AY Honors/Viruses/Answer Key - Revision history

W126jep at 15:16, 3 January 2023

2023-01-03T15:16:54Z

W126jep at 20:50, 13 July 2022

2022-07-13T20:50:07Z

W126jep: + GetLangSuffix Template

2022-07-13T20:37:58Z

+ GetLangSuffix Template

W126jep at 21:56, 24 April 2021

2021-04-24T21:56:12Z

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2021-03-19T04:10:03Z

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2021-02-21T18:55:28Z

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W126jep: Include updated requirements

2021-02-21T18:54:15Z

Include updated requirements

W126jep: Marked this version for translation

2021-02-21T13:15:23Z

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2021-01-23T05:03:16Z

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-The Pathfinder is encouraged to independently research online or in a high school biology textbook to get an understanding of viruses, their characteristics and effects.  Independent reading, especially online where links can be followed, gives the Pathfinder the opportunity to dig deeper and explore areas of interest that will help them complete the practical Requirements #3 and #6 of this honor.
+The Pathfinder is encouraged to independently research online or in a high school biology textbook to get an understanding of viruses, their characteristics and effects. Independent reading, especially online where links can be followed, gives the Pathfinder the opportunity to dig deeper and explore areas of interest that will help them complete the practical Requirements #3 and #6 of this honor.
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 [[W:Dmitri_Ivanovsky|Dmitri Ivanovsky]], a Russian botanist, was the first person to discover viruses (1892) and thus one of the founders of virology. He identified a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants, which was named the tobacco mosaic virus by [[W:Martinus Beijerinck|Martinus Beijerinck]] in 1898.
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-Since they are not alive and do not have cells, they are not classified into any of the five life kingdoms of Protista (mostly waterborne and single celled), [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Fungi|Fungi]], Plantae (plants), Animalia (animals), and Monera (unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization including bacteria).
+Since they are not alive and do not have cells, they are not classified into any of the five life kingdoms of Protista (mostly waterborne and single celled), [[AY Honors/Fungi|Fungi]], Plantae (plants), Animalia (animals), and Monera (unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization including bacteria).
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 (ii) a '''protein coat''', called the '''capsid''', which surrounds and protects the genetic material; and
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 Antibiotics do not work on viruses, which leaves vaccines (and certain antiviral drugs) as the main defense against harmful virus caused diseases.
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-Most Seventh-day Adventists reject Darwin style macroevolution theory that says all life evolved from single celled organisms, with good reason.  The Bible says that God made the heavens and the earth. However, a well read Adventist realizes that [W:Microevolution|microevolution] is true and common. Human and natural causes are responsible for the obvious diversity within and between closely related individual species. Microevolution caused the visual differences between the human races, between different types of dogs, and between many related types of viruses.
+Most Seventh-day Adventists reject Darwin style macroevolution theory that says all life evolved from single celled organisms, with good reason. The Bible says that God made the heavens and the earth. However, a well read Adventist realizes that [W:Microevolution|microevolution] is true and common. Human and natural causes are responsible for the obvious diversity within and between closely related individual species. Microevolution caused the visual differences between the human races, between different types of dogs, and between many related types of viruses.
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-[[W:Smallpox|Smallpox]] was caused by infection with variola virus.  The English physician Edward Jenner discovered the first vaccine - cowpox to protect humans from smallpox in 1796, making it the first vaccine.   Various attempts were made to eliminate smallpox on a regional scale starting soon after this discovery. Ultimately worldwide vaccinations combined with a isolate and containment strategy were successful in eradicating smallpox, with [[W:Ali_Maow_Maalin|Ali Maow Maalin]] of Somalia bring the last naturally occurring infection occurring in 1977. Pathfinders are urged to read about how smallpox was eradicated and the efforts to ensure it stays eradicated and is not reintroduced via weapons or accident.
+[[W:Smallpox|Smallpox]] was caused by infection with variola virus. The English physician Edward Jenner discovered the first vaccine - cowpox to protect humans from smallpox in 1796, making it the first vaccine. Various attempts were made to eliminate smallpox on a regional scale starting soon after this discovery. Ultimately worldwide vaccinations combined with a isolate and containment strategy were successful in eradicating smallpox, with [[W:Ali_Maow_Maalin|Ali Maow Maalin]] of Somalia bring the last naturally occurring infection occurring in 1977. Pathfinders are urged to read about how smallpox was eradicated and the efforts to ensure it stays eradicated and is not reintroduced via weapons or accident.
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-[[W:Poliomyelitis_eradication|Polio]] is a viral disease now close to eradication, with only Pakistan and Afghanistan still reporting wild cases as of September 2015. The public health effort to eliminate all cases of poliomyelitis (polio) infection around the world, begun in 1988, led by the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF and the Rotary Foundation. This global effort has reduced the number of annual diagnosed cases from the hundreds of thousands to 291 in 2012, though case counts rose in 2013 and 2014. In 2014, Pakistan had the largest number of polio cases at 328, an increase from 43 in 2013. This increase was blamed on Al Qaeda and Taliban militants preventing aid workers from vaccinating children in rural regions of the country. Hopefully the increases are over because there were only 41 wild cases in between January and September 2015.  The live vaccine, now being phased out, can trigger circulating vaccine-derived type 1 cases as well.
+[[W:Poliomyelitis_eradication|Polio]] is a viral disease now close to eradication, with only Pakistan and Afghanistan still reporting wild cases as of September 2015. The public health effort to eliminate all cases of poliomyelitis (polio) infection around the world, begun in 1988, led by the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF and the Rotary Foundation. This global effort has reduced the number of annual diagnosed cases from the hundreds of thousands to 291 in 2012, though case counts rose in 2013 and 2014. In 2014, Pakistan had the largest number of polio cases at 328, an increase from 43 in 2013. This increase was blamed on Al Qaeda and Taliban militants preventing aid workers from vaccinating children in rural regions of the country. Hopefully the increases are over because there were only 41 wild cases in between January and September 2015. The live vaccine, now being phased out, can trigger circulating vaccine-derived type 1 cases as well.
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-Efforts to eradicate Yellow Fever have failed. Virus eradication programs have mostly relied upon vaccination in Africa where  the programs have largely been unsuccessful because they were unable to break the sylvatic cycle involving wild primates. With few countries establishing regular vaccination programs, measures to fight yellow fever have been neglected, making the future spread of the virus more likely.
+Efforts to eradicate Yellow Fever have failed. Virus eradication programs have mostly relied upon vaccination in Africa where the programs have largely been unsuccessful because they were unable to break the sylvatic cycle involving wild primates. With few countries establishing regular vaccination programs, measures to fight yellow fever have been neglected, making the future spread of the virus more likely.
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 Mumps is commonly vaccinated for. [[http://www.cdc.gov/mumps/index.html|CDC on mumps]] and [[W:Mumps|Mumps on Wikipedia]]
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 Don't fall into researching Meningococcal meningitis, the bacterial form of meningitis [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs141/en/] since this is the Virus honor. Look at [[W:Viral meningitis|Viral meningitis]] on Wikipedia for an overview of this disease.
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-The word prion, named in 1982 by [[W:Stanley B. Prusiner|Stanley B. Prusiner]], is short for “proteinaceous infectious particle” and the word is derived from the words '''pr'''otein and infect'''ion'''. While viruses (and all other known infectious agents, including bacteria, fungi, and parasites) universally contain DNA or RNA, prions contain neither.  Instead they are a protein that can fold in multiple, structurally distinct ways, at least one of which is self-propagating and transmissible to other prion proteins. This form of replication leads to disease that is similar to viral infection.
+The word prion, named in 1982 by [[W:Stanley B. Prusiner|Stanley B. Prusiner]], is short for “proteinaceous infectious particle” and the word is derived from the words '''pr'''otein and infect'''ion'''. While viruses (and all other known infectious agents, including bacteria, fungi, and parasites) universally contain DNA or RNA, prions contain neither. Instead they are a protein that can fold in multiple, structurally distinct ways, at least one of which is self-propagating and transmissible to other prion proteins. This form of replication leads to disease that is similar to viral infection.
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-Be sure the pandemic you cover is caused by a virus, since many pandemics are bacterial.  Historic or current viral pandemics include:
+Be sure the pandemic you cover is caused by a virus, since many pandemics are bacterial. Historic or current viral pandemics include:
 *[[W:Yellow_fever|Yellow fever]] In 1927 yellow fever virus became the first human virus to be isolated. Yellow fever has been a source of several devastating epidemics.Cities as far north as New York, Philadelphia, and Boston were hit with epidemics. In 1793, one of the largest yellow fever epidemics in U.S. history killed as many as 5,000 people in Philadelphia—roughly 10% of the population. About half of the residents had fled the city, including President George Washington. In colonial times, West Africa became known as "the white man's grave" because of malaria and yellow fever. Yellow fever remains a serious problem in Africa.
 *Measles is an endemic disease, meaning that it has been continually present in a community, and many people develop resistance. In populations that have not been exposed to measles, exposure to a new disease can be devastating. In 1529, a measles outbreak in Cuba killed two-thirds of the natives who had previously survived smallpox. The disease had ravaged Mexico, Central America, and the Inca civilization. Before the vaccine was introduced in 1963, there were an estimated 3–4 million cases in the U.S. each year. Measles killed around 200 million people worldwide over the last 150 years. In 2000 alone, measles killed some 777,000 worldwide out of 40 million cases globally.

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AY Honors/Viruses/Answer Key - Revision history

W126jep at 15:16, 3 January 2023

W126jep at 20:50, 13 July 2022

W126jep: + GetLangSuffix Template

W126jep at 21:56, 24 April 2021

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W126jep: Include updated requirements

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