AY Honors/Native American Lore/Answer Key/es - Revision history

W126jep at 00:38, 10 July 2023

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W126jep at 18:01, 2 September 2021

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Squash, corn, and beans were known as the "Three Sisters" by Native Americans. The Three Sisters were the three main indigenous plants used for agriculture. These were usually planted together, with the cornstalk providing support for the climbing beans (pinto, kidney, navy, black, pink, cranberry beans, etc.), and shade for the squash. The squash vines provided ground cover to limit weeds and deter animals. The beans provided nitrogen fixing for all three crops.
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Native Americans ate from about 1000 different species of plants. Now grocery stores sell food items made from about 100 species of plants. However the 1000 species do not all grow in the same area. Go to http://plants.usda.gov and see plant range maps of every known plant in North America.
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Image:Arrowhead.jpg|Obsidian arrowhead
Image:Chaco Anasazi canteen NPS.jpg|Pottery
Image:Chacoan turquoise pendant.jpg|Turquoise pendant
Image:Chacoan turquoise with argillite.jpg|Turquoise and argillite tiles
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# '''Flint''', used for making arrowheads, knives, and other cutting tools.
# '''Obsidian''', used the same way as flint.
# '''Clay''', used for making pottery and effigies.
# '''Turquoise''', used for adornment and ceremonies.
# '''Argillite''', used in art.
# '''Vermilion''', used as body paint, combined with "glue" was used for pictographs on hides and rawhides.
# '''Soapstone''', used for carvings, bowls, cooking slabs, and other objects.
# '''Granite, quartzite, basalt, sandstone, and slate''', used for making hammers, axes, adzes, hoes, bowls, vases, and other items.
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A '''flintknapper''' is an individual who shapes flint or other stone through the process of knapping or lithic reduction, to manufacture stone tools.
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Knapping is done in a variety of ways depending on the purpose of the final product.
For stone tools flint is worked using a fabricator, such as a hammerstone, to remove flakes from a core of tool stone. Stone tools can then be further refined using wood, bone, and antler tools to perform pressure flaking.
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There are many different methods of shaping stone into useful tools. The three simplest techniques are mentioned below.
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===Hard Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Hard_Hammer.jpg|thumb|left|An example of hard hammer percussion.]]
Hard hammer techniques are used to remove large flakes of stone. Early flintknappers and hobbyists replicating their methods often use cobbles about the size of a baseball or softball of very hard stone, such as quartzite or hard granite. This technique can be used by flintknappers to remove broad flakes that can be made into smaller tools.
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===Soft Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Soft_Hammer.jpg|thumb|right|An example of soft hammer percussion]]
Early flintknappers could have used simple hammers made of wood or antler to shape stone tools. Soft hammer techniques are more precise than hard hammer methods of shaping stone. Soft hammer techniques allow a flintknapper to shape a stone into many different kinds of cutting, scraping, and projectile tools.
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===Pressure Flaking===
[[Image:Pressure_Flaking.jpg|thumb|left|An example of pressure flaking]]
Pressure flaking involves removing narrow flakes along the edge of a stone tool. This technique is often used to do detailed thinning and shaping of a stone tool. Pressure flaking involves putting a large amount of force across a region on the edge of the tool and (hopefully) causing a narrow flake to come off of the stone. Modern hobbyists often use pressure flaking tools with a copper or brass tip, but early flintknappers could have used antler tines or a pointed wooden punch.
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A '''pictograph''' is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. A '''petroglyph''' is an image carved into a rock face. The word comes from the Greek words petro-, meaning "stone" (think of Peter which means rock {{Bible link|Matthew 16:18}}) and glyphein meaning "to carve", and was originally coined in French as pétroglyphe. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often (but not always) associated with prehistoric peoples.
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Image:Newspaper rock.jpg|Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, southern Utah, USA
image:Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland-750px.jpg|Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland, eastern California, USA
image:Pictograph_2_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
image:Pictograph_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
Image:Ute Petroglyphs in Arches National Park.jpg|Arches National Park
Image:Petroglyph in Arizona 2007-01-20.jpg|Arizona, USA
Image:Petroglyphs in the Columbia River Gorge.jpg|Columbia River Gorge, Washington, USA
Image:PetroglyphBelfastLassnCA.jpg|Pete's creek Belfast area of Lassen county California, USA
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Sites in North America where petroglyphs can be found include:
* Arches National Park, Utah
* Capitol Reef National Park, Utah
* Death Valley National Park, California
* Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado and Utah
* Columbia Hills State Park, Washington
* The Cove Palisades State Park, Oregon
* Jeffers Petroglyphs, Minnesota
* Kanopolis State Park, Kansas
* Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia
* Lava Beds National Monument, Tule Lake, California
* Leo Petroglyph, Leo, Ohio[http://www.ohiohistory.org/places/leopetro/]
* Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, Utah
* Mina, Nuevo León, Mexico
* Olympic National Park, Washington
* Petit Jean State Park, Arkansas
* Petrified Forest National Park
* Petroglyph National Monument
* Petroglyphs Provincial Park, north of Peterborough, Ontario
* Petroglyph Provincial Park, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada [http://www.britishcolumbia.com/ParksAndTrails/Parks/details/?ID=450]
* Sedona, Arizona
* Sloan Canyon National Conservation Area, Nevada
* South Mountain Park, Arizona
* St John, USVI
* Three Rivers Petroglyphs, New Mexico [http://www.desertusa.com/mag98/mar/poi/du_3rivers.html]
* West Virginia glyphs
* Writing Rock State Historical Site, North Dakota
* Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, East of Milk River, Alberta
* White Tank Mountain Regional Park, Waddell, Arizona
* Pete's creek Belfast Lassen county California BLM (Shamans cave with solar calender)
* Anza-Borrego State Park California Way off Highway 52 (mortar holes too)
* Shuswap Lake Provincial Parks, BC
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[[Image:Wampum william penn greaty treaty.jpg|thumb|600px]]
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'''Wampum''' is a string of white shell beads fashioned from the North Atlantic channeled whelk shell, and was used by Native Americans who regarded it as a sacred or trade representative of the value of the artist's work. Wampum was also used for engagement, marriage, and betrothal agreements, as well as for ceremony and condolence ceremonies.
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Shells were also used for jewellery, as weapons, and for decoration of tipis, clothing and objects such as bags, backrests and ownership sticks.
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# Leather
# Fur
# Feathers
# Hair
# Antler
# Bone
# Shell
# Wood
# Bark
# Yucca
# Gourd
# Rush
# Stone/Vermillion
# Clay
# Copper
# Gold
# Silver
# Torquoise
# Sinew
# Hooves
# Stomach
# Bladder
# Prickley Pear Cactus
# Red & Yellow Cedar
# Brains,ash,urine
# Corn husks
# Tendons
# Soap plant
# Moss
# Pipestone
# Raw hide
# Flint
# Obsidian
# Turtle shell
# Grass
# Cattail leaves
# Pitch (glue)
# Char coal
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Stay away from projects like the very popular "dreamcatchers" as the purpose of these is to act as a protective charm to ward off evil spirits. This is contrary to Adventist teachings, and so should not be taught by an Adventist church organization, even if it is explained to the children. Do not set them down this path.
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Native Americans were masters of many crafts which Pathfinders might enjoy learning. One possibility for meeting this requirement is to make a pair of moccasins.
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Be sure to look into the [[AY Honors/Leather Craft|Leather Craft]] and [[AY Honors/Pioneering|Pioneering]] honors if you choose to make moccasins, as making moccasins meet a requirement in each of these.
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If moccasins do not appeal to you, you could try your hand at beadwork:
* http://www.guidetobeadwork.com/book/index.html
You can also decorate your moccasins with beadwork.
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Or perhaps you would enjoy pottery (see the [[AY Honors/Pottery|Pottery]] honor for details) or some other craft.
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Another possible project is to make a bowl from birch bark (if it grows in your area).
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==Historical Note==
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This honor used to be called Indian Lore but the name has been updated.
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==References==
* http://www.oregonpioneers.com/indian.htm
* http://www.nativetech.org/brchbark/index.html
* http://www.desertusa.com/flora.html
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