AY Honors/Crustaceans/Answer Key - Revision history

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 An exoskeleton is the hard outside covering in crustaceans (and many other animals, including all of the arthropods). In crustaceans, the exoskeleton is made of the protein chitin, reinforced with calcium. Crustacean exoskeletons do not grow with the animal, thus as the animal grows, it must periodically shed (or molt) its exoskeleton. The crustacean is frequently vulnerable following the molt until its new exoskeleton hardens.
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 The tail flap that folds under the abdomen is much wider in female swimming crabs than in male swimming crabs. This wider flap is used for carrying eggs in the female. In the images below, the crab on the left is female, the one on the right male.
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 Small crustaceans serve several important roles. They are often the first level of consumers in trophic webs, eating algae and phytoplankton, or serving as scavengers eating detritus and other decaying and waste material. As such, they are a critical component in keeping marine environments clean. But small crustaceans are also a very important component of the food webs as a source of nourishment for progressively larger animals, and crustaceans are among the most abundant organisms in numbers and weight in marine environments.
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 You should be able to acquire shrimp from a local grocery store or fish market. A basic dissection kit is ideal, but you can also use small hobby knives or a razor blade, small scissors, tweezers and toothpicks or bamboo skewers for dissection. Begin with a review of the external anatomy, and the way the various parts cooperate to provide different types of locomotion, protection and feeding for the shrimp. Then you can remove the carapace to see the stomach and heart (in previously frozen shrimp, which are common in the grocery, these organs may be damaged, but are still generally identifiable). Cutting through the shrimp abdomen will allow you to see the gut and the nerves, as well as note the extensive amount of muscle in a shrimp. If you are careful and interested, you can slowly remove the various mouth parts. Shrimp, like many of their cousin Malacostraca, have very complex mouths, with different modified limbs serving to move the food ultimately to the crushing mandibles.
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 With the carapace removed carefully, you will first be able to see the crab's skin, covering the internal compartment. Once lifted, it reveals the internal organs. The mustard colored organ in the upper left is the hepatopancreas, which has been lifted somewhat to reveal the other organs. The bright orange organ is the ovary. On the left side, the gills are exposed. At the anterior end (near the top of the picture) the odd looking white structure in the center of the crab is the stomach. The final picture shows the thin membrane that covers the gills, keeping them separate from the rest of the internal body cavity.
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 Like all Arthropods, Crustaceans have an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and jointed limbs. Most crustaceans have biramous limbs (limbs that branch into two, rather than uniramous, or in a single series of segments), breath through gills, have two pair of antennae, have eyes on stalks, seven or more pairs of limbs, and mouths made up of one pair of mandibles and two pair of maxillae.
 There are six classes of Crustacea:
 ''Branchiopoda'' (this class includes the Triops, which are often available at science and hobby stores in grow-at-home kits)
 ''Cephalocarida'' (the horseshoe shrimp)
 ''Malacostraca'' (this is the group we often think of as crustaceans. It includes crabs, lobsters, true shrimp, krill, amphipods and isopods)
 ''Maxillopoda'' (including the copepods and the barnacles)
 ''Ostracoda'' (the seed shrimp, including the so-called "baked beans")
 ''Remipedia'' (a small group of primarily blind crustaceans living in aquifers)
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 The tail flap that folds under the abdomen is much wider in female swimming crabs than in male swimming crabs. This wider flap is used for carrying eggs in the female. In the images below, the crab on the left is female, the one on the right male.
 [[Image:BlueCrab 0553 W.jpg|300px]]
 [[Image:Crab 3396 W.jpg|300px]]
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 You should be able to acquire shrimp from a local grocery store or fish market. A basic dissection kit is ideal, but you can also use small hobby knives or a razor blade, small scissors, tweezers and toothpicks or bamboo skewers for dissection. Begin with a review of the external anatomy, and the way the various parts cooperate to provide different types of locomotion, protection and feeding for the shrimp. Then you can remove the carapace to see the stomach and heart (in previously frozen shrimp, which are common in the grocery, these organs may be damaged, but are still generally identifiable). Cutting through the shrimp abdomen will allow you to see the gut and the nerves, as well as note the extensive amount of muscle in a shrimp. If you are careful and interested, you can slowly remove the various mouth parts. Shrimp, like many of their cousin Malacostraca, have very complex mouths, with different modified limbs serving to move the food ultimately to the crushing mandibles.
 [[Image:Crangon_crangon.png|250px]]
 [[Image:ShrimpAnatomy 0480 edited-W.jpg|250px]]
 [[Image:ShrimpHead 0502 W.jpg|250px]]
 The fist shrimp below has the carapace removed and the gills exposed. The color is due either to black gill disease or to the shrimp living in very fouled water. The second image is a different shrimp with the carapace removed. Note that the internal organs are heavily damaged, due to freezing and thawing, making clear identification more difficult. This is something you may encounter as well with store bought shrimp.
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 You may also want to dissect a crab, if they are easily available in your local grocery or fish market. (Two fairly comprehensive dissection guide to Blue Crabs can be found at [http://lanwebs.lander.edu/faculty/rsfox/invertebrates/callinectes.html] and [http://home.earthlink.net/~wweinkle/Crablab.htm]) Crab internal organs are a bit more robust than those of shrimp, as well as larger, making identification and exploration that much easier. The external anatomy key: 1. Cheliped (modified Pereopod) 2. Second Pereopod 3. Third Pereopod 4. Fourth Pereopod 5. Fifth Pereopod, modified as a swimmerette 6. The Cervical Groove on the Carapace 7. Lateral Spine 8. Propodus (the immovable portion of the Chela (claw) 9. Dactyl (the moveable "finger" of the Chela) 10. The Compound Eyes on eye stalks.
 [[Image:BlueCrab 0540 W.jpg|250px]]
 [[Image:BlueCrab 0547 W.jpg|250px]]
 [[Image:BlueCrab 0609.jpg|250px]]
 With the carapace removed carefully, you will first be able to see the crab's skin, covering the internal compartment. Once lifted, it reveals the internal organs. The mustard colored organ in the upper left is the hepatopancreas, which has been lifted somewhat to reveal the other organs. The bright orange organ is the ovary. On the left side, the gills are exposed. At the anterior end (near the top of the picture) the odd looking white structure in the center of the crab is the stomach. The final picture shows the thin membrane that covers the gills, keeping them separate from the rest of the internal body cavity.
 [[Image:BlueCrab 0618.jpg|250px]]
 [[Image:BlueCrab 0619.jpg|250px]]
 [[Image:BlueCrab 0647.jpg|250px]]
 The vertical image below shows the inhalent aperture, the hole behind the claw leading to the gill chamber, where water enters the gill chamber. The second image in this row is the crab (upside down on the board), showing various layers of mouth parts.
 [[Image:BlueCrab 0655.jpg|150px]]
 [[Image:CrabMouth 0664 W.jpg|300px]]

AY Honors/Crustaceans/Answer Key - Revision history

W126jep: - Category of AYHAB

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W126jep at 19:31, 22 June 2021

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Jomegat bot: Jomegat bot moved page Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Crustaceans to AY Honors/Crustaceans/Answer Key: Bot: Moved page

W126jep at 19:53, 31 May 2017

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