Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Sand/Answer Key"

Revision as of 22:59, 10 June 2008

In the field of mineralogy, fracture is a term used to describe the shape and texture of the surface formed when a mineral is broken. Minerals often have a highly distinctive fracture, making it a principal feature used in their identification.

Fracture differs from cleavage in that that the latter involves clean splitting along the cleavage planes of the mineral's crystal structure, as opposed to more general breakage. All minerals exhibit fracture, but when very strong cleavage is present, it can be difficult to see.

Terminology

Conchoidal fracture

Obsidian

Conchoidal fracture is a curved breakage that resembles the concentric ripples of a mussel shell. It often occurs in amorphous or fine-grained minerals such as flint, opal or obsidian, but may also occur in crystalline minerals such as quartz. Subconchoidal fracture is similar to conchoidal fracture, but not as curved.

Earthy fracture

Limonite

Earthy fracture is reminiscent of freshly broken soil. It is frequently seen in relatively soft, loosely bound minerals, such as limonite, kaolinite and aluminite.

Hackly fracture

Native copper

Hackly fracture (also known as jagged fracture) is jagged, sharp and uneven. It occurs when metals are torn, and so is often encountered in native metals such as copper and silver.

Splintery fracture

Chrysotile

Splintery fracture comprises sharp elongated points. It is particularly seen in fibrous minerals such as chrysotile, but may also occur in non-fibrous minerals such as kyanite.

Uneven fracture

Magnetite

Uneven fracture is self descriptive. It occurs in a wide range of minerals including arsenopyrite, pyrite and magnetite.

References

Rudolf Duda and Lubos Rejl: Minerals of the World (Arch Cape Press, 1990)
http://www.galleries.com/minerals/property/fracture.htm

Template:Mineral identification it:Frattura (mineralogia) ru:Излом

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{honor_header|1|1956|Nature|General Conference}}
+{{dablink|This article is about the terminology used to describe fracture surfaces.  For fractures in rocks and minerals ''per se'', see [[Fracture (geology)]]}}
-{{AY Master|Conservation}}
-==1. Make a collection of 30 various colored sands. Correctly label with the name and locality where each was secured. ==
-Sand can be found almost anywhere.  Lakes, rivers, beaches, ponds, and even backyards are all places where you can find sand.  When you have collected sand from a location, check there again - most places have more than one color of sand.
-While collecting, you will need plastic baggies (in which to store the sand), and a permanent marker (to label the baggies).  Label each bag with your name, the date, and the location where the sand was found.  Be as specific as possible (perhaps recording latitude and longitude if you have a GPS receiver).
+In the field of [[mineralogy]], '''fracture''' is a term used to describe the shape and texture of the surface formed when a [[mineral]] is broken.  Minerals often have a highly distinctive fracture, making it a principal feature used in their identification.
-Be sure to collect enough sand to share with others.  If you are working on this honor with your club, 30 colors should not be very difficult to achieve if everyone collects enough sand for everyone else.  You can also trade sand with other ''Arenophiles'' (sand collectors) whom you can contact via the Internet:
+Fracture differs from [[Cleavage (geology)|cleavage]] in that that the latter involves clean splitting along the [[Cleavage (crystal)|cleavage planes]] of the mineral's crystal structure, as opposed to more general breakage.  All minerals exhibit fracture, but when very strong cleavage is present, it can be difficult to see.
-* http://www.arenophile.com/
+==Terminology==
-* http://www.sand-collecting.org/
-Get started, explorer!
-==2. What does the term "sand" mean? Name two kinds of sand.==
-Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.  As the term is used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 (or 1⁄16 mm) to 2 millimeters. An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand grain.
-There are three major types of sand:
-;Terregenous: This type of sand is eroded from rocks (sedimentary, volcanic, and crystalline), and is generally transported by water.  Most sand is of this type.
-;Carbonate: This type of sand has organic origins, being made from ground sea shells, corals, and other marine sources.
-;Pyroclastic: This type of sand is created when volcanoes erupt and blow their ash (pyroclastic sand) into the atmosphere.
-==3. Give the origin of sand and mineral content.==
-Sand is made when rock of any kind is eroded by wind or by water.  The mineral content of sand is the same as the parent rock - quartz, granite, feldspar, etc.  The color of the sand depends on the parent rock.
-==4. What is the difference between sand and soil?==
-Soil is very similar to sand, and it is formed in much the same way.  In fact sand is a component of soil.  The main difference though is that soil contains a lot of organic material (such as decayed plants, decayed animals, etc).
-==5. What is meant by shape, surface, grain fracture, and grain size?==
-===Shape===
-===Surface===
-===Grain Fracture===
-In the field of mineralogy, fracture is a term used to describe the shape and texture of the surface formed when a mineral is broken. Minerals often have a highly distinctive fracture, making it a principal feature used in their identification.
 ====Conchoidal fracture====
-[[Image:ObsidianOregon.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Obsidian]]
+[[Image:ObsidianOregon.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Obsidian]]]]
-'''Conchoidal fracture''' is a curved breakage that resembles the concentric ripples of a mussel shell.  It often occurs in amorphous or fine-grained minerals such as flint, opal or obsidian, but may also occur in crystalline minerals such as quartz.  '''Subconchoidal fracture''' is similar to conchoidal fracture, but not as curved.
+'''[[Conchoidal fracture]]''' is a curved breakage that resembles the concentric ripples of a [[mussel]] shell.  It often occurs in amorphous or fine-grained minerals such as [[flint]], [[opal]] or [[obsidian]], but may also occur in crystalline minerals such as [[quartz]].  '''Subconchoidal fracture''' is similar to conchoidal fracture, but not as curved.
 <br clear="all" />
 ====Earthy fracture====
-[[Image:Limonite_bog_iron_cm02.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Limonite]]
+[[Image:Limonite_bog_iron_cm02.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Limonite]]]]
-'''Earthy fracture''' is reminiscent of freshly broken soil.  It is frequently seen in relatively soft, loosely bound minerals, such as limonite, kaolinite and aluminite.
+'''Earthy fracture''' is reminiscent of freshly broken [[soil]].  It is frequently seen in relatively soft, loosely bound minerals, such as [[limonite]], [[kaolinite]] and [[aluminite]].
 <br clear="all" />
 ====Hackly fracture====
-[[Image:Cuivre_natif1_%28USA%29.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Native copper]]
+[[Image:Cuivre_natif1_%28USA%29.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Native copper]]]]
-'''Hackly fracture''' (also known as '''jagged fracture''') is jagged, sharp and uneven.  It occurs when metals are torn, and so is often encountered in native metals such as copper and silver.
+'''Hackly fracture''' (also known as '''jagged fracture''') is jagged, sharp and uneven.  It occurs when metals are torn, and so is often encountered in [[native metal|native metals]] such as [[Native copper|copper]] and [[silver]].
 <br clear="all" />
 ====Splintery fracture====
-[[Image:Chrysotile_1.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Chrysotile]]
+[[Image:Chrysotile_1.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Chrysotile]]]]
-'''Splintery fracture''' comprises sharp elongated points.  It is particularly seen in fibrous minerals such as chrysotile, but may also occur in non-fibrous minerals such as kyanite.
+'''Splintery fracture''' comprises sharp elongated points.  It is particularly seen in fibrous minerals such as [[chrysotile]], but may also occur in non-fibrous minerals such as [[kyanite]].
 <br clear="all" />
 ====Uneven fracture====
-[[Image:MagnetitaEZ.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Magnetite]]
+[[Image:MagnetitaEZ.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Magnetite]]]]
-'''Uneven fracture''' is self descriptive.  It occurs in a wide range of minerals including arsenopyrite, pyrite and magnetite.
+'''Uneven fracture''' is self descriptive.  It occurs in a wide range of minerals including [[arsenopyrite]], [[pyrite]] and [[magnetite]].
 <br clear="all" />
-===Grain Size===
+==See also==
-Grain size, also called particle size, refers to the diameter of individual grains of sediment.
+*[[Fracture]]
+*[[Fracture (geology)]]
-==6. Define the following and give the use of each:==
+*[[Conchoidal fracture]]
-;a. Glacial: Glacial sand is sand produced by the action of a glacier grinding the rock over which it passes.
-;b. Calcareous: Sand composed primarily of calcium carbonate or limestone.
-;c. Quicksand: Quicksand is a ''colloid hydrogel'' consisting of fine granular matter (such as sand or silt), clay, and salt water. In the name "quick" does not mean "fast," but "alive" (as in the expression ''the quick and the dead'').
-;d. Glass sand: Glass sand is sand with low iron content, and high silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>) content.  This type of sand is ideal for glass making.
-;e. Molding sand: Molding sand, foundry sand, or green sand is sand that when moistened or oiled tends to pack well and hold its shape. It is used in the process of sand casting.
-;f. Polishing sand: Sand can be used as an abrasive material for polishing materials.  This type of sand must be very fine grained.
-;g. Building sand: Building sand is used for making concrete.  Sharp sands (with angular surfaces) are preferred.
-;h. Filter sand: Sand can be used to filter water or other liquids. A media filter is a type of filter utilizing a bed of sand, crushed granite or other material to filter water for drinking, swimming pools, aquaculture, irrigation, stormwater management and other applications.
-;i. Furnace sand: Furnace sand is used for lining the floor of industrial furnaces which are used for processing molten metals (such as steel).
-;j. Lake shore sand: Sand created by the wave action of a lake.  A prime example would be the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in northwest Indiana.
-==7. Examine five types of sand specimens under magnification and observe their various characteristics.==
-==8. Memorize and discuss Genesis 22:17, Proverbs 27:3, and Ps. 139:17-18.==
-{{Bible verse
+==References==
-| version = NIV
+* Rudolf Duda and Lubos Rejl: ''Minerals of the World'' (Arch Cape Press, 1990)
-| book = Genesis
+* http://www.galleries.com/minerals/property/fracture.htm
-| chapter = 22
-| verse = 17
-| text = I will surely bless you and make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and as the sand on the seashore. Your descendants will take possession of the cities of their enemies
-}}
-{{Bible verse
-| version = NIV
-| book = Proverbs
-| chapter = 27
-| verse = 3
-| text =
-<br>
-:Stone is heavy and sand a burden,
-:but provocation by a fool is heavier than both.
-}}
-{{Bible verse
+{{Template: Mineral identification}}
-| version = NIV
-| book = Psalm
-| chapter = 139
-| verse = 17, 18
-| text =
-<br>
-:How precious to me are your thoughts, O God!
-::How vast is the sum of them!<br><br>
-:Were I to count them,
-::they would outnumber the grains of sand.
-::When I awake,
-::I am still with you.
-}}
-[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
+[[Category:Mineralogy]]
+[[it:Frattura (mineralogia)]]
+[[ru:Излом]]