the surface
:Segmented worms, snails, copepods, spiders, phalangids, mites, pseudoscorpions, millipedes, cave crickets(Hadenoecus)
*'''Trogloxenes''', which regularly visit caves but can not complete their life cycles in subterranean environments.
:Crickets, bats, pack rats, flies and gnats

==10. Write a report of at least 500 words on ten or more hours of your caving experience and include all you have learned while carrying out the previous nine requirements. == 
Important items to note are cave ecology and cave conservation techniques. A 500 word report is not that long (about one page), so don't let that intimidate you. If you can survive the exploration of a cave, you can survive writing a 500-word report!

==References== 
[http://www.caves.org/ National Speleological Society]


[http://www.onrope1.com On Rope 1, Inc.] - Caving Equipment and Techniques


[http://www.scci.org/ Southeastern Cave Conservancy, Inc.] - Southeastern Caving Group


[http://cavingintro.net/ Introduction to Caves & Caving]

==Historical Note== 
Unusually the honor token for Caving was changed to show the view out of a cave instead of a person on a rope. Watch sashes of long time Pathfinders for the old token design.
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Camping Skills IV/Answer Key

2020-10-16T00:33:48Z

Olcoleman:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Camping Skills IV
|skill=2
|year=1986
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Camping_Skills_IV.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Camping Skills IV|master=Wilderness}}
{{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Ranger/Outdoor Living|RANGER Outdoor Living]]|completion of this Honor|}}
==1. Be in at least the 8th grade. == 
{{ay camping grade level|IV|8}}

==2. Plan and execute a one-hour Sabbath camping activity other than worship to make the Sabbath a meaningful experience. == 
There are many ways to fulfill this requirement.
===Themed Scavenger Hunt===
A themed scavenger hunt is one option. Have your Pathfinders choose a theme, and then come up with as many items as they think can be found at your campsite and which relate in some way to the theme. Have them make a list of these items ahead of time, and hand the lists out when the activity begins. You may tell them that all the items relate to a theme, but do not tell them what the theme is. Give them 40 minutes to find all the items, and tell them to meet again at the end of that time period. When they return, ask them if they have guessed the theme. If they do not guess correctly, tell them what the theme is. Then have each Pathfinder working on the honor take turns calling for the items. When someone produces it, the Pathfinder will explain how that item relates to the theme. Be sure to draw a spiritual lesson from the activity. Close with a prayer.
===Drawing or Photographing Nature===
Many of the honors in the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature|Nature]] category have the requirement to collect, photograph, or draw a number of creatures (plant or animal) found in nature, such as flowers, ferns, insects, etc. The Pathfinders presenting this activity should bring a field guide so that the chosen creatures can be identified. They may also bring samples of these items with them in case you are unable to find them around your campsite.


If you choose to have your Pathfinders sketch these items, be sure to bring enough notebooks and pencils (some honors require colored drawings - if so, bring colored pencils) for everyone. If you choose to have them take photos, you will probably want each Pathfinder to bring a camera (disposable cameras are ideal for this).


Collecting specimens is no longer encouraged, as it ends the life of the creature. Furthermore, many species are now endangered, and collecting them is not only unethical, it is illegal as well.


You can also mix photography and sketching. You may wish to have the group set out looking for specimens, and photograph all they can find. Then return and sketch the remainder. If you have only one or two cameras, you may find that this works well for you.

===Skit with Props=== 
Choose several Bible stories and divide your Pathfinders into at least two groups of three to eight individuals. Assign each group a Bible story and tell them where it may be found in the Bible. Have each come up with a skit to be presented to the rest of the group. Provide each group with random props and make it a contest between each group to see who can use the most of them. The props should be really off-the-wall so that the kids have to really think in order to use the item. Things like these do not have an obvious application, and that will make them stretch their imaginations:
*Ping pong paddle
*White board eraser
*Piece of fruit
*Cotton balls
*Measuring cup
*Toilet paper tube
*Ball of yarn
*A shoe
*Binder clip
*Ruler
*Compact Disc (blanks are cheap)
*Water bottle


Don't limit the props to this list or feel compelled to use anything on it - it's just a suggestion to get you started. See what you can find around the house, church, or campsite and press it into service for this activity. If possible, make each group's prop kit identical. Let everyone know how much time they have to put their skits together. Fifteen minutes should be sufficient. The remainder of the hour will be used to present the skits.

===Hike=== 
Go on a nature hike. Go along a stream and skip stones. Look for animal tracks and make plaster casts of them (your Companion class will thank you later).

===Bible Quest=== 
For this activity you will need to come up with several hiding places around the vicinity of the camp site and clues to each hiding place written on index cards. The cards are hidden. Each clue will direct the finder to the ''next'' clue (in other words, don't hide a clue at the location it hints at). Each clue should incorporate a passage from the Bible. For instance, the clue might say "Psalm 23:5, first part" which reads "You set a table before me in the presence of my enemies." This clue would direct the seekers to a picnic table where the next card is hidden. Another might hint "Psalm 119:105" which reads "Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path." The clue could point the seeker to either the lantern (i.e., lamp) or to a path. They will have to check both places. It would be a good idea to bring a Concordance on this camping trip.


If you have a large group it would be better to make two copies of the cards, and make the clues circular (meaning that the last hiding place points back to the first hiding place). The first set is hidden around the camp site, one card per hiding place. The second set it handed out to the campers, one card per person, or per team (the teams should not have more than three people on them). That way everyone will start (and end) at a different point. If everyone starts at the same point, the campers with the strongest personalities will end up doing all the work and everyone else will just follow them - that's not fun. When the campers find their original clue, they have completed the quest.


When everyone is finished, ask them which one they liked the best, which one was hardest, easiest, etc.

==3. Write a 200-word report or give a two-minute oral presentation on the preservation of the wilderness, discussing etiquette and conservation. == 
Learning preservation, etiquette, and conservation is a requirement for Camping Skills I and II, so you can have the Pathfinders learning this honor review this material and present it to the younger ones.

Review and practice the Leave No Trace 7 Principles.

1) Plan ahead and prepare. 2) Travel and camp on durable surfaces. 3) Dispose of waste properly. 4) Leave what you find. 5) Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire). 6) Respect wildlife. 7) Be considerate of other visitors. © 1999 by the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics: www.LNT.org.

Be mindful of others when camping and traveling in areas that allow hunting. Wear bright colors to alert others to your presence.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Etiquette}}

==4. Plan your menu for a two-day camping trip and estimate the cost. == 
===Planning the menu===
Use the USDA's food pyramid to choose a balanced menu:
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Balanced menu}}

===Estimating the cost=== 
To estimate the cost of the food on your menu, you will first need to estimate the quantity. This can be done with a spreadsheet, or by pencil and paper. First consider how much food your average camper will eat from each meal. Then figure out how much you will need for everyone to be able to eat the average amount. Some will eat more, but some will eat less. For example, if you are serving grilled cheese sandwiches, you will need two slices of bread and one slice of cheese per sandwich. Younger Pathfinders will usually eat two of these, but teens will easily eat three. Picky eaters may eat none or only one. It's up to you to guess how may each person will eat. Then multiply it out to see how many slices of bread you will need. There are usually 20 slices of bread in a loaf. Before figuring out how many loaves of bread you will need, make sure you consider every meal that will use bread (think French toast, PB&J, etc.). When you know the total number of slices you will need, ''then'' figure out how many loaves you will need. If your calculations show that you need 82 slices of bread, don't round it down to 80, or someone may not get a sandwich. Always round it up to the next loaf, so 82 slices will require five loaves of bread.


Do the same with each ingredient in your menu. The more you do this, the better your estimates will be. The goal is to come home with very little left over, as this will tell you that everyone got enough to eat, but you didn't waste money on food that will spoil anyhow.

==5. Participate in two weekend campouts. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Participate in a weekend campout}}

==6. Start a fire in wet weather, knowing where to get tinder and how to keep your fire going. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Wet weather}}

==7. Know the wood best suited for making a quick, hot fire. == 
Wood from conifers (pine, fir, spruce, etc.) contains a lot of highly flammable sap, so it burns both hot and quick. It is excellent for starting a fire. However, it does not leave a bed of coals, so it is unsuitable for cooking.

==8. Know the wood best suited for making coals for cooking. == 
Most hardwoods will leave a good bed of coals, but hickory, mesquite, and oak, are among the best.

==9. Demonstrate how to split firewood. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Splitting firewood}}

==10. Demonstrate the proper care and storage of camp foods and how to build various caches to protect food from animals. == 


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Food storage}}

==11. Prepare a camp dinner with soup, vegetables, entree, and drink, all of which must be cooked. == 
Of course you can make any dish you like for any of these, but we'll list suggestions anyhow. You can combine chili, kidney beans, and spaghetti to make Cincinnati Chili. Each camper starts with a layer of spaghetti, then adds a layer of chili, then a layer of beans. Chopped onions and cheese can also be added. It is delicious.
===Soup===


{{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recipe
|name = Vegetarian Chili
| ingredients =
* 12 oz package ground beef substitute, such as Morningstar Farms Veggie Crumbles
* 1 medium green pepper, diced
* 1 medium onion, peeled and diced
* 1 tablespoon margarine
* 1 clove garlic, peeled and minced
* 15 oz can diced tomatoes
* 15 oz can kidney beans
* 8 oz can tomato sauce
* 3 tablespoons chili powder
| procedure =
In a 5-quart soup pot, sauté the onions and garlic in margarine until the onions are clear. Add the tomatoes, kidney beans, tomato paste, green pepper, veggie crumbles, and chili powder and bring to a boil. Turn down the heat, cover, and simmer for 20 minutes, stirring occasionally. | servings = 4
}}
 


{{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recipe
|name = Tuno Chowder
|ingredients =
* 1 can Tuno
* 1 can whole kernel corn
* 1 medium onion, chopped
* 2 cups milk
* 1 cup vegetable broth and 1 cup water, or 2 cups water
* 1/2 stick of butter or margarine
* 1 cup potato flakes (instant mashed potatoes)
* 1 Tbsp dill weed
* 1 tsp pepper
| procedure =
Melt the butter in the soup pot while you peel and chop the onion. Add the onion to the pot and sauté until tender. Add the corn, Tuno, broth, water, and milk, then stir in the potato flakes. Allow it to heat through. Add the dill weed and pepper.
|servings = 4
}}

===Vegetable=== 
Most any vegetable can be prepared by heating it in a pot. This can be done over a campfire with a camp crane or with a camp stove.
* Kidney beans
* Green beans
* Corn on the cob (can be boiled or wrapped in foil and roasted in a campfire)
* Peas
===Entree===
Possibilities include
* Spaghetti
* Veggie Burgers
* Haystacks
* Veggie dogs

===Drink=== 
The drink must be "cooked" too, so try one of these (or something else)
* Hot chocolate
* Apple Cider
* Herb Tea

==12. Bake your food in a reflector oven. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Reflector oven baking}}

==13. Purify water by three different methods. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Purify water}}

==Note: The tent color for Camping Skills #4 is silver. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Colors}}

==References== 
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Camping Skills IV/Answer Key

2020-10-16T00:32:49Z

Olcoleman: added 7 principles of Leave No Trace

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Camping Skills IV
|skill=2
|year=1986
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Camping_Skills_IV.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Camping Skills IV|master=Wilderness}}
{{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Ranger/Outdoor Living|RANGER Outdoor Living]]|completion of this Honor|}}
==1. Be in at least the 8th grade. == 
{{ay camping grade level|IV|8}}

==2. Plan and execute a one-hour Sabbath camping activity other than worship to make the Sabbath a meaningful experience. == 
There are many ways to fulfill this requirement.
===Themed Scavenger Hunt===
A themed scavenger hunt is one option. Have your Pathfinders choose a theme, and then come up with as many items as they think can be found at your campsite and which relate in some way to the theme. Have them make a list of these items ahead of time, and hand the lists out when the activity begins. You may tell them that all the items relate to a theme, but do not tell them what the theme is. Give them 40 minutes to find all the items, and tell them to meet again at the end of that time period. When they return, ask them if they have guessed the theme. If they do not guess correctly, tell them what the theme is. Then have each Pathfinder working on the honor take turns calling for the items. When someone produces it, the Pathfinder will explain how that item relates to the theme. Be sure to draw a spiritual lesson from the activity. Close with a prayer.
===Drawing or Photographing Nature===
Many of the honors in the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature|Nature]] category have the requirement to collect, photograph, or draw a number of creatures (plant or animal) found in nature, such as flowers, ferns, insects, etc. The Pathfinders presenting this activity should bring a field guide so that the chosen creatures can be identified. They may also bring samples of these items with them in case you are unable to find them around your campsite.


If you choose to have your Pathfinders sketch these items, be sure to bring enough notebooks and pencils (some honors require colored drawings - if so, bring colored pencils) for everyone. If you choose to have them take photos, you will probably want each Pathfinder to bring a camera (disposable cameras are ideal for this).


Collecting specimens is no longer encouraged, as it ends the life of the creature. Furthermore, many species are now endangered, and collecting them is not only unethical, it is illegal as well.


You can also mix photography and sketching. You may wish to have the group set out looking for specimens, and photograph all they can find. Then return and sketch the remainder. If you have only one or two cameras, you may find that this works well for you.

===Skit with Props=== 
Choose several Bible stories and divide your Pathfinders into at least two groups of three to eight individuals. Assign each group a Bible story and tell them where it may be found in the Bible. Have each come up with a skit to be presented to the rest of the group. Provide each group with random props and make it a contest between each group to see who can use the most of them. The props should be really off-the-wall so that the kids have to really think in order to use the item. Things like these do not have an obvious application, and that will make them stretch their imaginations:
*Ping pong paddle
*White board eraser
*Piece of fruit
*Cotton balls
*Measuring cup
*Toilet paper tube
*Ball of yarn
*A shoe
*Binder clip
*Ruler
*Compact Disc (blanks are cheap)
*Water bottle


Don't limit the props to this list or feel compelled to use anything on it - it's just a suggestion to get you started. See what you can find around the house, church, or campsite and press it into service for this activity. If possible, make each group's prop kit identical. Let everyone know how much time they have to put their skits together. Fifteen minutes should be sufficient. The remainder of the hour will be used to present the skits.

===Hike=== 
Go on a nature hike. Go along a stream and skip stones. Look for animal tracks and make plaster casts of them (your Companion class will thank you later).

===Bible Quest=== 
For this activity you will need to come up with several hiding places around the vicinity of the camp site and clues to each hiding place written on index cards. The cards are hidden. Each clue will direct the finder to the ''next'' clue (in other words, don't hide a clue at the location it hints at). Each clue should incorporate a passage from the Bible. For instance, the clue might say "Psalm 23:5, first part" which reads "You set a table before me in the presence of my enemies." This clue would direct the seekers to a picnic table where the next card is hidden. Another might hint "Psalm 119:105" which reads "Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path." The clue could point the seeker to either the lantern (i.e., lamp) or to a path. They will have to check both places. It would be a good idea to bring a Concordance on this camping trip.


If you have a large group it would be better to make two copies of the cards, and make the clues circular (meaning that the last hiding place points back to the first hiding place). The first set is hidden around the camp site, one card per hiding place. The second set it handed out to the campers, one card per person, or per team (the teams should not have more than three people on them). That way everyone will start (and end) at a different point. If everyone starts at the same point, the campers with the strongest personalities will end up doing all the work and everyone else will just follow them - that's not fun. When the campers find their original clue, they have completed the quest.


When everyone is finished, ask them which one they liked the best, which one was hardest, easiest, etc.

==3. Write a 200-word report or give a two-minute oral presentation on the preservation of the wilderness, discussing etiquette and conservation. == 
Learning preservation, etiquette, and conservation is a requirement for Camping Skills I and II, so you can have the Pathfinders learning this honor review this material and present it to the younger ones.

Review and practice the Leave No Trace 7 Principles.

1) Plan ahead and prepare. 2) Travel and camp on durable surfaces. 3) Dispose of waste properly. 4) Leave what you find. 5) Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire). 6) Respect wildlife. 7) Be considerate of other visitors. © 1999 by the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics: www.LNT.org.

Be mindful of others when camping and traveling in areas that allow hunting. Wear bright colors to alert others to your presence.


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Etiquette}}

==4. Plan your menu for a two-day camping trip and estimate the cost. == 
===Planning the menu===
Use the USDA's food pyramid to choose a balanced menu:
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Balanced menu}}

===Estimating the cost=== 
To estimate the cost of the food on your menu, you will first need to estimate the quantity. This can be done with a spreadsheet, or by pencil and paper. First consider how much food your average camper will eat from each meal. Then figure out how much you will need for everyone to be able to eat the average amount. Some will eat more, but some will eat less. For example, if you are serving grilled cheese sandwiches, you will need two slices of bread and one slice of cheese per sandwich. Younger Pathfinders will usually eat two of these, but teens will easily eat three. Picky eaters may eat none or only one. It's up to you to guess how may each person will eat. Then multiply it out to see how many slices of bread you will need. There are usually 20 slices of bread in a loaf. Before figuring out how many loaves of bread you will need, make sure you consider every meal that will use bread (think French toast, PB&J, etc.). When you know the total number of slices you will need, ''then'' figure out how many loaves you will need. If your calculations show that you need 82 slices of bread, don't round it down to 80, or someone may not get a sandwich. Always round it up to the next loaf, so 82 slices will require five loaves of bread.


Do the same with each ingredient in your menu. The more you do this, the better your estimates will be. The goal is to come home with very little left over, as this will tell you that everyone got enough to eat, but you didn't waste money on food that will spoil anyhow.

==5. Participate in two weekend campouts. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Participate in a weekend campout}}

==6. Start a fire in wet weather, knowing where to get tinder and how to keep your fire going. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Wet weather}}

==7. Know the wood best suited for making a quick, hot fire. == 
Wood from conifers (pine, fir, spruce, etc.) contains a lot of highly flammable sap, so it burns both hot and quick. It is excellent for starting a fire. However, it does not leave a bed of coals, so it is unsuitable for cooking.

==8. Know the wood best suited for making coals for cooking. == 
Most hardwoods will leave a good bed of coals, but hickory, mesquite, and oak, are among the best.

==9. Demonstrate how to split firewood. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Splitting firewood}}

==10. Demonstrate the proper care and storage of camp foods and how to build various caches to protect food from animals. == 


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Food storage}}

==11. Prepare a camp dinner with soup, vegetables, entree, and drink, all of which must be cooked. == 
Of course you can make any dish you like for any of these, but we'll list suggestions anyhow. You can combine chili, kidney beans, and spaghetti to make Cincinnati Chili. Each camper starts with a layer of spaghetti, then adds a layer of chili, then a layer of beans. Chopped onions and cheese can also be added. It is delicious.
===Soup===


{{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recipe
|name = Vegetarian Chili
| ingredients =
* 12 oz package ground beef substitute, such as Morningstar Farms Veggie Crumbles
* 1 medium green pepper, diced
* 1 medium onion, peeled and diced
* 1 tablespoon margarine
* 1 clove garlic, peeled and minced
* 15 oz can diced tomatoes
* 15 oz can kidney beans
* 8 oz can tomato sauce
* 3 tablespoons chili powder
| procedure =
In a 5-quart soup pot, sauté the onions and garlic in margarine until the onions are clear. Add the tomatoes, kidney beans, tomato paste, green pepper, veggie crumbles, and chili powder and bring to a boil. Turn down the heat, cover, and simmer for 20 minutes, stirring occasionally. | servings = 4
}}
 


{{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recipe
|name = Tuno Chowder
|ingredients =
* 1 can Tuno
* 1 can whole kernel corn
* 1 medium onion, chopped
* 2 cups milk
* 1 cup vegetable broth and 1 cup water, or 2 cups water
* 1/2 stick of butter or margarine
* 1 cup potato flakes (instant mashed potatoes)
* 1 Tbsp dill weed
* 1 tsp pepper
| procedure =
Melt the butter in the soup pot while you peel and chop the onion. Add the onion to the pot and sauté until tender. Add the corn, Tuno, broth, water, and milk, then stir in the potato flakes. Allow it to heat through. Add the dill weed and pepper.
|servings = 4
}}

===Vegetable=== 
Most any vegetable can be prepared by heating it in a pot. This can be done over a campfire with a camp crane or with a camp stove.
* Kidney beans
* Green beans
* Corn on the cob (can be boiled or wrapped in foil and roasted in a campfire)
* Peas
===Entree===
Possibilities include
* Spaghetti
* Veggie Burgers
* Haystacks
* Veggie dogs

===Drink=== 
The drink must be "cooked" too, so try one of these (or something else)
* Hot chocolate
* Apple Cider
* Herb Tea

==12. Bake your food in a reflector oven. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Reflector oven baking}}

==13. Purify water by three different methods. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Purify water}}

==Note: The tent color for Camping Skills #4 is silver. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Colors}}

==References== 
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Camping Skills II/Answer Key

2020-10-16T00:23:26Z

Olcoleman: corrected placement of 7 Principles of Leave no trace

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Camping Skills II
|skill=1
|year=1986
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Camping_Skills_II.png
}}
{{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Companion/Outdoor Living|COMPANION Outdoor Living]]|completion of this Honor|}}

==1. Be at least in the 6th grade. == 
{{ay camping grade level|II|6}}

==2. Develop a personal philosophy of outdoor etiquette, such as courtesy to other campers and outdoor conservation. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Etiquette}}

When traveling in areas that allow hunting, wear bright colors such as orange to alert other's to your presence.

Review and practice the Leave No Trace 7 Principles.

1) Plan ahead and prepare. 2) Travel and camp on durable surfaces. 3) Dispose of waste properly. 4) Leave what you find. 5) Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire). 6) Respect wildlife. 7) Be considerate of other visitors.

© 1999 by the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics: www.LNT.org.

==3. Know and understand the following six W's for the selection of a good campsite: == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Choosing a campsite}}

==4. Demonstrate your ability to protect the wilderness and your water source by proper personal hygiene and cooking sanitation. == 
Going on a camping trip does not absolve you from the need for hygiene and sanitation – it merely makes it a little less convenient. If you are camping on an established campground, use the toilet facilities provided. Otherwise, you will have to provide your own facilities. If you are camping with a small group, this can be as simple as digging a cat hole (no more than {{units|10 cm|4 inches}} deep, depositing your waste in the hole, and burying it again. A hole of this depth will be occupied by a myriad of bacterial life which will take care of the rest for you. If camping with a larger group, you will need to dig a latrine. Whether using cat holes or a latrine, make sure they are dug at least {{units|60 meters|200 feet}} from any water source.


When cooking, be sure to clean your dishes and kitchen area immediately after use. Again, how you do this depends on the size of your group. When camping with a small group, wipe all dishes, pots, pans, and utensils as clean as you can with paper towels. Burn the paper towels. Then you can scrub the dishes out with clean sand and rinse them off. When camping with a large group, you will need to establish a dish washing area. Fill two tubs with water – use hot water if possible (and it almost always is). You can boil a small quantity of water and add it to a larger volume of cold water, and this will do nicely. One of these tubs will be for washing, the other for rinsing. You can optionally use a third tub for pre-rinsing, which will eliminate the need to wipe the dishes with a paper towel before washing. Add {{units|15 ml|one tablespoon}} of bleach to the rinse water. Wipe the dishes as clean as you can first (or pre-rinse them), ''then'' wash them in the first tub with dish soap. Then rinse. Wash the eating dishes first, followed by the cooking dishes. When finished, dispose of the "grey water" as directed by campground management (if on a campground). Otherwise, dispose of the grey water at least {{units|60 meters|200 feet}} from any water source.

==5. Participate in a weekend campout. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Participate in a weekend campout}}

==6. Take part in a camp worship service to include one of the following: == 
===a. Leading song service ===
Bring a song book, or sing from memory. If your group has any musicians, encourage them to bring any portable instruments along (guitar, ukulele, recorder, harmonica, etc.). Even kazoos can be pressed into service.
===b. Sabbath School lesson study ===
Prepare ahead of time. You can download the Teacher's Lesson for the Junior's Sabbath School from http://powerpoints.adventist.org if desired.
===c. Story ===
Make sure the story has an aim. A story with a moral lesson is an essential part of a worship service. A story without an aim is entertainment. If you can coordinate the story with the lesson, all the better.
===d. Worship thought ===
A "worship thought" can be a short sermon. One way to do this is to take a Bible story, figure out what the underlying message of that story is, and expound upon it. Read what Ellen White may have had to say about it (''The Desire of Ages'' follows the gospels), or consult a Bible Commentary set. If you do not have one, perhaps your church, school, or pastor does.

==7. Know how to safely light and use a camp stove and lantern. == 
This will depend a lot on the type of stove or lantern you have. Most camp stoves and lanterns these days use small propane canisters. Make sure the canister is connected properly. Then light a stove lighter (these are long-stemmed butane lighters) near the burner of mantle. Only after the flame is going should you turn on the gas. If you turn on the gas before you light the flame, the gas can build up and you'll have a small (or large!) fireball to contend with. This can be very dangerous. If you have trouble, turn the gas off and let it dissipate before attempting again. Once the stove or lantern lights, adjust the flame or brightness as desired.

==8. Know safety rules and demonstrate your ability to properly cut firewood. Demonstrate how to break dead wood properly. == 
While firewood can be cut with an axe, it takes much less effort, and less wood goes to waste if it is cut with a saw. To do this, prop one end of the to-be cut log off the ground. This can be done by laying it on a rock, on another log, or on anything strong enough to hold its weight. The end of the log should protrude past the support, and the log should be sawn just past this point. If you try to cut a log between the support and the ground, the weight of the log cause the log to sag as it is cut, and this will pinch the saw blade. If you make the cut past the support, the weight of the log will open the saw cut making it easier to saw through.


Dead wood can also be broken instead of sawn. This is often easier and quicker than sawing it, but care must be taken to do this properly, and it can only be done on smaller logs - up to {{units|7 cm|3 inches}} in diameter or so. To do this, again, the log is propped up on a support on one end, while the other end lies on the ground. Then the camper brings his foot down sharply about 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) from the support, between the support and the ground. Be careful to keep your footing while doing this, and watch that the ends of the log do not fly off.

==9. Using fuzz sticks or shaved sticks, build and know the use of a council or criss cross fire and one type of cooking fire. Review firebuilding safety rules. == 
===Fuzz sticks===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Fuzz sticks}}
===Council fire===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Council}}
===Hunter's fire===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Hunters}}
===Fire safety===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Fire safety}}

==10. Explain two ways to keep camp food cool. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Keeping food cool}}

==11. Build two different camp cranes. == 


{|


|-


|[[Image:Camp Cooking Pot Hook.svg|frame|left|Pot Hanger]]A pot hanger or pot hook can be used to hang a cooking pot from a crane. This makes it easier to remove the pot without having to slide the hanging handle all the way to the end of the crane. This is particularly useful if you've built a crane that is supported on both sides of the fire. Carve a notch in a forked branch as shown to hang your cooking pot from a crane.
|-
|[[Image:Camp Cooking Pot Hook with Hand.svg|frame|left|Pot Hook]]A pot hook can also be used to place your cooking pot on the crane, or remove it from the crane while keeping your hand further from the heat. A notched branch could also be used.


|-


|[[Image:Camp Cooking Crane 01.svg|frame|left|Simple Crane]]This crane is the most simple of cranes. A long stick with a weight on the back propped over a log or rock will work fine. Feel free to use whatever is handy for propping up a crane. A large rock or two work as well as a log for this crane.


|-


|[[Image:Camp Cooking Crane 02.svg|frame|left|Adjustable Crane]]This crane allows for adjusting the heat of cooking by raising or lowering the cooking pot over the fire. By spiraling the piece of rope around the large stick, you can raise and lower the pot by twisting the stick to wind on more rope, or release more rope. The tripod could also be a forked branch driven into the ground.


|-


|[[Image:Camp Cooking Crane 03.svg|frame|left|Simple Crane]]A simple crane with a forked branch driven into the ground for support will work in areas where the soil is soft. Use a weight (Rock) to hold the crane down if the ground is too hard to drive the stick into for support.


|-


|[[Image:Camp Cooking Crane 04.svg|frame|left|Double Support Crane]]This crane supported on both sides of the fire is a popular choice and provides a stable crane. As seen on the right hand forked branch, use a small pile of rocks to hold the vertical supports where the ground is too hard to drive in a branch.


|}


The pictures here are worth many thousands of words. A simple crane propped on a forked stick will hold a cooking container over a fire. It is best to use green wood for any sticks that will be close to the fire, as green wood will resist catching fire better than a dry stick. Be sure to secure any vertical members so that the crane will not fall over when you hang the pot on it. Drive them deeply into the ground, or pin them in place with large rocks. Test the crane before committing your soup to it. If the pot topples, you will extinguish your fire ''and'' lose your soup in one sad incident. But at least you'll have a story to tell.


 

==12. Prepare camp meals using boiling, frying, and baking. == 
===Boiling===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Boiling}}
===Frying===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Frying}}
===Baking===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Baking}}

==13. Demonstrate tent site selection. Properly pitch and strike a tent. What precautions should be taken when striking a wet tent? Properly clean, dry, and store a tent. == 
===Tent site selection===
Find an area that is large enough to pitch your tent and that is also flat. It is difficult to sleep on an incline. Avoid ridge tops as they will be windy and there is significant lightning danger there. Likewise avoid dry stream beds, especially in desert areas. Flash floods can be caused by rains many, many miles away. If camping near a river, camp above the high water line. The river may rise in the night. You can determine the high water line by observing trees on the river bank - they will have debris in the lower branches deposited there by flood waters. Camp on the lee side of a hill to avoid the wind.


Carefully examine the space above your tent site, making sure there are no dead branches, icicles, coconuts, or anything else that could fall on the tent and cause harm.

===Pitching and striking a tent=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Pitch and strike a tent}}

===Cleaning a tent=== 
Sweep the tent out before striking it. Remove muddy shoes before entering a tent, or take them off as soon as you enter the door. You can clean the floor in front of the door with paper towels. A stiff broom will also clean most debris from the walls, but you may need to use water and a mild detergent (such as dishwashing soap) to clean messes deposited by birds.

==14. Bedding: == 
===a. Show proper ways to stuff or roll your sleeping bag or bed roll for travel. ===
If your sleeping bag came with a stuff sack, all you have to do is stuff it in. It's really that simple. If it did not come with one, you can purchase one separately. Otherwise, you'll have to roll it up. That's a little more difficult, but not that hard. First check for the tie-strings. They are usually at the foot of the bag. Zip the sleeping bag closed and fold it in half lengthwise with the tie-strings down - one tie string will be located near the center of the bottom, and the other will be located near the edge. Then go to the end opposite the tie strings and start rolling, keeping it tight as you go. When you get to the end, draw the tie strings around the bag and tie them with a shoelace knot.

===b. Tell how to keep a sleeping bag or bed roll dry on a camping trip. === 
The most important thing you can do to keep your sleeping bag dry is to keep it in the tent and keep the tent door closed. Take off your shoes when you enter the tent (or before going in) so you do not track water all over the place. Keep your sleeping bag on your sleeping pad, as this will raise it off the floor slightly so that any water that drips off wet clothing cannot reach it.

===c. Describe how to properly clean your sleeping bag or bed roll. === 
Turn the sleeping bag inside-out, throw it over a clothesline, and beat it with a stick. Unzip it and let it air out completely. Do not put a sleeping bag in a washing machine unless the washing instructions on the bag specifically say that you can. A washing machine will crush the fibers inside, reducing the insulation and padding value. A bed roll can be shaken vigorously like a rug, and it can also be beaten with a stick after hanging it on a clothesline.

==Note: The tent color for Camping Skills #2 patch is red. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Colors}}

==References== 
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Camping Skills II/Answer Key

2020-10-16T00:21:44Z

Olcoleman: added 7 principles of Leave No Trace

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Camping Skills II
|skill=1
|year=1986
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Camping_Skills_II.png
}}
{{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Companion/Outdoor Living|COMPANION Outdoor Living]]|completion of this Honor|}}

==1. Be at least in the 6th grade. == 
{{ay camping grade level|II|6}}

==2. Develop a personal philosophy of outdoor etiquette, such as courtesy to other campers and outdoor conservation. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Etiquette}}

==3. Know and understand the following six W's for the selection of a good campsite: == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Choosing a campsite}}

When traveling in areas that allow hunting, wear bright colors such as orange to alert other's to your presence.

Review and practice the Leave No Trace 7 Principles.

1) Plan ahead and prepare. 2) Travel and camp on durable surfaces. 3) Dispose of waste properly. 4) Leave what you find. 5) Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire). 6) Respect wildlife. 7) Be considerate of other visitors.

© 1999 by the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics: www.LNT.org.

==4. Demonstrate your ability to protect the wilderness and your water source by proper personal hygiene and cooking sanitation. == 
Going on a camping trip does not absolve you from the need for hygiene and sanitation – it merely makes it a little less convenient. If you are camping on an established campground, use the toilet facilities provided. Otherwise, you will have to provide your own facilities. If you are camping with a small group, this can be as simple as digging a cat hole (no more than {{units|10 cm|4 inches}} deep, depositing your waste in the hole, and burying it again. A hole of this depth will be occupied by a myriad of bacterial life which will take care of the rest for you. If camping with a larger group, you will need to dig a latrine. Whether using cat holes or a latrine, make sure they are dug at least {{units|60 meters|200 feet}} from any water source.


When cooking, be sure to clean your dishes and kitchen area immediately after use. Again, how you do this depends on the size of your group. When camping with a small group, wipe all dishes, pots, pans, and utensils as clean as you can with paper towels. Burn the paper towels. Then you can scrub the dishes out with clean sand and rinse them off. When camping with a large group, you will need to establish a dish washing area. Fill two tubs with water – use hot water if possible (and it almost always is). You can boil a small quantity of water and add it to a larger volume of cold water, and this will do nicely. One of these tubs will be for washing, the other for rinsing. You can optionally use a third tub for pre-rinsing, which will eliminate the need to wipe the dishes with a paper towel before washing. Add {{units|15 ml|one tablespoon}} of bleach to the rinse water. Wipe the dishes as clean as you can first (or pre-rinse them), ''then'' wash them in the first tub with dish soap. Then rinse. Wash the eating dishes first, followed by the cooking dishes. When finished, dispose of the "grey water" as directed by campground management (if on a campground). Otherwise, dispose of the grey water at least {{units|60 meters|200 feet}} from any water source.

==5. Participate in a weekend campout. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Participate in a weekend campout}}

==6. Take part in a camp worship service to include one of the following: == 
===a. Leading song service ===
Bring a song book, or sing from memory. If your group has any musicians, encourage them to bring any portable instruments along (guitar, ukulele, recorder, harmonica, etc.). Even kazoos can be pressed into service.
===b. Sabbath School lesson study ===
Prepare ahead of time. You can download the Teacher's Lesson for the Junior's Sabbath School from http://powerpoints.adventist.org if desired.
===c. Story ===
Make sure the story has an aim. A story with a moral lesson is an essential part of a worship service. A story without an aim is entertainment. If you can coordinate the story with the lesson, all the better.
===d. Worship thought ===
A "worship thought" can be a short sermon. One way to do this is to take a Bible story, figure out what the underlying message of that story is, and expound upon it. Read what Ellen White may have had to say about it (''The Desire of Ages'' follows the gospels), or consult a Bible Commentary set. If you do not have one, perhaps your church, school, or pastor does.

==7. Know how to safely light and use a camp stove and lantern. == 
This will depend a lot on the type of stove or lantern you have. Most camp stoves and lanterns these days use small propane canisters. Make sure the canister is connected properly. Then light a stove lighter (these are long-stemmed butane lighters) near the burner of mantle. Only after the flame is going should you turn on the gas. If you turn on the gas before you light the flame, the gas can build up and you'll have a small (or large!) fireball to contend with. This can be very dangerous. If you have trouble, turn the gas off and let it dissipate before attempting again. Once the stove or lantern lights, adjust the flame or brightness as desired.

==8. Know safety rules and demonstrate your ability to properly cut firewood. Demonstrate how to break dead wood properly. == 
While firewood can be cut with an axe, it takes much less effort, and less wood goes to waste if it is cut with a saw. To do this, prop one end of the to-be cut log off the ground. This can be done by laying it on a rock, on another log, or on anything strong enough to hold its weight. The end of the log should protrude past the support, and the log should be sawn just past this point. If you try to cut a log between the support and the ground, the weight of the log cause the log to sag as it is cut, and this will pinch the saw blade. If you make the cut past the support, the weight of the log will open the saw cut making it easier to saw through.


Dead wood can also be broken instead of sawn. This is often easier and quicker than sawing it, but care must be taken to do this properly, and it can only be done on smaller logs - up to {{units|7 cm|3 inches}} in diameter or so. To do this, again, the log is propped up on a support on one end, while the other end lies on the ground. Then the camper brings his foot down sharply about 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) from the support, between the support and the ground. Be careful to keep your footing while doing this, and watch that the ends of the log do not fly off.

==9. Using fuzz sticks or shaved sticks, build and know the use of a council or criss cross fire and one type of cooking fire. Review firebuilding safety rules. == 
===Fuzz sticks===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Fuzz sticks}}
===Council fire===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Council}}
===Hunter's fire===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Hunters}}
===Fire safety===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Fire safety}}

==10. Explain two ways to keep camp food cool. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Keeping food cool}}

==11. Build two different camp cranes. == 


{|


|-


|[[Image:Camp Cooking Pot Hook.svg|frame|left|Pot Hanger]]A pot hanger or pot hook can be used to hang a cooking pot from a crane. This makes it easier to remove the pot without having to slide the hanging handle all the way to the end of the crane. This is particularly useful if you've built a crane that is supported on both sides of the fire. Carve a notch in a forked branch as shown to hang your cooking pot from a crane.
|-
|[[Image:Camp Cooking Pot Hook with Hand.svg|frame|left|Pot Hook]]A pot hook can also be used to place your cooking pot on the crane, or remove it from the crane while keeping your hand further from the heat. A notched branch could also be used.


|-


|[[Image:Camp Cooking Crane 01.svg|frame|left|Simple Crane]]This crane is the most simple of cranes. A long stick with a weight on the back propped over a log or rock will work fine. Feel free to use whatever is handy for propping up a crane. A large rock or two work as well as a log for this crane.


|-


|[[Image:Camp Cooking Crane 02.svg|frame|left|Adjustable Crane]]This crane allows for adjusting the heat of cooking by raising or lowering the cooking pot over the fire. By spiraling the piece of rope around the large stick, you can raise and lower the pot by twisting the stick to wind on more rope, or release more rope. The tripod could also be a forked branch driven into the ground.


|-


|[[Image:Camp Cooking Crane 03.svg|frame|left|Simple Crane]]A simple crane with a forked branch driven into the ground for support will work in areas where the soil is soft. Use a weight (Rock) to hold the crane down if the ground is too hard to drive the stick into for support.


|-


|[[Image:Camp Cooking Crane 04.svg|frame|left|Double Support Crane]]This crane supported on both sides of the fire is a popular choice and provides a stable crane. As seen on the right hand forked branch, use a small pile of rocks to hold the vertical supports where the ground is too hard to drive in a branch.


|}


The pictures here are worth many thousands of words. A simple crane propped on a forked stick will hold a cooking container over a fire. It is best to use green wood for any sticks that will be close to the fire, as green wood will resist catching fire better than a dry stick. Be sure to secure any vertical members so that the crane will not fall over when you hang the pot on it. Drive them deeply into the ground, or pin them in place with large rocks. Test the crane before committing your soup to it. If the pot topples, you will extinguish your fire ''and'' lose your soup in one sad incident. But at least you'll have a story to tell.


 

==12. Prepare camp meals using boiling, frying, and baking. == 
===Boiling===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Boiling}}
===Frying===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Frying}}
===Baking===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Baking}}

==13. Demonstrate tent site selection. Properly pitch and strike a tent. What precautions should be taken when striking a wet tent? Properly clean, dry, and store a tent. == 
===Tent site selection===
Find an area that is large enough to pitch your tent and that is also flat. It is difficult to sleep on an incline. Avoid ridge tops as they will be windy and there is significant lightning danger there. Likewise avoid dry stream beds, especially in desert areas. Flash floods can be caused by rains many, many miles away. If camping near a river, camp above the high water line. The river may rise in the night. You can determine the high water line by observing trees on the river bank - they will have debris in the lower branches deposited there by flood waters. Camp on the lee side of a hill to avoid the wind.


Carefully examine the space above your tent site, making sure there are no dead branches, icicles, coconuts, or anything else that could fall on the tent and cause harm.

===Pitching and striking a tent=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Pitch and strike a tent}}

===Cleaning a tent=== 
Sweep the tent out before striking it. Remove muddy shoes before entering a tent, or take them off as soon as you enter the door. You can clean the floor in front of the door with paper towels. A stiff broom will also clean most debris from the walls, but you may need to use water and a mild detergent (such as dishwashing soap) to clean messes deposited by birds.

==14. Bedding: == 
===a. Show proper ways to stuff or roll your sleeping bag or bed roll for travel. ===
If your sleeping bag came with a stuff sack, all you have to do is stuff it in. It's really that simple. If it did not come with one, you can purchase one separately. Otherwise, you'll have to roll it up. That's a little more difficult, but not that hard. First check for the tie-strings. They are usually at the foot of the bag. Zip the sleeping bag closed and fold it in half lengthwise with the tie-strings down - one tie string will be located near the center of the bottom, and the other will be located near the edge. Then go to the end opposite the tie strings and start rolling, keeping it tight as you go. When you get to the end, draw the tie strings around the bag and tie them with a shoelace knot.

===b. Tell how to keep a sleeping bag or bed roll dry on a camping trip. === 
The most important thing you can do to keep your sleeping bag dry is to keep it in the tent and keep the tent door closed. Take off your shoes when you enter the tent (or before going in) so you do not track water all over the place. Keep your sleeping bag on your sleeping pad, as this will raise it off the floor slightly so that any water that drips off wet clothing cannot reach it.

===c. Describe how to properly clean your sleeping bag or bed roll. === 
Turn the sleeping bag inside-out, throw it over a clothesline, and beat it with a stick. Unzip it and let it air out completely. Do not put a sleeping bag in a washing machine unless the washing instructions on the bag specifically say that you can. A washing machine will crush the fibers inside, reducing the insulation and padding value. A bed roll can be shaken vigorously like a rug, and it can also be beaten with a stick after hanging it on a clothesline.

==Note: The tent color for Camping Skills #2 patch is red. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Colors}}

==References== 
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Camp Craft/Answer Key

2020-10-16T00:10:57Z

Olcoleman: added 7 principles of Leave No Trace

AY Honors/Backpacking/Answer Key

2020-10-16T00:09:11Z

Olcoleman:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Backpacking
|skill=2
|year=1986
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Backpacking_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Backpacking|master=Wilderness}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Backpacking|master=Recreation}}

{{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Voyager/Outdoor Living|FRONTIER VOYAGER Outdoor Living]] and [[Investiture_Achievement/Guide/Outdoor Living|FRONTIER GUIDE Outdoor Living]]| completion of this Honor or one of 4 other Honors, not previously earned|}}
==1. Discuss with your instructor the meaning of the motto: "Take nothing but pictures and leave nothing but footprints." == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Take pictures leave footprints}}

"Take nothing but pictures, leave nothing but footprints" is a good summary of the more common Leave No Trace 7 Principles.

1) Plan ahead and prepare.
2) Travel and camp on durable surfaces.
3) Dispose of waste properly.
4) Leave what you find.
5) Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire).
6) Respect wildlife.
7) Be considerate of other visitors.

© 1999 by the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor
Ethics: www.LNT.org.

==2. Know the essentials of proper clothing, shoes, and rain gear to use in backpacking. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Clothing}}


'''Rain Gear'''
Be ready for bad weather on your backpacking trip by bringing along a poncho and rain pants. In a pinch, you can use a garbage bag as a raincoat by cutting a hole in th bottom, turning it over, and poking your head through the hole. A slit along each seam on the side will make arm holes. It will not cover your head like that, but it will keep the rest of you dry.

==3. Know the principles in selecting a good quality backpack. In an emergency, what might be used in place of a backpack? == 
There are a lot of products on the market these days that are called "backpacks," but don't be fooled. Some of them are entirely unsuited to backpacking. Most of the cheap ones you will find in a store are intended for carrying school supplies between the house, school bus, and classroom. They are not designed to carry all the gear you'll need for an overnight trip over miles of rough terrain. A backpack suited for backpacking will have a hip strap on it that fastens around the hips. Most of the weight of the backpack will thus be carried on your hips. The shoulder straps will carry a small percentage of the weight as well, but they are really intended to keep the backpack from tipping off. If you find that you are carrying most the weight on your shoulders, you need to adjust the backpack to shift the weight to your hips. You will be able to walk much farther distances in greater comfort that way.


Book bags do not come with hip straps. All the weight is thus placed on the shoulders which is fine for a short trek from the house to the bus stop, but miserable on a 3-mile hike.


''Backpacking'' backpacks come in two basic designs: the '''Internal Frame''' backpack, and the '''External Frame''' backpack.


The external frame backpack (or EF backpack) has a rigid frame made from aluminum, plastic, or both. The pack itself attaches to the frame, and the frame is attached to the body via shoulder and hip straps. The frame holds the pack away from the back so that air may circulate back there, making an EF backpack cooler to carry. The downside to an EF is that the body tends to twist and flex as a hiker moves, and the frame resists this. Some EF packs take this into account, and provide a frame that will flex. The main measure of comfort on an EF backpack is the degree to which it flexes.


The internal frame backpack (IF backpack) drapes over the back. It gets its structure from the gear placed inside it. This allows the IF backpack to flex and move as the body does, making it generally more comfortable to carry. Furthermore, the IF pack lies against the hikers back. This allows it to distribute its weight over a greater area, but it also prevents air circulation, making it hotter to wear. The IF pack uses foam in the straps to add even more comfort. There are two basic types of foam: open-cell foam, and closed-cell foam. Open cell foam is highly compressible. While this may add comfort in some places, it should not be used in the straps. In the straps, the foam compresses too much, leaving the webbing to dig into the shoulders. Closed cell foam compresses much less than open-cell foam, and is therefore preferred in the straps. You can easily tell the difference by squeezing the padding. If it compresses to about a quarter its original thickness, it is open-cell foam.


Whether you choose an EF or an IF pack, the next thing to consider is the material from which the pack itself is made. Avoid cotton. It is cheap, but it is also not waterproof. If you set a cotton pack on the wet ground, you will transfer the moisture from the ground to your gear. Some packs made of Kevlar are appearing on the market, and those should be avoided as well. Though Kevlar is renown for its puncture resistance (think bullet-proof vests), it does not offer much in the way of abrasion resistance. Your pack is far more likely to be subjected to abrasion than puncture. Nylon is a far better choice than either of these, and of course, it comes in a variety of configurations. All of them are acceptable, but rip-stop is probably the best suited to the job.


Look for 8 to 10 stitches per inch in the seams. More than 10 stitches per inch decreases the strength of the cloth, and with fewer than 8, the thread is being asked to do too much.


In an emergency, you can toss your gear into a blanket, gather the corners, and throw it over your shoulders. Another option would be to stuff your gear into a closed sleeping bag and sling ''that'' over your shoulders. Either of these solutions are obviously going to be far inferior to even the least adequate backpack though, so this substitution should be reserved for only emergencies.

==4. Know the essential items to be taken on a backpack trip. == 
*Good quality map of the area
*Compass
*Knife
*Flashlight
*Water treatment equipment
*Water bottle
*Food
*Change of clothes
*First aid kit
*Rain gear
*Backpack
*Firelighting equipment
*Sleeping bag
*Sleeping pad
*Extra socks
*Good quality hiking boots or hiking shoes
*Eating and cooking utensils
*Cooking gear (mess kit)
*Backpacking stove and fuel
*Tent or tarp
*Toiletries (toothbrush, toilet paper, soap, etc.)
*Compact shovel

==5. What kind of sleeping bag and pad are best for your camping area? Know at least three kinds of each that are available. == 
===Sleeping Bags===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Sleeping bags}}

===Sleeping Pads=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Sleeping pads}}

==6. Know how to pack a pack properly. == 
#Lay out all your gear where you can see it, next to your pack.
#Look for empty spaces in your gear - for instance, there may be room inside your cooking pot. Put any small items that will fit inside that to conserve space. Look for other "hidden" space as well.
#For an internal frame backpack, put the sleeping bag in first, at the bottom. For an external frame, tie it underneath the pack.
#Load the heavy items next, placing them as close to your back as you can. This will shift the center of gravity forward which will help your balance and improve comfort. Be sure nothing is going to poke you in the back though.
#Put the lighter items such as clothing in towards the outside of the pack.
#Put the things you'll need on the trail (like water, trail mix, compass, map, etc.) in the outer pockets where you can get to them. If they're hard to get to, you'll be unlikely to use them. And if you don't use them, why bring them at all?

==7. What types of food are best for backpacking? Visit a grocery store and list the foods found there that are suitable for backpacking. With your instructor: == 
The best type of food to take backpacking is dehydrated food, as it is very lightweight, compact, and nutritious. You can buy food pre-packaged or you can dehydrate it yourself. For details on dehydrating your own food, see the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Household Arts/Food - Drying|Food Drying]] honor in the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Household Arts|Household Arts]] section of this book.
===a. Prepare a menu for a weekend backpack trip using foods obtained from a grocery store. ===
Although you can buy prepared dehydrated foods for backpacking at an outdoor outfitter, getting your food this way can be fairly expensive. Instead, try getting dehydrated food at a regular grocery store. Here's a short list of possibilities:
*Instant mashed potatoes
*Instant oatmeal
*Quick-cooking rice
*Powdered milk
*Powdered eggs
*Pasta
*Nuts and peanuts
*Dry soup mixes
*Dry beans, lentils, peas
*Granola
*Dried fruits (apricots, apples, and banana chips)
*Flour, mixed with other dry ingredients to make pancakes or biscuits

===b. Learn the techniques of measuring, packaging, and labeling backpack foods for your trip. === 
Once you've bought the food you plan to eat on your backpacking trip, the last thing you will want to do is toss it unthoughtfully into your backpack in its original packaging. Food packaging is designed to catch your eye at the grocery store, and to do this, it does ''not'' come in space-efficient sizes. Empty all of your food and repack it into sealable plastic bags (such as Ziplock bags). Make up a menu before you do this, and pack each meal into a separate bag. Then clearly label the bag with a permanent marker or a mailing label. The label should be legible even in dim light - you never know when you'll have to cook your food in the dark. This is a lot of trouble to go through, but it is well worth it during the trip.


If you wish to make pancakes, first determine how many pancake meals your party will eat, and mix it all up at once. It is a lot easier to accurately measure large amounts of flour, salt, and baking powder than it is to measure small amounts of the same. Mix it all together ''thoroughly'', and when it is well mixed, scoop out enough to make one serving and place it in a baggie. Make as many single-serving baggies of pancake mix as you'll use. You can use the same technique for making soup mixes and other delectables. Just keep all the ingredients dry and be prepared to add water at the campsite.

===c. Make a trail snack. === 
There are millions of recipes for trail mix, and every seasoned backpacker has a favorite. "Gorp" is a perennial favorite - the name tells its ingredients: '''G'''ood '''o'''ld '''r'''aisins and '''p'''eanuts. Choose half a dozen (or more! or less!) of items such as these, mix them together, and put them in a baggie:
*Raisins
*Peanuts
*Chex cereal
*Frosted Flakes or other sweetened cereal
*Pretzels
*M & M's
*Chocolate chips
*Dried fruit
*Shelled sunflower seeds


Put the baggie in an easy to reach place in your pack so you can nibble on it while you hike. Don't worry about getting low-fat items. You'll be doing enough walking (and carrying a heavy pack) to burn a ''lot'' of calories - you'll ''need'' the fat.

==8. Know the prevention and symptoms of, and the first aid for: == 
===a. Sunburn ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Sunburn}}

===b. Blisters === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Blisters}}

===c. Frostbite === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Frostbite}}

===d. Hypothermia === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Hypothermia}}

===e. Heat stroke === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heat stroke}}

===f. Heat exhaustion=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heat exhaustion}}

===g. Snake bite=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Snake bite}}

===h. Cramps === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Cramps}}

===i. Dehydration === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Dehydration}}

==9. Have a first aid kit in your pack and know how to use it. == 
Compact, lightweight firsts aid kits are available at many retailers and outdoor outfitters. But don't just go out, buy one, and toss it in you pack without another thought. It is important for you to open it up and examine every item. Then review the answers for the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/First Aid, Standard|First Aid]] honor, so that you know how to use each item.

==10. According to your weight, what is the maximum number of pounds you should be allowed to carry? == 
An adult should carry no more than a fifth to a third of his or her body weight in a backpack, depending on the level of fitness. A kid should not carry more than a quarter his body weight.


Your aim should not be to load your pack until you hit the maximum, but rather, to bring as little as you can get by with. But don't carry anything you aren't going to need. When it comes to backpacking, less is more! Don't kill yourself. Evaluate every item you put into your backpack. Little things add up quickly, so try not to duplicate functionality. For instance, if you're brining a pocket knife, you can probably leave the butter knife behind. Bring a spork rather than a spoon and a fork. Use parachute cord for a clothesline - it's very strong and can be used as rope. Distribute "group" gear among the group. Take the tent apart and have one person carry the fly, another the canopy, and a third the poles. Instead of bringing a pillow, stuff tomorrow's clothes into a sack and use that.

==11. Know three ways to find direction without a compass. Demonstrate at least two. == 

===Northern hemisphere instructions=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/No compass}}

===Southern hemisphere instructions=== 


'''Southern Cross to find south at night'''


With the lack of a significant pole star in the southern sky (Sigma Octantis is closest to the pole, but is too faint to be useful for the purpose), two of the stars of Crux (Alpha and Gamma, Acrux and Gacrux respectively) are commonly used to mark south. Following the line defined by the two stars for approximately 4.5 times the distance between them leads to a point close to the Southern Celestial Pole.


Alternatively, if a line is constructed perpendicularly between Alpha Centauri and Beta Centauri, the point where the above line and this line intersect marks the Southern Celestial Pole. The two stars are often referred to as the "Pointer Stars" or "White Pointers", allowing people to easily find the top of Crux.


The junction of these two lines is the SCP Southern Celestial Pole. If you were at the South Pole this would be directly above you. This is the point where the night sky revolves around. Point to this spot then lower your arm to the horizon. Where you are pointing is South.


'''Watch method'''


Southern Hemisphere method only.Point the 12 to the sun. Halfway between the hour hand and the 12 is North. You still have to use your intelligence for this as early morning time and evening time care must be taken as to which half you use. E.g. 8am sun is rising in the East; point 12 to the sun North is halfway between the 8 and the 12 at the 10. BUT late evening the sun is heading to set in the west say time is 8pm you point the 12 at the sun. North is halfway between the 8 and the 12 at the other side of watch at the 4. This should be used only as a guide as in some countries the real time has been adjusted and sometimes there is daylight saving time etc.


'''Stick method'''


This method is a waste of time. We all know the sun rises in the East and sets in the West. The stick shadow shows you this. Also when the sun is at its zenith the highest it gets in the Southern Hemi look at the sun and it is towards the North the opposite in the Northern Hemi. So we learn that at mid day is the best time to find North (or South).


But if you must... place a stick in the ground on an open area. Mark the shadows at times through out the day. From this you can find North or South (depending what side of the equator you are on) from the shortest shadow and also East and West by drawing a line from the ends of the longest shadows assuming you had an early morning and late evening marking with equal time from mid-day. But for this you have to be lucky to have sunshine for most of the day, which usually is not the case if you are lost. Anyhow it is something to know if you do not have a watch to know when mid-day is.

==12. Show the proper way to put on and take off a backpack alone and with a partner. == 
;Alone: Set the backpack on a table (or a large rock), put your arms through the straps (loosened off), and lift with your legs. You can also set it on a rock or a log and sit down in front of it. Again, lift with your legs, not with your back. If there is nothing available to set your pack on; stand with your feet apart, one leg ahead of the other, knee bent enough to set your pack on it. With shoulder straps loosened off, slip one arm through the shoulder strap, lean into your pack and slightly downward, and roll it up onto your back. Once in place, slide your other arm through the shoulder strap. Always tighten your hip belt first, shoulder straps next and lastly your chest strap. Reverse this procedure for removing your pack.


;With a Partner: Have your partner lift your pack and hold it while you slip your arms into the straps. If you have to stoop, bend your knees. Remember to lift with your legs!

==13. Participate in a weekend backpack trip of at least five miles (8 km) to a site not accessible by a vehicle and cook your own meals. == 
Five miles is a good backpacking trip for a beginner. Find a trail near you by visiting your local outdoor outfitter. These stores are most often staffed by people who enjoy backpacking and can provide you with valuable advice on destinations. Once you've got a 5-mile trip under your belt, why not look at the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Pioneering|Pioneering]] honor and make your next trip a 15-miler? If you make it a 15-mile hike, you can also count this backpack trip toward the hardest requirement of the [[Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/Recreation/Hiking|Hiking Honor]].

==References== 
* http://www.patc.net/hiking/gear/packs.html
* http://gorp.away.com/gorp/eclectic/family/expert/ask_exp.htm
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Camp Craft/Answer Key

2020-10-15T23:46:34Z

Olcoleman:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Camp Craft
|skill=1
|year=1929
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Camp_Craft.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Camp Craft|master=Wilderness}}


{{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Voyager/Outdoor Living|FRONTIER VOYAGER Outdoor Living]]|completion of this Honor or one of 4 other Honors, not previously earned|}}

==1. Explain how and why weather, season, and water supply are considered when choosing a campsite. Explain what care to take with regard to safe water, sanitary facilities, and emergencies. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Choosing a campsite}}


'''Safe Water'''


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Safe water}}


'''Sanitation'''


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Sanitation}}


'''Emergency Readiness'''


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Emergencies}}

==2. Prepare a list of clothing you would need for an overnight camp in warm and cold weather. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Clothing}}

==3. Know and practice the safety rules in camping. == 
===Fire Safety===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Fire safety}}
===Axe Safety===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Axe safety}}
===Poisonous Plants===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Poison ivy}}


It is also important to be aware that many plants are poisonous if eaten. Never eat a wild plant unless you know ''exactly'' what it is, ''know'' that it is edible, know that the ''part'' of the plant you are eating is edible, and know that that part of the plant is edible ''in its current stage of growth''. All of these are important considerations, as some plants have no non-poisonous parts, some have edible and poisonous parts, and some edible parts become poisonous as the plant matures.


See the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Edible Wild Plants|Edible Wild Plants]] honor for more information.

==4. Show your ability to use a camp knife by demonstrating or explaining safety rules for its use and making shavings for tinder. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Knife safety}}

==5. Prepare for an overnight camp with a group by making a list of personal items and group items that will be needed. == 
===Personal Items===
In addition to the items of clothing listed in requirement 2, you will also need several items of personal gear.


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Personal gear}}

===Group Gear=== 


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Group gear}}

==6. Prepare balanced menus for one cooked breakfast, lunch, and supper. == 
Use the USDA's Food Pyramid for selecting foods. The chart here shows how much of each type of food Pathfinder-aged girls and boys should eat over the course of an entire day:


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Balanced menu}}

==7. Complete the following while on an overnight camping trip: == 
===a. Prepare ground properly for comfortable sleeping. ===
If using a tent, this has to be done ''before'' it is pitched, otherwise you lose access to the ground. Carefully inspect the area for rocks, sticks, stumps, and anything lumpy. Pine needles may be spread beneath the sleeping area for added comfort, but this is not a requirement. A small pebble in your thigh feels larger and larger as the night progresses, so take care when clearing the area. If you are planning to sleep on an air mattress, you ''still'' must clear the ground. Air mattresses have been known to deflate during the night, and if that's what you were relying on, you're not going to get much sleep. Furthermore, sticks and stones have a nasty habit of poking holes in a tent floor, and that compromises the water-tightness of your quarters.

===b. Correctly pitch and strike a tent. === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Pitch and strike a tent}}

===c. Prepare a proper safe area for a campfire. Show proper use of wood tools in getting and preparing fuel for a fire. === 
==== Campfire====
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Fire ring}}
====Gathering Firewood====
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Gathering firewood}}
====Cutting Firewood====
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Cutting firewood}}
====Splitting Firewood====
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Splitting firewood}}

===d. Show how to protect your camp against animals, insects, and wet or bad weather. === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Food storage}}


Tightly sealing your food will not only lock the aromas in, it will also keep rain, snow, and sleet out. More than one camping breakfast has been ruined because the weather got into the pancake mix and oatmeal.

===e. Show how to take proper care of the environment as you camp and leave the area with no trace of having been there. === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Take pictures leave footprints}}

Learn and practice the 7 Principles of Leave No Trace

1) Plan ahead and prepare. 2) Travel and camp on durable surfaces. 3) Dispose of waste properly. 4) Leave what you find. 5) Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire). 6) Respect wildlife. 7) Be considerate of other visitors.

==8. Know eight things to do when lost. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Lost}}

==9. Camp for a continuous three days and two nights, sleeping each night under the stars or in a tent. Be actively involved in cooking at least two of the meals. == 
A three-day campout often starts on Friday evening and ends Sunday at lunchtime. This adds up to six meals, so you will need to divide your campers into no more than three smaller groups. Each camper in your party should be assigned kitchen duty. It is easier to remember which meal a person is responsible if they are assigned the same meal every day - for instance, you might designate a breakfast group, and they will cook all breakfasts. However, if your group is attempting to earn several camping honors at once, you should look at the types of meals each person is required to cook (one-pot, boiling, frying, reflector oven, etc.) and vary the assignments based on that.

==10. Considering the things learned in this honor and the camping done, what is the meaning and the reason of the Pathfinder Camping Code? == 
# I will camp only where camping is allowed.
# I will keep my campsite clean at all times, and I will leave it cleaner than when I found it.
# I will never leave my campfire unattended, and when I leave I will be sure that it is entirely out.
# I will never use my knife or ax to cut, mar or scar live trees.
# I will never pick wild flowers without permission.
# I will never cut trails while hiking.
# I will never pollute a lake or stream.
# I will always respect the privacy of other campers.
# I will always be polite and courteous.
# I will respect all signs, authority, rules and private property.
# I will always conduct myself as a Pathfinder and a Christian and as a child of God.
# I will always leave a campsite knowing that I am welcome to return.

==References== 
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Camp Craft/Answer Key

2020-10-15T23:45:59Z

Olcoleman:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Camp Craft
|skill=1
|year=1929
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Camp_Craft.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Camp Craft|master=Wilderness}}


{{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Voyager/Outdoor Living|FRONTIER VOYAGER Outdoor Living]]|completion of this Honor or one of 4 other Honors, not previously earned|}}

==1. Explain how and why weather, season, and water supply are considered when choosing a campsite. Explain what care to take with regard to safe water, sanitary facilities, and emergencies. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Choosing a campsite}}


'''Safe Water'''


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Safe water}}


'''Sanitation'''


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Sanitation}}


'''Emergency Readiness'''


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Emergencies}}

==2. Prepare a list of clothing you would need for an overnight camp in warm and cold weather. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Clothing}}

==3. Know and practice the safety rules in camping. == 
===Fire Safety===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Fire safety}}
===Axe Safety===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Axe safety}}
===Poisonous Plants===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Poison ivy}}


It is also important to be aware that many plants are poisonous if eaten. Never eat a wild plant unless you know ''exactly'' what it is, ''know'' that it is edible, know that the ''part'' of the plant you are eating is edible, and know that that part of the plant is edible ''in its current stage of growth''. All of these are important considerations, as some plants have no non-poisonous parts, some have edible and poisonous parts, and some edible parts become poisonous as the plant matures.


See the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Edible Wild Plants|Edible Wild Plants]] honor for more information.

==4. Show your ability to use a camp knife by demonstrating or explaining safety rules for its use and making shavings for tinder. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Knife safety}}

==5. Prepare for an overnight camp with a group by making a list of personal items and group items that will be needed. == 
===Personal Items===
In addition to the items of clothing listed in requirement 2, you will also need several items of personal gear.


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Personal gear}}

===Group Gear=== 


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Group gear}}

==6. Prepare balanced menus for one cooked breakfast, lunch, and supper. == 
Use the USDA's Food Pyramid for selecting foods. The chart here shows how much of each type of food Pathfinder-aged girls and boys should eat over the course of an entire day:


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Balanced menu}}

==7. Complete the following while on an overnight camping trip: == 
===a. Prepare ground properly for comfortable sleeping. ===
If using a tent, this has to be done ''before'' it is pitched, otherwise you lose access to the ground. Carefully inspect the area for rocks, sticks, stumps, and anything lumpy. Pine needles may be spread beneath the sleeping area for added comfort, but this is not a requirement. A small pebble in your thigh feels larger and larger as the night progresses, so take care when clearing the area. If you are planning to sleep on an air mattress, you ''still'' must clear the ground. Air mattresses have been known to deflate during the night, and if that's what you were relying on, you're not going to get much sleep. Furthermore, sticks and stones have a nasty habit of poking holes in a tent floor, and that compromises the water-tightness of your quarters.

===b. Correctly pitch and strike a tent. === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Pitch and strike a tent}}

===c. Prepare a proper safe area for a campfire. Show proper use of wood tools in getting and preparing fuel for a fire. === 
==== Campfire====
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Fire ring}}
====Gathering Firewood====
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Gathering firewood}}
====Cutting Firewood====
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Cutting firewood}}
====Splitting Firewood====
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Splitting firewood}}

===d. Show how to protect your camp against animals, insects, and wet or bad weather. === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Food storage}}


Tightly sealing your food will not only lock the aromas in, it will also keep rain, snow, and sleet out. More than one camping breakfast has been ruined because the weather got into the pancake mix and oatmeal.

===e. Show how to take proper care of the environment as you camp and leave the area with no trace of having been there. === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Take pictures leave footprints}}

Learn and practice the 7 Principles of Leave No Trace
1) Plan ahead and prepare. 2) Travel and camp on durable surfaces. 3) Dispose of waste properly. 4) Leave what you find. 5) Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire). 6) Respect wildlife. 7) Be considerate of other visitors.

==8. Know eight things to do when lost. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Lost}}

==9. Camp for a continuous three days and two nights, sleeping each night under the stars or in a tent. Be actively involved in cooking at least two of the meals. == 
A three-day campout often starts on Friday evening and ends Sunday at lunchtime. This adds up to six meals, so you will need to divide your campers into no more than three smaller groups. Each camper in your party should be assigned kitchen duty. It is easier to remember which meal a person is responsible if they are assigned the same meal every day - for instance, you might designate a breakfast group, and they will cook all breakfasts. However, if your group is attempting to earn several camping honors at once, you should look at the types of meals each person is required to cook (one-pot, boiling, frying, reflector oven, etc.) and vary the assignments based on that.

==10. Considering the things learned in this honor and the camping done, what is the meaning and the reason of the Pathfinder Camping Code? == 
# I will camp only where camping is allowed.
# I will keep my campsite clean at all times, and I will leave it cleaner than when I found it.
# I will never leave my campfire unattended, and when I leave I will be sure that it is entirely out.
# I will never use my knife or ax to cut, mar or scar live trees.
# I will never pick wild flowers without permission.
# I will never cut trails while hiking.
# I will never pollute a lake or stream.
# I will always respect the privacy of other campers.
# I will always be polite and courteous.
# I will respect all signs, authority, rules and private property.
# I will always conduct myself as a Pathfinder and a Christian and as a child of God.
# I will always leave a campsite knowing that I am welcome to return.

==References== 
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Backpacking/Answer Key

2020-10-15T23:34:31Z

Olcoleman:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Backpacking
|skill=2
|year=1986
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Backpacking_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Backpacking|master=Wilderness}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Backpacking|master=Recreation}}

{{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Voyager/Outdoor Living|FRONTIER VOYAGER Outdoor Living]] and [[Investiture_Achievement/Guide/Outdoor Living|FRONTIER GUIDE Outdoor Living]]| completion of this Honor or one of 4 other Honors, not previously earned|}}
==1. Discuss with your instructor the meaning of the motto: "Take nothing but pictures and leave nothing but footprints." == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Take pictures leave footprints}}

"Take nothing but pictures, leave nothing but footprints" is a good summary of the more common 7 Leave No Trace Principles.

1) Plan ahead and prepare.
2) Travel and camp on durable surfaces.
3) Dispose of waste properly.
4) Leave what you find.
5) Minimize campfire impacts (be careful with fire).
6) Respect wildlife.
7) Be considerate of other visitors.

==2. Know the essentials of proper clothing, shoes, and rain gear to use in backpacking. == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Clothing}}


'''Rain Gear'''
Be ready for bad weather on your backpacking trip by bringing along a poncho and rain pants. In a pinch, you can use a garbage bag as a raincoat by cutting a hole in th bottom, turning it over, and poking your head through the hole. A slit along each seam on the side will make arm holes. It will not cover your head like that, but it will keep the rest of you dry.

==3. Know the principles in selecting a good quality backpack. In an emergency, what might be used in place of a backpack? == 
There are a lot of products on the market these days that are called "backpacks," but don't be fooled. Some of them are entirely unsuited to backpacking. Most of the cheap ones you will find in a store are intended for carrying school supplies between the house, school bus, and classroom. They are not designed to carry all the gear you'll need for an overnight trip over miles of rough terrain. A backpack suited for backpacking will have a hip strap on it that fastens around the hips. Most of the weight of the backpack will thus be carried on your hips. The shoulder straps will carry a small percentage of the weight as well, but they are really intended to keep the backpack from tipping off. If you find that you are carrying most the weight on your shoulders, you need to adjust the backpack to shift the weight to your hips. You will be able to walk much farther distances in greater comfort that way.


Book bags do not come with hip straps. All the weight is thus placed on the shoulders which is fine for a short trek from the house to the bus stop, but miserable on a 3-mile hike.


''Backpacking'' backpacks come in two basic designs: the '''Internal Frame''' backpack, and the '''External Frame''' backpack.


The external frame backpack (or EF backpack) has a rigid frame made from aluminum, plastic, or both. The pack itself attaches to the frame, and the frame is attached to the body via shoulder and hip straps. The frame holds the pack away from the back so that air may circulate back there, making an EF backpack cooler to carry. The downside to an EF is that the body tends to twist and flex as a hiker moves, and the frame resists this. Some EF packs take this into account, and provide a frame that will flex. The main measure of comfort on an EF backpack is the degree to which it flexes.


The internal frame backpack (IF backpack) drapes over the back. It gets its structure from the gear placed inside it. This allows the IF backpack to flex and move as the body does, making it generally more comfortable to carry. Furthermore, the IF pack lies against the hikers back. This allows it to distribute its weight over a greater area, but it also prevents air circulation, making it hotter to wear. The IF pack uses foam in the straps to add even more comfort. There are two basic types of foam: open-cell foam, and closed-cell foam. Open cell foam is highly compressible. While this may add comfort in some places, it should not be used in the straps. In the straps, the foam compresses too much, leaving the webbing to dig into the shoulders. Closed cell foam compresses much less than open-cell foam, and is therefore preferred in the straps. You can easily tell the difference by squeezing the padding. If it compresses to about a quarter its original thickness, it is open-cell foam.


Whether you choose an EF or an IF pack, the next thing to consider is the material from which the pack itself is made. Avoid cotton. It is cheap, but it is also not waterproof. If you set a cotton pack on the wet ground, you will transfer the moisture from the ground to your gear. Some packs made of Kevlar are appearing on the market, and those should be avoided as well. Though Kevlar is renown for its puncture resistance (think bullet-proof vests), it does not offer much in the way of abrasion resistance. Your pack is far more likely to be subjected to abrasion than puncture. Nylon is a far better choice than either of these, and of course, it comes in a variety of configurations. All of them are acceptable, but rip-stop is probably the best suited to the job.


Look for 8 to 10 stitches per inch in the seams. More than 10 stitches per inch decreases the strength of the cloth, and with fewer than 8, the thread is being asked to do too much.


In an emergency, you can toss your gear into a blanket, gather the corners, and throw it over your shoulders. Another option would be to stuff your gear into a closed sleeping bag and sling ''that'' over your shoulders. Either of these solutions are obviously going to be far inferior to even the least adequate backpack though, so this substitution should be reserved for only emergencies.

==4. Know the essential items to be taken on a backpack trip. == 
*Good quality map of the area
*Compass
*Knife
*Flashlight
*Water treatment equipment
*Water bottle
*Food
*Change of clothes
*First aid kit
*Rain gear
*Backpack
*Firelighting equipment
*Sleeping bag
*Sleeping pad
*Extra socks
*Good quality hiking boots or hiking shoes
*Eating and cooking utensils
*Cooking gear (mess kit)
*Backpacking stove and fuel
*Tent or tarp
*Toiletries (toothbrush, toilet paper, soap, etc.)
*Compact shovel

==5. What kind of sleeping bag and pad are best for your camping area? Know at least three kinds of each that are available. == 
===Sleeping Bags===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Sleeping bags}}

===Sleeping Pads=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Sleeping pads}}

==6. Know how to pack a pack properly. == 
#Lay out all your gear where you can see it, next to your pack.
#Look for empty spaces in your gear - for instance, there may be room inside your cooking pot. Put any small items that will fit inside that to conserve space. Look for other "hidden" space as well.
#For an internal frame backpack, put the sleeping bag in first, at the bottom. For an external frame, tie it underneath the pack.
#Load the heavy items next, placing them as close to your back as you can. This will shift the center of gravity forward which will help your balance and improve comfort. Be sure nothing is going to poke you in the back though.
#Put the lighter items such as clothing in towards the outside of the pack.
#Put the things you'll need on the trail (like water, trail mix, compass, map, etc.) in the outer pockets where you can get to them. If they're hard to get to, you'll be unlikely to use them. And if you don't use them, why bring them at all?

==7. What types of food are best for backpacking? Visit a grocery store and list the foods found there that are suitable for backpacking. With your instructor: == 
The best type of food to take backpacking is dehydrated food, as it is very lightweight, compact, and nutritious. You can buy food pre-packaged or you can dehydrate it yourself. For details on dehydrating your own food, see the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Household Arts/Food - Drying|Food Drying]] honor in the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Household Arts|Household Arts]] section of this book.
===a. Prepare a menu for a weekend backpack trip using foods obtained from a grocery store. ===
Although you can buy prepared dehydrated foods for backpacking at an outdoor outfitter, getting your food this way can be fairly expensive. Instead, try getting dehydrated food at a regular grocery store. Here's a short list of possibilities:
*Instant mashed potatoes
*Instant oatmeal
*Quick-cooking rice
*Powdered milk
*Powdered eggs
*Pasta
*Nuts and peanuts
*Dry soup mixes
*Dry beans, lentils, peas
*Granola
*Dried fruits (apricots, apples, and banana chips)
*Flour, mixed with other dry ingredients to make pancakes or biscuits

===b. Learn the techniques of measuring, packaging, and labeling backpack foods for your trip. === 
Once you've bought the food you plan to eat on your backpacking trip, the last thing you will want to do is toss it unthoughtfully into your backpack in its original packaging. Food packaging is designed to catch your eye at the grocery store, and to do this, it does ''not'' come in space-efficient sizes. Empty all of your food and repack it into sealable plastic bags (such as Ziplock bags). Make up a menu before you do this, and pack each meal into a separate bag. Then clearly label the bag with a permanent marker or a mailing label. The label should be legible even in dim light - you never know when you'll have to cook your food in the dark. This is a lot of trouble to go through, but it is well worth it during the trip.


If you wish to make pancakes, first determine how many pancake meals your party will eat, and mix it all up at once. It is a lot easier to accurately measure large amounts of flour, salt, and baking powder than it is to measure small amounts of the same. Mix it all together ''thoroughly'', and when it is well mixed, scoop out enough to make one serving and place it in a baggie. Make as many single-serving baggies of pancake mix as you'll use. You can use the same technique for making soup mixes and other delectables. Just keep all the ingredients dry and be prepared to add water at the campsite.

===c. Make a trail snack. === 
There are millions of recipes for trail mix, and every seasoned backpacker has a favorite. "Gorp" is a perennial favorite - the name tells its ingredients: '''G'''ood '''o'''ld '''r'''aisins and '''p'''eanuts. Choose half a dozen (or more! or less!) of items such as these, mix them together, and put them in a baggie:
*Raisins
*Peanuts
*Chex cereal
*Frosted Flakes or other sweetened cereal
*Pretzels
*M & M's
*Chocolate chips
*Dried fruit
*Shelled sunflower seeds


Put the baggie in an easy to reach place in your pack so you can nibble on it while you hike. Don't worry about getting low-fat items. You'll be doing enough walking (and carrying a heavy pack) to burn a ''lot'' of calories - you'll ''need'' the fat.

==8. Know the prevention and symptoms of, and the first aid for: == 
===a. Sunburn ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Sunburn}}

===b. Blisters === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Blisters}}

===c. Frostbite === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Frostbite}}

===d. Hypothermia === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Hypothermia}}

===e. Heat stroke === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heat stroke}}

===f. Heat exhaustion=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heat exhaustion}}

===g. Snake bite=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Snake bite}}

===h. Cramps === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Cramps}}

===i. Dehydration === 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Dehydration}}

==9. Have a first aid kit in your pack and know how to use it. == 
Compact, lightweight firsts aid kits are available at many retailers and outdoor outfitters. But don't just go out, buy one, and toss it in you pack without another thought. It is important for you to open it up and examine every item. Then review the answers for the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/First Aid, Standard|First Aid]] honor, so that you know how to use each item.

==10. According to your weight, what is the maximum number of pounds you should be allowed to carry? == 
An adult should carry no more than a fifth to a third of his or her body weight in a backpack, depending on the level of fitness. A kid should not carry more than a quarter his body weight.


Your aim should not be to load your pack until you hit the maximum, but rather, to bring as little as you can get by with. But don't carry anything you aren't going to need. When it comes to backpacking, less is more! Don't kill yourself. Evaluate every item you put into your backpack. Little things add up quickly, so try not to duplicate functionality. For instance, if you're brining a pocket knife, you can probably leave the butter knife behind. Bring a spork rather than a spoon and a fork. Use parachute cord for a clothesline - it's very strong and can be used as rope. Distribute "group" gear among the group. Take the tent apart and have one person carry the fly, another the canopy, and a third the poles. Instead of bringing a pillow, stuff tomorrow's clothes into a sack and use that.

==11. Know three ways to find direction without a compass. Demonstrate at least two. == 

===Northern hemisphere instructions=== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/No compass}}

===Southern hemisphere instructions=== 


'''Southern Cross to find south at night'''


With the lack of a significant pole star in the southern sky (Sigma Octantis is closest to the pole, but is too faint to be useful for the purpose), two of the stars of Crux (Alpha and Gamma, Acrux and Gacrux respectively) are commonly used to mark south. Following the line defined by the two stars for approximately 4.5 times the distance between them leads to a point close to the Southern Celestial Pole.


Alternatively, if a line is constructed perpendicularly between Alpha Centauri and Beta Centauri, the point where the above line and this line intersect marks the Southern Celestial Pole. The two stars are often referred to as the "Pointer Stars" or "White Pointers", allowing people to easily find the top of Crux.


The junction of these two lines is the SCP Southern Celestial Pole. If you were at the South Pole this would be directly above you. This is the point where the night sky revolves around. Point to this spot then lower your arm to the horizon. Where you are pointing is South.


'''Watch method'''


Southern Hemisphere method only.Point the 12 to the sun. Halfway between the hour hand and the 12 is North. You still have to use your intelligence for this as early morning time and evening time care must be taken as to which half you use. E.g. 8am sun is rising in the East; point 12 to the sun North is halfway between the 8 and the 12 at the 10. BUT late evening the sun is heading to set in the west say time is 8pm you point the 12 at the sun. North is halfway between the 8 and the 12 at the other side of watch at the 4. This should be used only as a guide as in some countries the real time has been adjusted and sometimes there is daylight saving time etc.


'''Stick method'''


This method is a waste of time. We all know the sun rises in the East and sets in the West. The stick shadow shows you this. Also when the sun is at its zenith the highest it gets in the Southern Hemi look at the sun and it is towards the North the opposite in the Northern Hemi. So we learn that at mid day is the best time to find North (or South).


But if you must... place a stick in the ground on an open area. Mark the shadows at times through out the day. From this you can find North or South (depending what side of the equator you are on) from the shortest shadow and also East and West by drawing a line from the ends of the longest shadows assuming you had an early morning and late evening marking with equal time from mid-day. But for this you have to be lucky to have sunshine for most of the day, which usually is not the case if you are lost. Anyhow it is something to know if you do not have a watch to know when mid-day is.

==12. Show the proper way to put on and take off a backpack alone and with a partner. == 
;Alone: Set the backpack on a table (or a large rock), put your arms through the straps (loosened off), and lift with your legs. You can also set it on a rock or a log and sit down in front of it. Again, lift with your legs, not with your back. If there is nothing available to set your pack on; stand with your feet apart, one leg ahead of the other, knee bent enough to set your pack on it. With shoulder straps loosened off, slip one arm through the shoulder strap, lean into your pack and slightly downward, and roll it up onto your back. Once in place, slide your other arm through the shoulder strap. Always tighten your hip belt first, shoulder straps next and lastly your chest strap. Reverse this procedure for removing your pack.


;With a Partner: Have your partner lift your pack and hold it while you slip your arms into the straps. If you have to stoop, bend your knees. Remember to lift with your legs!

==13. Participate in a weekend backpack trip of at least five miles (8 km) to a site not accessible by a vehicle and cook your own meals. == 
Five miles is a good backpacking trip for a beginner. Find a trail near you by visiting your local outdoor outfitter. These stores are most often staffed by people who enjoy backpacking and can provide you with valuable advice on destinations. Once you've got a 5-mile trip under your belt, why not look at the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Pioneering|Pioneering]] honor and make your next trip a 15-miler? If you make it a 15-mile hike, you can also count this backpack trip toward the hardest requirement of the [[Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/Recreation/Hiking|Hiking Honor]].

==References== 
* http://www.patc.net/hiking/gear/packs.html
* http://gorp.away.com/gorp/eclectic/family/expert/ask_exp.htm
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
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