AY Honors/Māori Lore/Answer Key 2/es: Difference between revisions

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AY Honors/Māori Lore/Answer Key 2/es
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In the Māori language, speakers distinguish correct use of the number of people referred to in all aspects of the language. For example, everyday greetings take different forms depending on the number of people greeted:
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* Tēnā koe: hello (to one person)
* Tēnā kōrua: hello (to two people)
* Tēnā koutou: hello (to more than two people
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[[Image:Powhiri, USAF.jpg|thumb|right|A U.S. airman and a Māori warrior exchange a Hongi during a Pōwhiri ceremony]]
A '''Hongi''' is a traditional Māori greeting in New Zealand. It is done by pressing one's nose to another person at an encounter.
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It is still used at traditional meetings among members of the Māori people and on major ceremonies.
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In the hongi, the ha or breath of life is exchanged and intermingled.
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Through the exchange of this physical greeting, you are no longer considered manuhiri (visitor) but rather tangata whenua, one of the people of the land. For the remainder of your stay you are obliged to share in all the duties and responsibilities of the home people. In earlier times, this may have meant bearing arms in times of war, or tending crops of kumara (sweet potato).
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When Māori greet one another by pressing noses, the tradition of sharing the breath of life is considered to have come directly from the gods.
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In Māori folklore, woman was created by the god Tane moulding her shape out of the earth. Then Tane (meaning male) embraced the figure and breathed into her nostrils. She then sneezed and came to life. Her name was Hineahuone (earth formed woman). Tane later had a child with her and when she found out he was her father she fled to the underworld where she was believed to look after the spirits of the dead.
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===Māori Stick Game===
In the Māori stick game, the participants sit in a circle and each person holds two sticks. Music begins, and the sticks are then rhythmically rapped on the floor or tapped together in beat with the music. See http://www.uen.org/Lessonplan/preview.cgi?LPid=13919 for more details.
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===Poi===
[[File:Feuerpois02.JPG|thumb|200px|Fire poi in action (long exposure)]]
Poi is a form of juggling or object manipulation employing a ball suspended from a length of rope which is held in hand and swung in circular patterns, comparable to club-twirling. Poi spinning originated with the Māori people of New Zealand (the word poi means "ball" in Māori) as a means of promoting increased flexibility, strength, and coordination -in particular, the dexterity of the wrist- and as an exercise of movements central to the use of hand weapons, including the patu, mere, and kotiate.
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Some popular poi tricks include: reels, weaves, fountains, crossers, windmills, butterflies, stalls, and wraps. Split time and split direction moves are possible, and some of the more difficult moves require a considerable amount of manual dexterity, coordination and forearm strength to accomplish.
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There are several basic classes of trick. The two poi are usually spun in parallel planes, and can be spun in the same direction (weaves) or opposite directions (butterflies). Moves such as stalls and wraps can change direction of one (or both poi) to change between these two classes.
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===Flying Kites===
Māori people were experts a building and flying kites. Kites were made from the flower stalks of toetoe grass (''Cortaderia fulvida'') and decorated with shells (such as the abalone), feathers, and foliage. Some kites were big enough to carry a person, and these were sometimes used to lift warriors over the walls of enemy defences.
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===Puppetry===
The Māori made Karetao (puppets) to use in story-telling. The Karetao were carved figures featuring a handle at the bottom (and held by one hand) and movable arms attached to strings (operated by the other hand).
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===Other Games===
Other games include
*Spinning Tops
*Wrestling
*Throwing Darts
*Memorization Games
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===String Figures===
String figures are designs made on the hands and fingers using a piece of string tied into a circle. In the west, an example of this would be the ''cat in the cradle''.
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For instruction on making several Māori string figures, see
http://www.tki.org.nz/r/hpe/exploring_te_ao_kori/stringgames/index_e.php
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===Stilts===
[[Image:WSJ2007 TerraVille Stilts.JPG|thumb|300px]]
Stilts are long poles with foot pegs mounted to them. The stilt-walker stands on the pegs, and the poles extend upwards past the shoulders. The walker wraps his arms around the poles and as he lifts his left foot, uses his left hand to lift the pole. The foot pegs are often movable, and it is best to learn to walk with stilts with the pegs set low to the ground. As the Pathfinder develops skill, the foot pegs can be raised.
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The word '''pā''' (pronounced pah) refers to a Māori village, generally one from the 19th century or earlier that was fortified for defense. In Māori society, a great pā represented the mana of a tribal group, as personified by a chief or rangatira.
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Nearly all pā were built in defensible locations to protect dwelling sites or gardens, almost always on prominent, raised ground which was then terraced; as for example in the Auckland region, where dormant volcanic cones were used. While built for defense, many were also primarily residential, and often quite extensive.
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Māori pā played a significant role in the New Zealand Land Wars, though they are known from earlier periods of Māori history. They were mostly absent, however, until around 500 years ago, suggesting scarcity of resources through environmental damage and population pressure began to bring about warfare, leading to a period of pā building.
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===Fortification===
[[Image:Mt Eden terraces.JPG|thumb|right|Terraces on Mt Eden, Auckland, marking the sites of the defensive palisades and ditches of this former pā.]]
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===Examples===
The old pā remains found on Maungakiekie/One Tree Hill, New Zealand, close to the center of Auckland, represent one of the largest known sites as well as one of the largest pre-historic earthworks fortifications known worldwide.
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The word pā can refer to any Māori village or defensive settlement, but often refers to hill forts – fortified settlements with palisades and defensive terraces – and also to fortified villages. Pā are mainly in the North Island of New Zealand, north of Lake Taupo. Over 5000 sites have been located, photographed and examined although few have been subject to detailed analysis.
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For more details, start with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81|this article].
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==Referencias=
==References==
* [http://history-nz.org/kite.html Māori Kites]
* [http://www.maori.org.nz/Tikanga/default.asp?pid=sp45&parent=42 Tangihanga procedures]
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=gemgFqF831QC&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=maori+mealtime+customs&source=bl&ots=iVvnj6Y5hM&sig=U_hTRfsLLKZvRT1K1v4lYC9DcKo&hl=en&ei=wkufSei3PN-BtwfVwMGODQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result#PPA38,M1 Maori Symbolism]
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=XXa3fXxLshMC&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98&dq=maori+sleeping+customs&source=bl&ots=ANX0VOoNy2&sig=wxOIIfeyEEVPrXmP3dEUFch8Yi8&hl=en&ei=g-2xSc22O4_ftgfY3cDEBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result#PPA99,M1 Tikanga Māori], by Sidney M. Mead, Hirini Moko Mead
* [http://spd.adventistconnect.org/education-history-statistics Adventist Connect - Education History]
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=y9l93XMRljwC&pg=PA305&lpg=PA305&dq=adventist+maori+story&source=bl&ots=r1mYKdoFss&sig=i1g8X9I2XK9vpdEZsQMEw1FYNlo&hl=en&ei=t9O5Sa3qBJGgM-XGjbII&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA107,M1 May the People Live], by Raeburn Lange.
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Revision as of 18:46, 29 April 2021

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Template:Division variant/es


1

Define the following commonly used terms:


1a

Marae



1b

Powhiri



1c

Karakia



1d

Mate



1e

Waiata

Waiata is the Māori word for song.


1f

Korero



1g

Haka



1h

Kuia



1i

Tane

In the Māori language, Tāne means "man".


1j

Wero



1k

Mana



1l

Manuhiri



1m

Hongi



1n

Hui



1o

Poroporoaki



1p

Whanau



1q

Tangi



1r

Aroha



1s

Whakairo



1t

Koro



1u

Kaumatua



1v

Wahine



1w

Mihi



1x

Whaikorero



1y

Tangata whenua



1z

Taonga




2

Complete the following:



2a

Draw or trace a map of the world and show with arrows the directions of Polynesian settlement.



2b

Where do Māoris consider themselves to have come to New Zealand from?



2c

Explain what the Great Migration Myth is. Who was the originator of the myth? What were the canoes that arrived in this migration and where did they come from?



2d

Draw or trace a map of New Zealand showing all the major tribal areas, and make in the canoe for each.



2e

Why was Rangitoto named “Rangitoto”?




3

Visit a marae with a group that has been called to a hui. Write a report on the events that take place from the time you arrive at the marae to the time you leave. State the name of the marae, its locality and the tribe to which it is affiliated.



4

Briefly relate the customs observed at each of the following events:


4a

Mate



4b

Meal times



4c

Speeches



4d

Sleeping




5

Complete the following:


5a

What are the two Māori religions currently in use today, and what are some of their characteristics?



5b

Briefly describe the Māori story of creation.



5c

Briefly outline the story of Seventh-day Adventism among the Māori people.



5d

What is the Māori attitude to religion in general?




6

Make a sample tukutuku panel (approx 30cm x 30cm) OR a tipare OR a small flax mat/basket.

Tukutuku

A tukutuku is a woven wall hanging traditionally made from flax. New Zealand flax describes common New Zealand perennial plants Phormium tenax and Phormium cookianum, known by the Māori names harakeke and wharariki respectively. They are quite distinct from Linum usitatissimum, the Northern Hemisphere plant known as flax (and also known as linseed). The genus was given the common name 'flax' by Anglophone Europeans as it too could be used for its fibres.



7

Know how to correctly:


7a

Greet people in Māori



7b

Hongi




8

Complete the following:


8a

What are five different pastimes enjoyed by Māori children in former times?



8b

Learn how to do three string figures and walk on stilts.




9

Visit an old pa site in your locality and make a brief written report on what you could see.


9a



9b



9c


Their main defense was the use of earth ramparts (or terraced hillsides), topped with stakes or wicker barriers. The historically later versions were constructed by people who were fighting with muskets and hand weapons (such as spear, taiaha and mere) against the British Army and armed constabulary, who were armed with swords, rifles, and heavy weapons such as howitzers and rocket artillery.

Pā were often put in place in very limited time scales, sometimes less than two days, and resisted attack for many hours and, sometimes, weeks. Military historians like John Keegan have noted that Māori recognition of the strong resistance of earth fortifications against modern weapons (especially artillery) predates the successful defensive use of trenches and sloped earth ramparts in World War I by many decades.

Warrior chiefs like Te Ruki Kawiti realised these properties as a good counter to the greater firepower of the British. With that in mind, they sometimes built pā purposefully to resist the British Empire's forces, like at Ruapekapeka, which was constructed specifically to draw the enemy, instead of protecting a specific site or place of habitation like more traditional pās. At the Battle of Ruapekapeka, the British suffered 45 casualties, against only 30 amongst the Māori. Afterwards, British engineers twice surveyed the fortifications, produced a scale model and tabled the plans in the House of Commons.

The fortifications of such a purpose-built pa included palisades of puriri trunks and split timber, with bundles of protective flax padding, the two lines of palisade covering a firing trench with individual pits, while more defenders could use the second palisade to fire over the heads of the first below. Simple communication trenches or tunnels were also built to connect the various parts, as found at Ohaeawai Pā or Ruapekapeka. The forts could even include underground bunkers, protected by a thick layer of earth over wooden beams, which sheltered the inhabitants during periods of heavy shelling by artillery.

A limiting factor of the Māori fortifications that were not built as set pieces, however, was the need for the people inhabiting them to leave frequently to cultivate areas for food, or to gather it from the wilderness. Consequently, pā would often be abandoned for 4 to 6 months of each year.




=Referencias

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