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==10. Know the meaning of the following terms:==
;a. Concentrates: By-product concentrates commonly available to smallholder farmers are cakes made from mustard, groundnut, and coconut, brans such as rice, wheat, and maize, milling by-products like broken pulses (beans) and non-conventional concentrates including palm kernel, salseed meal, cassava chips, and rubber seedmeal. This list is more asian focused, ingredients will vary based on what is available locally at a reasonable cost. Many concentrates also include added salt and trace minerals.
;b. Crude protein: a measure of the protein available in the feed. Increasing crude protien increase milk yeild to a point. See references for a detailed explanation.
;c. Cull: remove from the herd. Non-productive (infertile), diseased, elderly, or lower producing cows are candidates for culling. Culled cows go for slaughter to become meat. About 19% of beef in the US is from dairy cows.
;d. Dry period: not producing milk. Dairy cows dry up about 2 months before giving birth.
;e. Lactating: producing milk
;f. Lactation cycle or period: the process from when cow first gives birth, is milked, through when it dries up before giving birth again restarting the cycle. Traditionally the cycle takes about a year, but very productive cows may be allowed to go 14-15 months instead.
;g. Oxytocin: Oxytocin is a hormone which causes the smooth muscle layer of band-like cells surrounding the alveoli to squeeze the newly-produced milk into the duct system. Oxytocin is necessary for the milk ejection reflex, or let-down to occur.

Translations:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Dairying/44/en - Revision history

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