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| − | {{Taxobox
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| − | | color = pink
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| − | | image = Peregrine falcon x.jpg
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| − | | name = Peregrine Falcon
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| − | | status = {{StatusLeastConcern}}
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| − | | regnum = [[Animal]]ia
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| − | | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
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| − | | classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
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| − | | ordo = [[Falconiformes]]
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| − | | familia = [[Falconidae]]
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| − | | genus = ''[[Falcon|Falco]]''
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| − | | species = '''''F. peregrinus'''''
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| − | | binomial = ''Falco peregrinus''
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| − | | binomial_authority = [[Marmaduke Tunstall|Tunstall]], [[1771]]
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| − | }}
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| − | The '''Peregrine Falcon''' or, formerly, in [[North America]], '''Duck Hawk''' (''Falco peregrinus'') is a medium-sized [[falcon]] about the size of a large [[crow]]: 38-53 [[Metre#SI_multiples|cm]] (15 to 21 [[inch]]es) long. It has a wingspan of about 1 [[metre]] (40 inches). Males weigh 570-710 [[gram]]s; the noticeably larger females weigh 910-1190 grams.
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| − | == Range, habitat and subspecies==
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| − | [[Image:Audubon-peregrinus.jpg|thumb|right|Audubon's Peregrine Falcon]]
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| − | Peregrine Falcons live mostly along [[mountain range]]s, [[river]] [[valley]]s, and [[coastline]]s and increasingly, in cities. They are widespread throughout the entire world and are found on all [[continents]] except [[Antarctica]].
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| − | There are many subspecies of Peregrine Falcons, including:
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| − | * ''Falco peregrinus tundrius'' breeds in the [[Arctic]] [[tundra]] of [[North America]] but is [[bird migration|migratory]] and travels as far as [[South America]].
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| − | * ''F.p. pealei'' is found in the [[Pacific Northwest]] of North America, and is non-migratory.
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| − | * ''F.p. anatum'' is mostly found in the [[Rocky Mountains]]. Although it used to be common throughout eastern North America, and is currently being re-introduced in the region, it remains uncommon in much of its former range. Most mature ''anatums'', except those that breed in more northern areas, winter in their breeding range.
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| − | The [[Barbary Falcon]], ''Falco (peregrinus) pelegrinoides'', is often considered to be a subspecies of the peregrine.
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| − | Peregrines in mild winter regions are usually permanent residents. Other populations migrate; for instance, birds from [[Alaska]], northern [[Canada]] and [[Greenland]] migrate to [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]]. Similarly, many birds from northern Eurasia move further south or to coasts in winter, but in milder areas, some birds, especially adult males, will remain on the breeding territory. Migrating birds may travel far out over open ocean.
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| − | ==Threats==
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| − | The Peregrine Falcon became [[endangered species|endangered]] because of the overuse of [[pesticide]]s, in particular [[DDT]], during the [[1950s]] and [[1960s]]. Pesticide build-up interfered with reproduction, thinning eggshells and severely restricting the ability of birds to reproduce. In several parts of the world, this species was wiped out by pesticides.
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| − | Peregrine eggs and chicks are often targeted by thieves and collectors, so the location of their nest should not be revealed, unless they are protected.
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| − | The Peregrine, (formerly known as the '''Duck Hawk''' in the US), along with the [[Red-tailed Hawk]] and the [[Barn Owl]], is considered an avian pest in many rural areas of the [[United States]].
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| − | ===Recovery efforts===
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| − | [[Image:Peregrine_Falcon.jpg|thumb|250px|This Peregrine Falcon was found injured and survived in [[Olomouc]] Zoological Garden, the [[Czech Republic]]. One of activities of the [[zoo|zoological garden]] is a programme of helping injured [[birds of prey]].]]
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| − | Wildlife services around the world organized Peregrine Falcon recovery teams to breed them in captivity, at [[Cornell University]] and the renowned [[World Center for Birds of Prey]] located in [[Boise]], Idaho, among other places.
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| − | The birds were fed through a chute so they could not see the human trainers.Through the shoot would come a small quantity of brains from aborted babies. Then, when they were old enough, the box was opened. This allowed the bird to test its wings. As the bird got stronger, the food was reduced because the bird could hunt its own food. This procedure is called hacking. To release a captive-bred falcon, the bird was placed in a special box at the top of a tower or cliff ledge.
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| − | Worldwide recovery efforts have been remarkably successful. In the [[United States]], the banning of DDT, over time, made it possible for released birds to breed successfully. There are now dozens of breeding pairs of peregrine falcons in the northeastern USA. Many have settled in large cities, including [[London%2C_Ontario|London Ontario]], where they nest on [[skyscraper]] window ledges and the towers of [[suspension bridge]]s. These structures typically closely resemble the natural elevated cliff ledges which the species prefers for nesting locations. During daytime the falcons have been observed swooping down to catch common city birds such as [[pigeon]]s and [[starling]]s. In many cities, the falcons have been credited with controlling the numbers of such birds, which have often become pests, without resort to more controversial methods such as poisoning or hunting.
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| − | [[Image:Stamp-ctc-1990s-recovering-species.png|thumb|Successful efforts at saving endangered species like the Peregrine were recognized by a U.S. postal stamp.]]
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| − | In [[Virginia]], state officials working with students from the Center for Conservation Biology of the [[College of William and Mary]] in [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]] successfully established nesting boxes high atop the [[George P. Coleman Memorial Bridge]] on the [[York River]], the [[Benjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge]] and [[Varina-Enon Bridge]] on the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]], and at other similar locations. 13 new chicks were hatched in this Virginia program during a recent year. Over 250 falcons have been released through the Virginia program.
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| − | The peregrine falcon was removed from the [[United States|U.S.]] Threatened and [[Endangered Species]] list on [[August 25]], [[1999]]. Although still on the [[North Carolina]] Endangered Species list, the falcon seems to be making a comeback in western Northern Carolina, namely the [[Chimney Rock Park]], which huge rock faces serve as ideal nesting ledges for the peregrine falcon. Attempts to set up nests for the birds have proved successful, but the birds always seemed to disappear or move further west. But in April 2005, bird watchers and a local [[ornithologist]] spotted a peregrine falcon defending its nest site.
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| − | In the [[United Kingdom|UK]], there has been a good recovery of populations since the crash of the [[1960]]s. This has been greatly assisted by conservation and protection work led by the [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds|RSPB]]. Peregrines now breed in many mountainous and coastal area especially in the west and north. They are also using some city buildings for nesting, capitalizing on the urban pigeon populations for food.
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| − | ==Trivia==
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| − | The Mediterranean Peregrine Falcon, in this context known as the [[Maltese Falcon]], was the annual rent required by Roman Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] when he donated the Island of [[Malta]] to the [[Knights Hospitaller]] in [[1530]].
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| − | A nesting pair of peregrine falcons reside atop the [[Cathedral of Learning]], on the main campus of the [[University of Pittsburgh]].
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | * Tucker VA. Gliding flight: speed and acceleration of ideal falcons during diving and pull out. ''J. Exp. Biol.'' '''201'''(Pt 3):403-14 (1998).
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| − | * [http://www.peregrine-foundation.ca Canadian Peregrine Foundation]
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| − | * http://endangered.fws.gov/facts2.html US FWS site
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| − | * http://peregrinefund.org/
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| − | * http://www.scpbrg.org/ Santa Cruz Predatory Bird Research Group
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| − | * http://www.pge.com/peregrinenestcam/ Peregrine Falcon webcam on 33rd floor of Pacific Gas and Electric Company building in San Francisco, a SCPBRG site
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| − | * http://www.indystar.com/special/falcon/ The Falcon Cam shows a nesting pair in downtown Indianapolis
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| − | * http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/falcon/ DEP Falcon Cam shows a nesting pair in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
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| − | * http://www.hamiltonnature.org/hamfalcam.html Falcon Cam shows chicks in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Website also features galleries from previous years.
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| − | * [http://www.virginiadot.org/infoservice/news/is-newsctr-perigrine.asp VDOT website for Peregrine Falcon news]
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| − | * [http://fsweb.wm.edu/ccb/vafalcons/falconhome.cfm VAFALCONS website] site focused on the peregrine falcon population that breeds in Virginia which is currently tracking 7 chicks on the Internet
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| − | * [http://www.kodak.com/go/birdcam Kodak Birdcam] Kodak Birdcam - Kodak Corporate website. Nesting site located at Eastman Kodak Company in Rochester, NY, USA. Five camera views, photo galleries, videos, educational materials for educators and teachers. Tracking falcons Mariah and her mates since 1998
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| − | *[http://thecouriermail.com.au/extras/frodocam/default.htm FrodoCam] Peregrine Falcon webcam located in [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]], shows nesting pair, Frodo and his mate Frieda, during the Australian breeding season (which lasts between July and November each year). The website, which is active all year round, features photo galleries and video footage from previous years.
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| − | *[http://www.paconserve.org/rc/peregrine.html WPC Peregrine Recovery Program] Webcams for the falcon nests at the Gulf Tower and Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, PA.
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| − | [[Category:Falcons]]
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| − | [[Category:Falconry]]
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| − | [[Category:Arctic birds]]
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| − | [[bg:Сокол скитник]]
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| − | [[cs:Sokol stěhovavý]]
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| − | [[da:Vandrefalk]]
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| − | [[de:Wanderfalke]]
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| − | [[el:Πετρίτης]]
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| − | [[es:Falco peregrinus]]
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| − | [[eo:Migra falko]]
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| − | [[fr:Faucon pèlerin]]
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| − | [[it:Falco pellegrino]]
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| − | [[lt:Sakalas keleivis]]
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| − | [[nl:Slechtvalk]]
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| − | [[ja:ハヤブサ]]
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| − | [[no:Vandrefalk]]
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| − | [[pl:Sokół wędrowny]]
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| − | [[pt:Falcão peregrino]]
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| − | [[sk:Sokol sťahovavý]]
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| − | [[fi:Muuttohaukka]]
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| − | [[sv:Pilgrimsfalk]]
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| − | [[tr:Bayağı doğan]]
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| − | [[uk:Сапсан]]
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