AY Honors/Soils/Answer Key - Revision history

W126jep at 17:43, 3 January 2023

2023-01-03T17:43:45Z

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W126jep at 13:58, 23 April 2021

2021-04-23T13:58:10Z

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Jomegat bot: Jomegat bot moved page Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Soils to AY Honors/Soils/Answer Key: Bot: Moved page

2020-12-19T20:21:24Z

Jomegat bot moved page AY Honor Soils to AY Honor Soils Answer Key: Bot: Moved page

Jomegat at 22:34, 7 November 2020

2020-11-07T22:34:47Z

Jomegat at 23:09, 11 April 2020

2020-04-11T23:09:12Z

JadeDragon: contrast to edaphology

2015-10-12T20:29:21Z

contrast to edaphology

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 *Press, Frank and Raymond Siever. (1978). Earth.W.H. Freeman & Company. San Francisco. ISBN 0-7167-0289-4.
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 *Bloom, Arthur L. (1978). Geomorphology: A Systematic Approach of Late Cenozoic Landforms. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. ISBN 0-13-353086-8
 *Press, Frank and Raymond Siever. (1978). Earth.W.H. Freeman & Company. San Francisco. ISBN 0-7167-0289-4.
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 <!-- 1. Define what "soil" means? -->
-Soil is the naturally occurring, unconsolidated or loose covering of broken rock particles and decaying organic matter (humus) on the surface of the Earth, capable of supporting life.  In simple terms, soil has three components: solid, liquid, and gas. The solid phase is a mixture of mineral and organic matter. Soil particles pack loosely, forming a soil structure filled with voids. The solid phase occupies about half of the soil volume. The remaining void space contains water (liquid) and air (gas). Soil is also known as ''earth'': it is the substance from which our planet takes its name.
+Soil is the naturally occurring, unconsolidated or loose covering of broken rock particles and decaying organic matter (humus) on the surface of the Earth, capable of supporting life. In simple terms, soil has three components: solid, liquid, and gas. The solid phase is a mixture of mineral and organic matter. Soil particles pack loosely, forming a soil structure filled with voids. The solid phase occupies about half of the soil volume. The remaining void space contains water (liquid) and air (gas). Soil is also known as ''earth'': it is the substance from which our planet takes its name.
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 <!-- 3. What are 5 key factors in soil formation? -->
-;Climate: Climate is the average and variations of weather in a region over long periods of time.   It affects soil formation in that it provides the forces (water, wind, etc.) necessary to erode rock into soil.
+;Climate: Climate is the average and variations of weather in a region over long periods of time. It affects soil formation in that it provides the forces (water, wind, etc.) necessary to erode rock into soil.
-;Organisms: Organisms are living creatures (including plants, animals, fungi, etc.).  Organisms are active agents of soil formation, providing organic soil components or converting it into soil.
+;Organisms: Organisms are living creatures (including plants, animals, fungi, etc.). Organisms are active agents of soil formation, providing organic soil components or converting it into soil.
 ;Terrain: Terrain is used as a general term in physical geography, referring to the lie of the land. This is usually expressed in terms of the elevation, slope, and orientation of terrain features. Terrain affects surface water flow and distribution.
 ;Parent material: Parent material means the underlying geological material (generally bedrock or a superficial or drift deposit) in which soil horizons form. Soils typically get a great deal of structure and minerals from their parent material. Parent materials are made up of consolidated or unconsolidated mineral material that has undergone some degree of physical or chemical weathering.
-;Time: All of the forces that create soil require time in which to operate.  When leaves fall from trees, they are not instantly converted into soil.  Similarly, erosion is a process that occurs over time.
+;Time: All of the forces that create soil require time in which to operate. When leaves fall from trees, they are not instantly converted into soil. Similarly, erosion is a process that occurs over time.
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 <!-- 7. Examine a 2-foot vertical section of soil. Label the different types of organic matter found, identify the different soil horizons, and mark the transition from the soil layer to the mineral layer. -->
-Find a place where you have permission to dig a 2-foot deep hole.  In the United States, '''call before you dig'''. Digger's Hotline, One-call or Miss Utility are services that allow construction workers to contact utility companies, who will then denote where underground utilities are located via color-coding those locations. As required by law and assigned by the FCC, the 8-1-1 telephone number will soon be used for this purpose across the United States.
+Find a place where you have permission to dig a 2-foot deep hole. In the United States, '''call before you dig'''. Digger's Hotline, One-call or Miss Utility are services that allow construction workers to contact utility companies, who will then denote where underground utilities are located via color-coding those locations. As required by law and assigned by the FCC, the 8-1-1 telephone number will soon be used for this purpose across the United States.
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-Once you have clearance, get your shovel and start the hole.  If you are lucky, perhaps someone you know is already digging a hole, and if so, ask permission to come in and make your observations.  People dig holes for all kinds of reasons: footers for building a deck, trenches for laying pipe or cable, foundation for a new building, or to add to an existing one.  But if no one you know is digging a hole, you may have to get out the shovel yourself.
+Once you have clearance, get your shovel and start the hole. If you are lucky, perhaps someone you know is already digging a hole, and if so, ask permission to come in and make your observations. People dig holes for all kinds of reasons: footers for building a deck, trenches for laying pipe or cable, foundation for a new building, or to add to an existing one. But if no one you know is digging a hole, you may have to get out the shovel yourself.
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-You can label the required features with craft sticks and a pen.  Simply write a label on the craft stick with the pen, and insert it into the soil near the feature you wish to label.  Alternatively, you could take a photograph of the vertical section and then import it into a word processor.  Then add the labels to the photo digitally.
+You can label the required features with craft sticks and a pen. Simply write a label on the craft stick with the pen, and insert it into the soil near the feature you wish to label. Alternatively, you could take a photograph of the vertical section and then import it into a word processor. Then add the labels to the photo digitally.
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 <!-- 8. Draw, photograph, or collect and correctly label 5 different soil types. -->
-Listed below are a few types of soil you might collect.  For a more complete listing of soil types, see the [[w:Category:Types of soil|Types of soil]] category in Wikipedia.
+Listed below are a few types of soil you might collect. For a more complete listing of soil types, see the [[w:Category:Types of soil|Types of soil]] category in Wikipedia.
 ===Sandy soil===
-Sandy soil consists of relatively large particles (sand).  It has a gritty texture.  Sandy soil, if mixed well with organic matter, is a good medium for growing plants as long as it is kept moist.  Because the particles are so large, water and air easily penetrate the soil and reach the roots of plants.  However, this same quality allows the water to drain away almost immediately (which is why it must be kept moist if used for agriculture).
+Sandy soil consists of relatively large particles (sand). It has a gritty texture. Sandy soil, if mixed well with organic matter, is a good medium for growing plants as long as it is kept moist. Because the particles are so large, water and air easily penetrate the soil and reach the roots of plants. However, this same quality allows the water to drain away almost immediately (which is why it must be kept moist if used for agriculture).
 ===Silty soil===
-Silty soil is like sandy soil except that it contains finer particles and more nutrients.  It has a darker color as well.  Silty soil is one of the best soils for agriculture because like sandy soil, it allows water and air to penetrate to the roots, but unlike sandy soil, it hold the water longer.
+Silty soil is like sandy soil except that it contains finer particles and more nutrients. It has a darker color as well. Silty soil is one of the best soils for agriculture because like sandy soil, it allows water and air to penetrate to the roots, but unlike sandy soil, it hold the water longer.
 ===Clay soil=== <!--T:24-->
-Clay soil is made of very fine particles.  While it is replete with minerals, plants may have a difficult time extracting them because clay is so impermeable.  Wet clay will clump together when wadded into a ball in the palm of the hand.
+Clay soil is made of very fine particles. While it is replete with minerals, plants may have a difficult time extracting them because clay is so impermeable. Wet clay will clump together when wadded into a ball in the palm of the hand.
 ===Loamy Soil===
-Loamy soil is a mixture of sand, silt, and some clay.  It is considered the ideal soil for agriculture, as it has good drainage and plenty of plant nutrients.
+Loamy soil is a mixture of sand, silt, and some clay. It is considered the ideal soil for agriculture, as it has good drainage and plenty of plant nutrients.
 ===Peaty Soil===
 Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter. Peat forms in wetlands or peatlands, variously called bogs, moors, muskegs, pocosins, mires, and peat swamp forests.
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 ===Chalky Soil=== <!--T:27-->
-Chalky soil is highly alkaline.  It is composed primarily of the mineral calcite.  Because chalk is porous it can hold a large volume of ground water, providing a natural reservoir that releases water slowly through dry seasons.
+Chalky soil is highly alkaline. It is composed primarily of the mineral calcite. Because chalk is porous it can hold a large volume of ground water, providing a natural reservoir that releases water slowly through dry seasons.
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 ==4. Define the following terms:== <!--T:5-->
 [[Image:Soil profile.png|thumb|220px|right|Soil Horizons]]
-;a. A-Horizon: The A Horizon is the top layer of the soil horizon. The technical definition of an A Horizon may vary, but it is most commonly described in terms relative to deeper layers. A Horizons may be darker in color than deeper layers and contain more organic material, or they may be lighter but contain less clay or sesquioxides. The A is a surface horizon, and as such is also known as the zone in which most biological activity occurs. Soil organisms such as worms, nematodes, fungi, and many species of bacteria is concentrated here, often in close association with plant roots. Thus the A-horizon may be referred to as the "biomantle". However, since biological activity extends far deeper into the soil, it cannot be used as a chief distinguishing feature of an A Horizon.
+===a. A-Horizon===
-;b. B-Horizon: B Horizons are commonly referred to as ‘subsoil’, and consist of mineral layers which may contain concentrations of clay or minerals such as iron or aluminium, or organic material. In addition, they are defined by having a distinctly different structure or consistence to the A horizon above and the horizons below. They may also have ‘stronger’ colours (i.e. higher chroma) than the A horizon.
+The A Horizon is the top layer of the soil horizon. The technical definition of an A Horizon may vary, but it is most commonly described in terms relative to deeper layers. A Horizons may be darker in color than deeper layers and contain more organic material, or they may be lighter but contain less clay or sesquioxides. The A is a surface horizon, and as such is also known as the zone in which most biological activity occurs. Soil organisms such as worms, nematodes, fungi, and many species of bacteria is concentrated here, often in close association with plant roots. Thus the A-horizon may be referred to as the "biomantle". However, since biological activity extends far deeper into the soil, it cannot be used as a chief distinguishing feature of an A Horizon.
-;c. C-Horizon: C Horizons are simply named so because they come ‘after’ A and B within the soil profile. These layers are little affected by soil forming processes, and their lack of pedological development is one of their defining attributes. C Horizons may contain lumps of unweathered rock, rather than being comprised solely of small fragments as in the solum. ‘Ghost’ rock structure may be present within these horizons.
+===b. B-Horizon===
-;d. Organic layer: The upper soil horizons containing mostly organic matter.
+B Horizons are commonly referred to as ‘subsoil’, and consist of mineral layers which may contain concentrations of clay or minerals such as iron or aluminium, or organic material. In addition, they are defined by having a distinctly different structure or consistence to the A horizon above and the horizons below. They may also have ‘stronger’ colours (i.e. higher chroma) than the A horizon.
-;e. Mineral layer: The lower soil horizons containing little organic matter.
+===c. C-Horizon===
-;f. Clay: Soil composed primarily of fine-grained minerals, which show plasticity through a variable range of water content, and which can be hardened when dried and/or fired.
+C Horizons are simply named so because they come ‘after’ A and B within the soil profile. These layers are little affected by soil forming processes, and their lack of pedological development is one of their defining attributes. C Horizons may contain lumps of unweathered rock, rather than being comprised solely of small fragments as in the solum. ‘Ghost’ rock structure may be present within these horizons.
-;g. Leaching: Leaching is the loss of mineral and organic solutes due to percolation. It is a mechanism of soil formation.
+===d. Organic layer===
-;h. Silica: Silica is the chemical compound silicon dioxide, SiO<sub>2</sub>. It is most commonly found in nature as sand or quartz.
+The upper soil horizons containing mostly organic matter.
-;i. Humus: Humus refers to any organic matter which has reached a point of stability, where it will break down no further and might, if conditions do not change, remain essentially as it is for centuries, if not millennia
+===e. Mineral layer===
-;j. Soil Profile: The different soil horizons stacked one atop the other makes up the soil profile.
+The lower soil horizons containing little organic matter.
-;k. Parent Material:  The rock from which mineral soil components was formed.
+===f. Clay===
-;l. Pedologist:  A pedologist is a scientist who studies soil in its natural environment. Pedology (from Greek: πέδον, pedon, "soil"; and λόγος, logos, "study") is the study of soils in their natural environment. It is one of two main branches of soil science, the other being edaphology which is concerned with influence of soils on living things, particularly plants.
+Soil composed primarily of fine-grained minerals, which show plasticity through a variable range of water content, and which can be hardened when dried and/or fired.
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AY Honors/Soils/Answer Key - Revision history

W126jep at 17:43, 3 January 2023

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W126jep at 13:58, 23 April 2021

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Jomegat at 22:34, 7 November 2020

Jomegat at 23:09, 11 April 2020

JadeDragon: contrast to edaphology

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